Extraction of antioxidant compounds from different varieties of Mangifera indica leaves using green technologies

Mangiferin: A comprehensive review on its extraction, purification and uses in food systems

With the target of fabricating healthier products, food manufacturing companies look for natural-based nutraceuticals that can potentially improve the physicochemical properties of food systems while being nutritive to the consumer and providing additional health benefits (biological activities). In this regard, Mangiferin joins all these requirements as a potential nutraceutical, which is typically contained in Mangifera indica products and its by-products. Unfortunately, knowing the complex chemical composition of Mango and its by-products, the extraction and purification of Mangiferin remains a challenge. Therefore, this comprehensive review revises the main strategies proposed by scientists for the extraction and purification of Mangiferin. Importantly, this review identifies that there is no report reviewing and criticizing the literature in this field so far. Our attention has been targeted on the timely findings on the primary extraction techniques and the relevant insights into isolation and purification. Our discussion has emphasized the advantages and limitations of the proposed strategies, including solvents, extracting conditions and key interactions with the target xanthone. Additionally, we report the current research gaps in the field after analyzing the literature, as well as some examples of functional food products containing Mangiferin.

Agave angustifolia Haw. Leaves as a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds: Extraction Optimization and Extract Characterization

The leaves of Agave angustifolia Haw. are the main agro-waste generated by the mezcal industry and are becoming an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, that could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, the extraction and identification of these phytochemicals would revalorize these leaf by-products. Herein, maceration and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extractions were optimized to maximize the phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant capacity of vegetal extracts of A. angustifolia Haw. In the maceration process, the optimal extraction condition was a water-ethanol mixture (63:37% v/v), which yielded a total phenolic and flavonoid content of 27.92 ± 0.90 mg EAG/g DL and 12.85 ± 0.53 µg QE/g DL, respectively, and an antioxidant capacity of 32.67 ± 0.91 (ABTS assay), 17.30 ± 0.36 (DPPH assay), and 13.92 ± 0.78 (FRAP assay) µM TE/g DL. Using supercritical extraction, the optimal conditions for polyphenol recovery were 60 °C, 320 bar, and 10% v/v. It was also observed that lower proportions of cosolvent decreased the polyphenol extraction more than pressure and temperature. In both optimized extracts, a total of 29 glycosylated flavonoid derivatives were identified using LC-ESI-QTof/MS. In addition, another eight novel compounds were identified in the supercritical extracts, showing the efficiency of the cosolvent for recovering new flavonoid derivatives.

An Insight into In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Apoptosis Induction Potential of Mangiferin, a Bioactive Compound Derived from Mangifera indica

Due to their low cost, toxicity, and health risks, medicinal plants have come to be seen as useful products and sources of biologically active compounds. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant with a long history, has a high bioactive metabolites content. Mangiferin (C₁₉H₁₈O₁₁) is primary isolated from M. indica's leaves, which has many pharmacological benefits. In this investigation, ultrasonic-assisted extraction with ethanol as the extraction solvent was applied to obtain mangiferin from a local type of M. indica leaves. HPLC was performed after a dichloromethane-ethyl acetate liquid-liquid fractionation method. Further, UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy were utilized to elucidate the structure. Interestingly, purified mangiferin displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy against a diverse variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens with MICs of 1.95-62.5 and 1.95-31.25 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill patterns also showed that mangiferin had both bactericidal and fungicidal action. Furthermore, it exhibited strong radical dosage-dependent scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 17.6 μg/mL) compared to vitamin C (Vc, IC₅₀ = 11.9 μg/mL), suggesting it could be developed into a viable antioxidant agent. To our delight, the IC₅₀ values of mangiferin for the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines were 41.2 and 44.7 μg/mL, respectively, from MTT cell viability testing, and it was less harmful when tested against the noncancerous cell line. Notably, it significantly induced cell apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by 62.2-83.4% using annexin V-FITC/PI labeling. Hence, our findings suggest that mangiferin can be used in the medical industry to create therapeutic interventions and medication delivery systems for society.

