1
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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Fanovich MA, Di Maio E, Salerno A. Current Trend and New Opportunities for Multifunctional Bio-Scaffold Fabrication via High-Pressure Foaming. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:480. [PMID: 37754894 PMCID: PMC10531842 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible and biodegradable foams prepared using the high-pressure foaming technique have been widely investigated in recent decades as porous scaffolds for in vitro and in vivo tissue growth. In fact, the foaming process can operate at low temperatures to load bioactive molecules and cells within the pores of the scaffold, while the density and pore architecture, and, hence, properties of the scaffold, can be finely modulated by the proper selection of materials and processing conditions. Most importantly, the high-pressure foaming of polymers is an ideal choice to limit and/or avoid the use of cytotoxic and tissue-toxic compounds during scaffold preparation. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with the state of the art and current trend in the high-pressure foaming of biomedical polymers and composites towards the design and fabrication of multifunctional scaffolds for tissue engineering. This manuscript describes the application of the gas foaming process for bio-scaffold design and fabrication and highlights some of the most interesting results on: (1) the engineering of porous scaffolds featuring biomimetic porosity to guide cell behavior and to mimic the hierarchical architecture of complex tissues, such as bone; (2) the bioactivation of the scaffolds through the incorporation of inorganic fillers and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Fanovich
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), National University of Mar del Plata, National Research Council (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina;
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Aurelio Salerno
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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3
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Milovanovic S, Lukic I, Horvat G, Novak Z, Frerich S, Petermann M, García-González CA. Green Processing of Neat Poly(lactic acid) Using Carbon Dioxide under Elevated Pressure for Preparation of Advanced Materials: A Review (2012-2022). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040860. [PMID: 36850144 PMCID: PMC9960451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview of up-to-date developments in the processing of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA), improvement in its properties, and preparation of advanced materials using a green medium (CO2 under elevated pressure). Pressurized CO2 in the dense and supercritical state is a superior alternative medium to organic solvents, as it is easily available, fully recyclable, has easily tunable properties, and can be completely removed from the final material without post-processing steps. This review summarizes the state of the art on PLA drying, impregnation, foaming, and particle generation by the employment of dense and supercritical CO2 for the development of new materials. An analysis of the effect of processing methods on the final material properties was focused on neat PLA and PLA with an addition of natural bioactive components. It was demonstrated that CO2-assisted processes enable the control of PLA properties, reduce operating times, and require less energy compared to conventional ones. The described environmentally friendly processing techniques and the versatility of PLA were employed for the preparation of foams, aerogels, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles, as well as bioactive materials. These PLA-based materials can find application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, active food packaging, compostable packaging, wastewater treatment, or thermal insulation, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Gabrijela Horvat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sulamith Frerich
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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4
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Ma LY, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Zhang ZX, Wen S. Development of fluororubber foam by supercritical
N
2
foaming through irradiation pre‐crosslinking and secondary cross‐linking. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhen Xiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shibao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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5
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Milovanovic S, Pajnik J, Lukic I. Tailoring of advanced poly(lactic acid)‐based materials: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Belgrade Serbia
- New Chemical Syntheses Institute Łukasiewicz Research Network Puławy Poland
| | - Jelena Pajnik
- University of Belgrade Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ivana Lukic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Belgrade Serbia
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6
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Doyle L. Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene‐1. Toward
single‐material
multifunctional sandwich structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Doyle
- Infrastructural Engineering HafenCity University Hamburg Germany
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7
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Ozkutlu M, Bayram G, Dilek C. Controlling the foam morphology of supercritical
CO
2
‐processed
poly(methyl methacrylate) with
CO
2
‐philic hybrid nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ozkutlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Goknur Bayram
- Department of Chemical Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Cerag Dilek
- Department of Chemical Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
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8
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Trofimchuk ES, Potseleev VV, Khavpachev MA, Moskvina MA, Nikonorova NI. Polylactide-Based Porous Materials: Synthesis, Hydrolytic Degradation Features, and Application Areas. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238221020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Sarver JA, Sumey JL, Whitfield RM, Kiran E. Confined batch foaming of
semi‐crystalline
rubbery elastomers with carbon dioxide using a mold. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Sarver
- Department of Chemical Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Jenna L. Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | | | - Erdogan Kiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
