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Solid Dosage Forms of Biopharmaceuticals in Drug Delivery Systems Using Sustainable Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247653. [PMID: 34946733 PMCID: PMC8708471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) often comprise biopharmaceuticals in aqueous form, making them susceptible to physical and chemical degradation, and therefore requiring low temperature storage in cold supply and distribution chains. Freeze-drying, spray-drying, and spray-freeze-drying are some of the techniques used to convert biopharmaceuticals-loaded DDS from aqueous to solid dosage forms. However, the risk exists that shear and heat stress during processing may provoke DDS damage and efficacy loss. Supercritical fluids (SCF), specifically, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), is a sustainable alternative to common techniques. Due to its moderately critical and tunable properties and thermodynamic behavior, scCO2 has aroused scientific and industrial interest. Therefore, this article reviews scCO2-based techniques used over the year in the production of solid biopharmaceutical dosage forms. Looking particularly at the use of scCO2 in each of its potential roles—as a solvent, co-solvent, anti-solvent, or co-solute. It ends with a comparison between the compound’s stability using supercritical CO2-assisted atomization/spray-drying and conventional drying.
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Satapathy MK, Yen TL, Jan JS, Tang RD, Wang JY, Taliyan R, Yang CH. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs): An Advanced Drug Delivery System Targeting Brain through BBB. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1183. [PMID: 34452143 PMCID: PMC8402065 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in the protection and maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. In this way, it is an interesting target as an interface for various types of drug delivery, specifically in the context of the treatment of several neuropathological conditions where the therapeutic agents cannot cross the BBB. Drug toxicity and on-target specificity are among some of the limitations associated with current neurotherapeutics. In recent years, advances in nanodrug delivery have enabled the carrier system containing the active therapeutic drug to target the signaling pathways and pathophysiology that are closely linked to central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), brain tumor, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, and neurodegeneration. At present, among the nano formulations, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have emerged as a putative drug carrier system that can deliver the active therapeutics (drug-loaded SLNs) across the BBB at the target site of the brain, offering a novel approach with controlled drug delivery, longer circulation time, target specificity, and higher efficacy, and more importantly, reducing toxicity in a biomimetic way. This paper highlights the synthesis and application of SLNs as a novel nontoxic formulation strategy to carry CNS drugs across the BBB to improve the use of therapeutics agents in treating major neurological disorders in future clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantosh Kumar Satapathy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 22174, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Shiun Jan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
| | - Ruei-Dun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Neuropsychopharmacology Division, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India;
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan; (M.K.S.); (T.-L.Y.); (J.-S.J.); (R.-D.T.)
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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de Souza Guedes L, Martinez RM, Bou-Chacra NA, Velasco MVR, Rosado C, Baby AR. An Overview on Topical Administration of Carotenoids and Coenzyme Q10 Loaded in Lipid Nanoparticles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1034. [PMID: 34206935 PMCID: PMC8300771 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 are naturally occurring antioxidant compounds that are also found in human skin. These bioactive compounds have been the focus of considerable research due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. In this review, the current state of the art in the encapsulation of carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 in lipid nanoparticles to improve their bioavailability, chemical stability, and skin absorption is discussed. Additionally, the main findings are highlighted on the cytotoxic and photoprotective effects of these systems in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Souza Guedes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Renata Miliani Martinez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Nádia A. Bou-Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Maria Valéria Robles Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (L.d.S.G.); (R.M.M.); (N.A.B.-C.); (M.V.R.V.)
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Hrnčič MK, Cör D, Verboten MT, Knez Ž. Application of supercritical and subcritical fluids in food processing. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maša Knez Hrnčič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, University of Maribor, Smetanova, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Darija Cör
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, University of Maribor, Smetanova, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica, Maribor, Slovenia
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Badens E, Masmoudi Y, Mouahid A, Crampon C. Current situation and perspectives in drug formulation by using supercritical fluid technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Yang J, Ciftci ON. Encapsulation of fish oil into hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles using carbon dioxide. Food Chem 2017; 231:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kankala RK, Zhang YS, Wang SB, Lee CH, Chen AZ. Supercritical Fluid Technology: An Emphasis on Drug Delivery and Related Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700433. [PMID: 28752598 PMCID: PMC5849475 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past few decades, supercritical fluid (SCF) has emerged as an effective alternative for many traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Operating active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) alone or in combination with various biodegradable polymeric carriers in high-pressure conditions provides enhanced features with respect to their physical properties such as bioavailability enhancement, is of relevance to the application of SCF in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, recent advances in drug delivery systems manufactured using the SCF technology are reviewed. We provide a brief description of the history, principle, and various preparation methods involved in the SCF technology. Next, we aim to give a brief overview, which provides an emphasis and discussion of recent reports using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ) for fabrication of polymeric carriers, for applications in areas related to drug delivery, tissue engineering, bio-imaging, and other biomedical applications. We finally summarize with perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Couto R, Alvarez V, Temelli F. Encapsulation of Vitamin B2 in solid lipid nanoparticles using supercritical CO 2. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Formation of solid lipid microparticles from fully hydrogenated canola oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yang J, Ciftci ON. Formation of hollow solid lipid micro- and nanoparticles using supercritical carbon dioxide. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Saldanha do Carmo C, Nunes AN, Silva I, Maia C, Poejo J, Ferreira-Dias S, Nogueira I, Bronze R, Duarte CMM. Formulation of pea protein for increased satiety and improved foaming properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pea protein was successfully encapsulated into a lipophilic carrier through PGSS®. HPT-scCO2of pea protein has enabled higher foam stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Saldanha do Carmo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - A. N. Nunes