Supercritical CO2 Impregnation of Clove Extract in Polycarbonate: Effects of Operational Conditions on the Loading and Composition

The development of active packaging for food storage containers is possible through impregnation of natural extracts by supercritical CO2-assisted impregnation processes. The challenge of scCO2-impregnation of natural extracts is to control the total loading and to ensure that the composition of the loaded extract may preserve the properties of the crude extract. This study aimed at investigating the scCO2-impregnation of clove extract (CE) in polycarbonate (PC) to develop antibacterial packaging. A design of experiments was applied to evaluate the influences of temperature (35–60 °C) and pressure (10–30 MPa) on the clove loading (CL%) and on the composition of the loaded extract. The CL% ranged from 6.8 to 18.5%, and the highest CL% was reached at 60 °C and 10 MPa. The composition of the impregnated extract was dependent on the impregnation conditions, and it differed from the crude extract, being richer in eugenol (81.31–86.28% compared to 70.06 in the crude extract). Differential scanning calorimetry showed a high plasticizing effect of CE on PC, and high CL% led to the cracking of the PC surface. Due to the high loading of eugenol, which is responsible for the antibacterial properties of the CE, the impregnated PC is promising for producing antibacterial food containers.

Inclusion of Natural Antioxidants of Mango Leaves in Porous Ceramic Matrices by Supercritical CO2 Impregnation

Mango is one of the most important, medicinal tropical plants in the world from an economic point of view due to the presence of effective bioactive substances as co-products in its leaves. The aim of this work was to enhance the impregnation of natural antioxidants from mango leaves into a porous ceramic matrix. The effects of pressure, temperature, impregnation time, concentration of the extract and different porous silica on impregnation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The volume of the pressurized fluid extract and amount of porous ceramic matrix remained constant. The best impregnation conditions were obtained at 6 h, 300 bar, 60 mg/mL, 35 °C and with MSU-H porous silica. The results indicated that increasing the pressure, concentration of the extract and temperature during impregnation with phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and iriflophenone 3-C (2-O-p-hydroxybenzolyl)-β-D-glucoside increased the antioxidant activity and the amount of total phenols.

Supercritical Impregnation of Mango Leaf Extract into PLA 3D-Printed Devices and Evaluation of Their Biocompatibility with Endothelial Cell Cultures

The addition of natural substances with pharmacoactive properties to polymeric biomedical devices would provide beneficial regarding the assimilation of these endoprostheses when implanted into a patient’s body. The added drug would facilitate endothelization by regulating the inflammatory processes that such interventions entail, preventing contamination hazards and favoring the angiogenesis or formation of blood vessels in the tissue. The present work used mango leaf extract (MLE) obtained through pressurized ethanol for this purpose. Polylactic acid (PLA) in the form of filaments or 3D-printed disks was impregnated by means of supercritical technology with MLE for the culture essays. The release kinetics has been studied and the polymer matrices have been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The impregnated devices were subjected to in vitro culture of colony-forming endothelial cells. The influence of the different impregnation conditions used for the production of the MLE impregnated polymeric devices on the development of the cell culture was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The best results were obtained from the calcein cultures on 35 °C MLE impregnated into 3D-printed polymer disks.

Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products

Agro-foodindustries generate colossal amounts of non-edible waste and by-products, easily accessible as raw materials for up-cycling active phytochemicals. Phenolic compounds are particularly relevant in this field given their abundance in plant residues and the market interest of their functionalities (e.g. natural antioxidant activity) as part of nutraceutical, cosmetological and biomedical formulations. In "bench-to-bedside" achievements, sample extraction is essential because valorization benefits from matrix desorption and solubilization of targeted phytocompounds. Specifically, the composition and polarity of the extractant, the optimal sample particle size and sample:solvent ratio, as well as pH, pressure and temperature are strategic for the release and stability of mobilized species. On the other hand, current green chemistry environmental rules require extraction approaches that eliminate polluting consumables and reduce energy needs. Thus, the following pages provide an update on advanced technologies for the sustainable and efficient recovery of phenolics from plant matrices.