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10
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Song C, Zhang J, Li S, Yang S, Lu E, Xi Z, Cen L, Zhao L, Yuan W. Highly interconnected macroporous MBG/PLGA scaffolds with enhanced mechanical and biological properties via green foaming strategy. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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AlHammadi AA, Abutaqiya MIL. Thermodynamic Assessment of the Partitioning of Acetone between Supercritical CO 2 and Polystyrene Using the Polar PC-SAFT Equation of State. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29530-29537. [PMID: 33225184 PMCID: PMC7676333 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) has gained considerable attention in the process industry due to its favorable economic, environmental, and technical characteristics. Polymer processing is one of the key industrial applications where scCO2 plays an important role. In order to be able to efficiently design the polymer processing equipment, understanding the phase behavior and partition of solutes between scCO2 and polymers is necessary. This paper investigates the partitioning of acetone - a conventional polar cosolvent - between scCO2 and polystyrene - a glassy polymer. We highlight the importance of taking into account the polar interactions between acetone molecules and their role in the polymer phase behavior. The system is modeled under a wide range of temperatures and pressures (278.15-518.2 K and 1.0-20.0 MPa) using the polar version of the perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (polar PC-SAFT) equation of state. The results show that at relatively low pressure, the system exhibits a vapor-liquid-liquid (VLL) three-phase region bounded by two two-phase regions (VL and LL). At high pressure, VLL and VL regions disappear and only the LL region remains. The temperature effect is more interesting, showing a transition of upper critical solution temperature behavior to lower critical solution temperature behavior at 10 MPa and 398.15 K. It is found that neglecting the polar term can lead to significant changes in the description of the polymeric-system phase behavior especially at lower temperatures. No such differences are observed at higher temperatures (above 500 K) where the effect of polar interaction is considerably weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. AlHammadi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
- Center
for Catalysis and Separation, Khalifa University
of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
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12
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13
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Vila-Parrondo C, García-Astrain C, Liz-Marzán LM. Colloidal systems toward 3D cell culture scaffolds. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102237. [PMID: 32823220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional porous scaffolds are essential for the development of tissue engineering and regeneration, as biomimetic supports to recreate the microenvironment present in natural tissues. To successfully achieve the growth and development of a specific kind of tissue, porous matrices should be able to influence cell behavior by promoting close cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. To achieve this goal, the scaffold must fulfil a set of conditions, including ordered interconnected porosity to promote cell diffusion and vascularization, mechanical strength to support the tissue during continuous ingrowth, and biocompatibility to avoid toxicity. Among various building approaches to the construction of porous matrices, selected strategies afford hierarchical scaffolds with such defined properties. The control over porosity, microstructure or morphology, is crucial to the fabrication of high-end, reproducible scaffolds for the target application. In this review, we provide an insight into recent advances toward the colloidal fabrication of hierarchical scaffolds. After identifying the main requirements for scaffolds in biomedical applications, conceptual building processes are introduced. Examples of tissue regeneration applications are provided for different scaffold types, highlighting their versatility and biocompatibility. We finally provide a prospect about the current state of the art and limitations of porous scaffolds, along with challenges that are to be addressed, so these materials consolidate in the fields of tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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14
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Santos-Rosales V, Iglesias-Mejuto A, García-González CA. Solvent-Free Approaches for the Processing of Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E533. [PMID: 32131405 PMCID: PMC7182956 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative medicine field is seeking novel strategies for the production of synthetic scaffolds that are able to promote the in vivo regeneration of a fully functional tissue. The choices of the scaffold formulation and the manufacturing method are crucial to determine the rate of success of the graft for the intended tissue regeneration process. On one hand, the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as growth factors and drugs in the scaffolds can efficiently guide and promote the spreading, differentiation, growth, and proliferation of cells as well as alleviate post-surgical complications such as foreign body responses and infections. On the other hand, the manufacturing method will determine the feasible morphological properties of the scaffolds and, in certain cases, it can compromise their biocompatibility. In the case of medicated scaffolds, the manufacturing method has also a key effect in the incorporation yield and retained activity of the loaded bioactive agents. In this work, solvent-free methods for scaffolds production, i.e., technological approaches leading to the processing of the porous material with no use of solvents, are presented as advantageous solutions for the processing of medicated scaffolds in terms of efficiency and versatility. The principles of these solvent-free technologies (melt molding, 3D printing by fused deposition modeling, sintering of solid microspheres, gas foaming, and compressed CO2 and supercritical CO2-assisted foaming), a critical discussion of advantages and limitations, as well as selected examples for regenerative medicine purposes are herein presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos A. García-González
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, I+D Farma group (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Agrupación Estratégica de Materiales (AeMAT), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (V.S.-R.); (A.I.-M.)