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - I. Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - C. Maia
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - J. Poejo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - S. Ferreira-Dias
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia
- LEAF
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - I. Nogueira
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Instituto de Ciências e Engenharia de Materiais e Superfícies
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - R. Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - C. M. M. Duarte
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica
- Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- Portugal
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Pedro AS, Villa SD, Caliceti P, Melo SAVD, Albuquerque EC, Bertucco A, Salmaso S. Curcumin-loaded solid lipid particles by PGSS technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gonçalves V, Rodríguez-Rojo S, Matias A, Nunes A, Nogueira I, Nunes D, Fortunato E, de Matos A, Cocero M, Duarte C. Development of multicore hybrid particles for drug delivery through the precipitation of CO2 saturated emulsions. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, CO2-based technologies have gained considerable interest in the pharmaceutical industry for their potential applications in drug formulation and drug delivery. The exploitation of peculiar properties of gases under supercritical conditions has been studied in the last 20 years with mixed results. Promising drug-delivery technologies, based on supercritical CO2, have mostly failed when facing challenges of industrial scaleability and economical viability. Nevertheless, a ‘second generation‘ of processes, based on CO2 around and below critical point has been developed, possibly offering technology-based solutions to some of the current issues of pharmaceutical development. In this review, we highlight the most recent advancements in this field, with a particular focus on the potential of CO2-based technologies in addressing critical issues in oral delivery, and briefly discuss the future perspectives of dense CO2-assisted processes as enabling technologies in drug delivery.
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Santo IE, Pedro AS, Fialho R, Cabral-Albuquerque E. Characteristics of lipid micro- and nanoparticles based on supercritical formation for potential pharmaceutical application. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:386. [PMID: 24034341 PMCID: PMC3832687 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interest of the pharmaceutical industry in lipid drug delivery systems due to their prolonged release profile, biocompatibility, reduction of side effects, and so on is already known. However, conventional methods of preparation of these structures for their use and production in the pharmaceutical industry are difficult since these methods are usually multi-step and involve high amount of organic solvent. Furthermore, some processes need extreme conditions, which can lead to an increase of heterogeneity of particle size and degradation of the drug. An alternative for drug delivery system production is the utilization of supercritical fluid technique. Lipid particles produced by supercritical fluid have shown different physicochemical properties in comparison to lipid particles produced by classical methods. Such particles have shown more physical stability and narrower size distribution. So, in this paper, a critical overview of supercritical fluid-based processes for the production of lipid micro- and nanoparticles is given and the most important characteristics of each process are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islane Espírito Santo
- PEI (Programa de Engenharia Industrial) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Prof. Aristides Novis, 02, Federação, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil
| | - André São Pedro
- PEI (Programa de Engenharia Industrial) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Prof. Aristides Novis, 02, Federação, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil
| | - Rosana Fialho
- PEI (Programa de Engenharia Industrial) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Prof. Aristides Novis, 02, Federação, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cabral-Albuquerque
- PEI (Programa de Engenharia Industrial) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Prof. Aristides Novis, 02, Federação, Salvador, Bahia 40210-630, Brazil
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Adami R, Reverchon E. Composite polymer-Fe3O4 microparticles for biomedical applications, produced by Supercritical Assisted Atomization. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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de Paz E, Martín Á, Duarte CM, Cocero MJ. Formulation of β-carotene with poly-(ε-caprolactones) by PGSS process. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Nunes AVM, Duarte CMM. Dense CO₂ as a Solute, Co-Solute or Co-Solvent in Particle Formation Processes: A Review. MATERIALS 2011; 4:2017-2041. [PMID: 28824121 PMCID: PMC5448852 DOI: 10.3390/ma4112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of dense gases in particle formation processes has attracted great attention due to documented advantages over conventional technologies. In particular, the use of dense CO₂ in the process has been subject of many works and explored in a variety of different techniques. This article presents a review of the current available techniques in use in particle formation processes, focusing exclusively on those employing dense CO₂ as a solute, co-solute or co-solvent during the process, such as PGSS (Particles from gas-saturated solutions®), CPF (Concentrated Powder Form®), CPCSP (Continuous Powder Coating Spraying Process), CAN-BD (Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer®), SEA (Supercritical Enhanced Atomization), SAA (Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Atomization), PGSS-Drying and DELOS (Depressurization of an Expanded Liquid Organic Solution). Special emphasis is given to modifications introduced in the different techniques, as well as the limitations that have been overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V M Nunes
- Requimte/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Catarina M M Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal.
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal.
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Di Noto V, Vezzù K, Giffin GA, Conti F, Bertucco A. Effect of High Pressure CO2 on the Structure of PMMA: A FT-IR Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13519-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207917n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Di Noto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technology of the CNR of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Keti Vezzù
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University of Venezia, via Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Guinevere A. Giffin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fosca Conti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Bertucco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
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