Bioactive compounds of mango (Mangifera indica): a review of extraction technologies and chemical constituents

Mango (Mangifera indica) has been recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications and has attracted increasing interest from research. Phytochemistry studies have demonstrated that phenolic compounds are one of the most important biologically active components of M. indica extracts. Ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extractions and supercritical fluids have been employed to obtain bioactive molecules, such as phenolic acids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and fatty acids. These phytochemicals exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity, and depending on the source (bark, leaves, seeds, flowers, or peel) and extraction method there will be differences in the structure and bioactivity. This review examines the bioactive compounds, extraction techniques, and biological function of different parts of M. indica of great importance as nutraceuticals and functional compounds with potential application as therapeutic agents and functional foods. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mangifera indica (Mango): A Promising Medicinal Plant for Breast Cancer Therapy and Understanding Its Potential Mechanisms of Action

Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. However, 1) the lack of therapeutic options for metastatic breast cancer, 2) resistance to drug therapy and 3) the lack of more selective therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are some of the major challenges in tackling breast cancer. Given the safe nature of natural products, numerous studies have focused on their anti-cancer potentials. Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, represents one of the most extensively investigated natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of M. indica extracts (bark, kernel, leaves, peel and pulp) and phytochemicals (mangiferin, norathyriol, gallotannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and quercetin) reported for in vitro and in vivo anti-breast cancer activities and their underlying mechanisms based on relevant literature from several scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar till date. Overall, the in vitro findings suggest that M. indica extracts and/or phytochemicals inhibit breast cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as trigger apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In vivo results demonstrated that there was a reduction in breast tumor xenograft growth. Several potential mechanisms underlying the anti-breast cancer activities have been reported, which include modulation of oxidative status, receptors, signalling pathways, miRNA expression, enzymes and cell cycle regulators. To further explore this medicinal plant against breast cancer, future research directions are addressed. The outcomes of the review revealed that M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals may have potential benefits in the management of breast cancer in women. However, to validate its utility in the creation of innovative and potent therapeutic agents to treat breast cancer, more dedicated research, especially clinical studies are needed to explore the anti-breast cancer potentials of M. indica extracts and their phytochemicals.

Jasminum sambac: A Potential Candidate for Drug Development to Cure Cardiovascular Ailments

Jasminum sambac (L.) is a South Asian folkloric medicinal plant that has traditionally been used to treat cardiovascular problems. The current investigation was meticulously organized to explore the pharmacological foundation for the medicinal uses of J. sambac pertaining to cardiovascular ailments and to investigate the core mechanisms. Mechanistic investigation revealed that crude leaf extract of J. sambac produced ex-vivo vasorelaxant effects in endotheliumintact aorta ring preparation and hypotensive effect was recorded via pressure and force transducers coupled to the Power Lab Data Acquisition System. Moreover; J. sambac showed cardioprotective effects against adrenaline -induced left ventricular hypertrophy in rabbits observed hemodynamic. CK-MB, LDH, troponin, CRP, ALT, AST, ALP levels were shown to be lower in the myocardial infarction model, as were necrosis, oedema, and inflammatory cell recruitment in comparison to control. J. sambac has shown good antioxidant potential as well as prolonged the noradrenaline induced platelet adhesion. The vasorelaxant and cardioprotective effects in both in vivo and ex vivo experiments, which are enabled by activation of muscarinic receptor and/or releasing the nitric oxide and by reducing the adrenaline, induced oxidative stress, justifying its usage in cardiovascular disorders.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Natural Products