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15
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Champeau M, Coutinho IT, Thomassin JM, Tassaing T, Jérôme C. Tuning the release profile of ketoprofen from poly(l-lactic acid) suture using supercritical CO2 impregnation process. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Álvarez I, Gutiérrez C, de Lucas A, Rodríguez J, García M. Measurement, correlation and modelling of high-pressure phase equilibrium of PLGA solutions in CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Dugad R, Radhakrishna G, Gandhi A. Morphological evaluation of ultralow density microcellular foamed composites developed through CO2-induced solid-state batch foaming technique utilizing water as co-blowing agent. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319897633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, microcellular acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene foams were developed with utilization of water as a co-blowing agent and CO2 as the primary blowing agent through the solid-state batch foaming process. The effect of saturation parameters with the content of the co-blowing agent has been studied extensively for various foaming attributes. The co-blowing agent enhanced the average cell size and the expansion ratio which are useful for better thermal insulation. The maximum expansion ratio of 29.9 obtained from the effect of saturation temperature and co-blowing agent, 23.6 from the effect of saturation pressure and co-blowing agent, and 22.4 from the effect of saturation time and co-blowing agent. The co-blowing agent significantly affects the cell morphology of polymeric foam with saturation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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18
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Chakravarty P, Famili A, Nagapudi K, Al-Sayah MA. Using Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Green Alternative During the Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E629. [PMID: 31775292 PMCID: PMC6956038 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nano-carrier formulations have been developed as drug delivery systems for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that suffer from poor physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. Encapsulating the APIs in such systems can help improve their stability by protecting them from harsh conditions such as light, oxygen, temperature, pH, enzymes, and others. Consequently, the API's dissolution rate and bioavailability are tremendously improved. Conventional techniques used in the production of these drug carrier formulations have several drawbacks, including thermal and chemical stability of the APIs, excessive use of organic solvents, high residual solvent levels, difficult particle size control and distributions, drug loading-related challenges, and time and energy consumption. This review illustrates how supercritical fluid (SCF) technologies can be superior in controlling the morphology of API particles and in the production of drug carriers due to SCF's non-toxic, inert, economical, and environmentally friendly properties. The SCF's advantages, benefits, and various preparation methods are discussed. Drug carrier formulations discussed in this review include microparticles, nanoparticles, polymeric membranes, aerogels, microporous foams, solid lipid nanoparticles, and liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Chakravarty
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutics, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (P.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Amin Famili
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutics, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (P.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Sayah
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc. So. San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
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19
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Liu X, Wei C, Deng X, Cao X. Comparative study on foaming process of thermoplastic polyester and polyether polyurethane with supercritical CO2 as foaming agent. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1669644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Culhacioglu Y, Hasirci N, Dilek C. Highly Crystalline Poly(l-lactic acid) Porous Films Prepared with CO2-philic, Hybrid, Liquid Cell Nucleators. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Culhacioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- BIOMATEN-Center of Excellence in Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Cerag Dilek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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21
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Zhao N, Lv Z, Ma J, Zhu C, Li Q. Fabrication of hydrophilic small diameter vascular foam scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone)/polylactic blend by sodium hydroxide solution. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Foaming of polymers with supercritical fluids and perspectives on the current knowledge gaps and challenges. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Salerno A, Diéguez S, Diaz-Gomez L, Gómez-Amoza JL, Magariños B, Concheiro A, Domingo C, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, García-González CA. Synthetic scaffolds with full pore interconnectivity for bone regeneration prepared by supercritical foaming using advanced biofunctional plasticizers. Biofabrication 2017; 9:035002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa78c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Grassberger L, Koch K, Oberhoffer R, Müller A, Klemmer HF, Strey R. Blowing agent free generation of nanoporous poly(methylmethacrylate) materials. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Novendra N, Hasirci N, Dilek C. Supercritical processing of CO 2 -philic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-poly( l -lactic acid) composites. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Shirvan MMM, Famili M, Alkuh MS, Golbang A. The effect of pressurized and fast stabilization on one step batch foaming process for the investigation of cell structure formation. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Ngo MT, Dickmann JS, Hassler JC, Kiran E. A new experimental system for combinatorial exploration of foaming of polymers in carbon dioxide: The gradient foaming of PMMA. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Poursamar SA, Hatami J, Lehner AN, da Silva CL, Ferreira FC, Antunes APM. Potential application of gelatin scaffolds prepared throughin situgas foaming in skin tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1119688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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García-González CA, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Processing of Materials for Regenerative Medicine Using Supercritical Fluid Technology. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1159-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bc5005922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. García-González
- Departamento de Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782-Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782-Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia
y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782-Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
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Salerno A, Fanovich M, Pascual CD. The effect of ethyl-lactate and ethyl-acetate plasticizers on PCL and PCL–HA composites foamed with supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez JF, Gracia I, de Lucas A, García MT. Foaming Process from Polystyrene/p-Cymene Solutions Using CO2. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201300780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez J, Gracia I, de Lucas A, García M. Preparation and characterization of polystyrene foams from limonene solutions. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Salerno A, Clerici U, Domingo C. Solid-state foaming of biodegradable polyesters by means of supercritical CO2/ethyl lactate mixtures: Towards designing advanced materials by means of sustainable processes. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Salerno A, Domingo C. Low-temperature clean preparation of poly(lactic acid) foams by combining ethyl lactate and supercritical CO2
: correlation between processing and foam pore structure. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Salerno
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la UAB s/n Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Concepción Domingo
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); Campus de la UAB s/n Bellaterra 08193 Spain
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37
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TSUTSUMI C, TSUZUKI A, HARA T, NAKAYAMA Y, SHIONO T. Study on the Use of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent to Prepare Novel, Efficient Controlled-Release Materials. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Salerno A, Domingo C. Effect of blowing agent composition and processing parameters on the low temperature foaming of poly(l-lactide/caprolactone) co-polymer by means of supercritical CO2/ethyl lactate binary mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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de Matos M, Piedade A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A, Braga M, de Sousa H. Dexamethasone-loaded poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/silica nanoparticles composites prepared by supercritical CO2 foaming/mixing and deposition. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:269-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Light scattering behavior and the kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation in solutions of poly(ε-caprolactone) in acetone + CO2 binary fluid mixtures. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Sacchetin PSC, Morales AR, Moraes ÂM, Rosa PDTVE. Formation of PLA particles incorporating 17α-methyltestosterone by supercritical fluid technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Grandelli HE, Kiran E. High pressure density, miscibility and compressibility of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) solutions in acetone and acetone+CO2 binary fluid mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Salerno A, Pascual CD. A clean and sustainable route towards the design and fabrication of biodegradable foams by means of supercritical CO2/ethyl lactate solid-state foaming. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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44
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Grandelli HE, Hassler JC, Whittington A, Kiran E. Melting point depression of Piroxicam in carbon dioxide+co-solvent mixtures and inclusion complex formation with β-cyclodextrin. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Kiran E. Modification of biomedical polymers in dense fluids. Miscibility and foaming of poly(p-dioxanone) in carbon dioxide+acetone fluid mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Li DC, Liu T, Zhao L, Yuan WK. Foaming of linear isotactic polypropylene based on its non-isothermal crystallization behaviors under compressed CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Yu JP, Guan YX, Yao SJ, Zhu ZQ. Preparation of Roxithromycin-Loaded Poly(l-lactic Acid) Films with Supercritical Solution Impregnation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie201294u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Guan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Yoda S, Sato K, Oyama HT. Impregnation of paclitaxel into poly(dl-lactic acid) using high pressure mixture of ethanol and carbon dioxide. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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