Subcritical water refers to high-temperature and high-pressure water. A unique and useful characteristic of subcritical water is that its polarity can be dramatically decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore, subcritical water can behave similar to methanol or ethanol. This makes subcritical water a green extraction fluid used for a variety of organic species. This review focuses on the subcritical water extraction (SBWE) of natural products. The extracted materials include medicinal and seasoning herbs, vegetables, fruits, food by-products, algae, shrubs, tea leaves, grains, and seeds. A wide range of natural products such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, essential oil, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, organic acids, polyphenolics, quinones, steroids, and terpenes have been extracted using subcritical water. Various SBWE systems and their advantages and drawbacks have also been discussed in this review. In addition, we have reviewed co-solvents including ethanol, methanol, salts, and ionic liquids used to assist SBWE. Other extraction techniques such as microwave and sonication combined with SBWE are also covered in this review. It is very clear that temperature has the most significant effect on SBWE efficiency, and thus, it can be optimized. The optimal temperature ranges from 130 to 240 °C for extracting the natural products mentioned above. This review can help readers learn more about the SBWE technology, especially for readers with an interest in the field of green extraction of natural products. The major advantage of SBWE of natural products is that water is nontoxic, and therefore, it is more suitable for the extraction of herbs, vegetables, and fruits. Another advantage is that no liquid waste disposal is required after SBWE. Compared with organic solvents, subcritical water not only has advantages in ecology, economy, and safety, but also its density, ion product, and dielectric constant can be adjusted by temperature. These tunable properties allow subcritical water to carry out class selective extractions such as extracting polar compounds at lower temperatures and less polar ingredients at higher temperatures. SBWE can mimic the traditional herbal decoction for preparing herbal medication and with higher extraction efficiency. Since SBWE employs high-temperature and high-pressure, great caution is needed for safe operation. Another challenge for application of SBWE is potential organic degradation under high temperature conditions. We highly recommend conducting analyte stability checks when carrying out SBWE. For analytes with poor SBWE efficiency, a small number of organic modifiers such as ethanol, surfactants, or ionic liquids may be added.

Supercritical Impregnation of PLA Filaments with Mango Leaf Extract to Manufacture Functionalized Biomedical Devices by 3D Printing

Polylactic Acid (PLA) filaments impregnated with ethanolic mango leaves extract (MLE) with pharmacological properties were obtained by supercritical impregnation. The effects of pressure, temperature and amount of extract on the response variables, i.e., swelling, extract loading and bioactivity of the PLA filaments, were determined. The analysis of the filaments biocapacities revealed that impregnated PLA filaments showed 11.07% antidenaturant capacity and 88.13% antioxidant activity, which after a 9-day incubation shifted to 30.10% and 9.90%, respectively. Subsequently, the same tests were conducted on printed samples. Before their incubation, the printed samples showed 79.09% antioxidant activity and no antidenaturant capacity was detected. However, after their incubation, the antioxidant activity went down to only 2.50%, while the antidenaturant capacity raised up to 23.50%. The persistence of the bioactive properties after printing opens the possibility of using the functionalized PLA filaments as the feed for a three-dimensional (3D) printer.

Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: A review, Part 2: Applications, economic, and environmental aspects of biorefinery via supercritical fluid extraction

The global trade of tropical fruits is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. In 2018, the production was approximately 100 million tones, an increase of 3.3% compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization, every year one-third of the food produced in the world for human consumption is lost or wasted. More specifically, around 45% of the fruits, constituted mainly by peels, seeds, and pulps after juice extraction, are discarded mainly in the agricultural and processing steps. Therefore, decreasing and/or using these byproducts, which are often rich in bioactive components, have become an important focus for both the scientific community and the fruit processing industry. In this line, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology is expected to play a significant role in the valorization of these byproducts. This review presents the concepts of a tropical fruit biorefinery using supercritical CO₂ extraction and the potential applications of the isolated fractions. There is a specific focus on the extraction of bioactive compounds, that is, carotenoids and phenolics, but also oils and other valuable molecules. Moreover, the techno-economic and environmental performance is assessed. Overall, the biorefinery of tropical fruits via SFE provides new opportunities for development of food and pharmaceutical products with improved economic and environmental performance.

HPLC fingerprinting-based multivariate analysis of phenolic compounds in mango leaves varieties: Correlation to their antioxidant activity and in silico α-glucoidase inhibitory ability

Mango leaves (MLs) have many important medical values owing to its high contents of phytochemical compounds. Among them, phenolic compounds existing in MLs showed multiple pharmacological activities. However, there is a little information about the quality evaluation and discrimination of different varieties of MLs. In the present study, the chemical compositions of MLs were identified by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS). Then, the quality of ten MLs varieties collected from a same plantation was assessed according to integrated HPLC fingerprinting coupled with multivariate analysis. The results revealed that Cui Yu (S5) showed the highest TPC/TFC and the strongest bio-activity, followed by Tai Long (S7) and Hong Bao Shi (S3). Among different HPLC fingerprinting, twenty compounds were selected as common characteristic peaks, and the similarity was within the range of 0.792-0.995. Meanwhile, these varieties were divided into three groups: G1 (S3, S5, S7, and S10), G2 (S1 and S4) and G3 (S2, S6, S8, and S9). Two discriminant functions with the discriminant rate near 100 % were constructed. Additionally, neomangiferin, mangiferin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isoquercitrin and quercetin were found to be the key compounds in quality evaluation of MLs varieties. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis results confirmed that these key compounds directly contributed to the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory ability of MLs. Importantly, the possible inhibitory mechanisms of these key compounds against α-glucosidase were preliminary clarified by in silico analysis, and the analysis results provide a theoretical basis for future development and utilization of mango leaves byproducts.

Usage of supercritical fluid techniques to obtain bioactive alkaloid-rich extracts from cherimoya peel and leaves: extract profiles and their correlation with antioxidant properties and acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

The agroindustrial sector is highly concerned with regards to reducing the environmental impact of waste from pruning activities (leaves, branches and bark) and from food industry processes (peels and seeds). In this sense, the wastes generated by cherimoya cultivation and processing industries should be contemplated as a valuable source of biologically active compounds. In this work, we have studied the bioactivity of alkaloid-rich Annona cherimola Mill. extracts obtain by means of supercritical fluid extraction techniques. The extracts were obtained from the peel and leaves using the following optimal conditions: 100 bar of pressure, 75 °C and 15% methanol as co-solvent. High antioxidant capacity (5304.23 ± 73.60 to 21 705.20 ± 1069.31 μmol Trolox equivalent per 100 g), and acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ = 87.69 ± 3.42 to 515.02 ± 29.25 μg mL^-1) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 1097.76 ± 121.12 to 3206.88 ± 97.06 μg mL^-1) inhibitory activities were exhibited by both peel and leaf extracts. Larger alkaloid contents were determined by UHPLC-ESI-MS analysis, with peel extracts presenting a high concentration of N-trans-feruloyl phenethylamine, while leaf extracts were rich in anonine. This work reports novel data on bioactivity of cherimoya peel and leaves and their potential as a source of bioactive compounds.

Restorative activity of aqueous extract Mangifera indica leaves against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats

Hepatic diseases remain problematic throughout the world. There are no drugs that completely restore hepatic capacity and help to regenerate liver cells. Therefore, the present examination was intended to investigate the hepatoprotective impacts of Mangifera indica (M. indica) leaf aqueous extract at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (b w) for 6 weeks. Liver damage was induced by CCl₄ and the extent of damage was measured by body weight gain, feed efficiency, and liver index, and by assessing hematological, biochemical parameters, and liver histology. Results show that phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of important phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins and terpenoids. Also, aqueous extract of M. indica showed that the total phenolic contents (86.20 ± 2.6 μg GEA/mg),flavonoid contents (42.64 ± 3.1 μg QE/mg) and antioxidant activities (DPPH) were 92.58 ± 4.1. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.467 μg ml^-1. CCl₄ caused a significant decrease in food intake, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and liver index, and also in the serum protein, albumin, globulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDLc), and CAT levels. CCl₄ also caused an increase in serum AST, ALT, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDLc), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDLc), and MAD. However, treatment with M. indica revealed attenuation of liver function, serum biomarker levels that had been increased by chronic CCl₄ intoxication. M. indica (400 mg/kg of b w) showed a greater reduction in the biomarker levels compared with M. indica (200 mg/kg of b w) and silymarin. These results were supported by histopathological examination of liver sections. Collectively, this study indicates that M. indica leaf aqueous extract alleviates the harmful effect of CCl₄-induced hepatic damage.

Subcritical Water Technology for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Chlorella sp. Microalgae and Assessment on Its Antioxidant Activity

Chlorella sp. microalgae is a potential source of antioxidants and natural bioactive compounds used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a subcritical water (SW) technology was applied to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. This study focused on maximizing the recovery of Chlorella sp. phenolic content and antioxidant activity measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay as a function of extraction temperature (100–250 °C), time (5–20 min) and microalgae concentration (5–20 wt. %) using response surface methodology. The optimal operating conditions for the extraction process were found to be 5 min at 163 °C with 20 wt. % microalgae concentration, which resulted in products with 58.73 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g phenolic content and 68.5% inhibition of the DPPH radical. Under optimized conditions, the experimental values were in close agreement with values predicted by the model. The phenolic content was highly correlated (R² = 0.935) with the antioxidant capacity. Results indicated that extraction by SW technology was effective and that Chlorella sp. could be a useful source of natural antioxidants.

Selective antitumoural action of pressurized mango leaf extracts against minimally and highly invasive breast cancer

Mango leaves, traditionally used to reduce inflammation, have been proved to possess antitumoral action against different types of breast cancer (hormone receptor-positive or negative).

Mango leaf extract improves central pathology and cognitive impairment in a type 2 diabetes mouse model

Epidemiological studies reveal that metabolic disorders, and specifically type 2 diabetes (T2D), are relevant risk factors to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), the most common causes of dementia. AD patients are in a tremendous need of new therapeutic options because of the limited success of available treatments. Natural polyphenols, and concretely Mangifera indica Linn extract (MGF), have been reported to have antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The role of MGF in central complications associated with T2D, after long-term treatment of db/db mice with MGF was analyzed. Metabolic parameters (body weight, glucose and insulin levels) as well as central complications including brain atrophy, inflammatory processes, spontaneous bleeding, tau phosphorylation and cognitive function in db/db mice treated with MGF for 22 weeks were assessed. MGF limits body weight gain in obese db/db mice. Insulin and C-peptide levels, indicative of pancreatic function, were longer maintained in MGF-treated animals. MGF reduced central inflammation by lowering microglia burden, both in the cortex and the hippocampus. Likewise, central spontaneous bleeding was significantly reduced in db/db mice. Cortical and hippocampal atrophy was reduced in db/db mice and tau hyperphosphorylation was lower after MGF treatment, resulting in partial recovery of learning and memory disabilities. Altogether, the data suggested that MGF treatment may provide a useful tool to target different aspects of AD and VaD pathology, and could lead to more effective clinical therapies for the prevention of metabolic related central complications associated with AD and VaD.

The potential role of mangiferin in cancer treatment through its immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic, apoptopic, and gene regulatory effects

Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C2-β-D-glucoside) is a natural bioactive xanthonoid that can be found in many plant species, among which the mango tree (Mangifera indica L), a plant widely used in the traditional medicinal, is one of its primary sources. The use of mangiferin for cancer treatment has attracted the attention of research groups around the World. Single administration of mangiferin or in combination with known anticancer chemicals has shown the potential benefits of this molecule in lung, brain, breast, cervix, and prostate cancers, and leukemia. Mangiferin mechanisms of action against cancer cells through in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo models are discussed besides its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, pharmaceutical development and, therefore, clinical trials on cancer targets are still lacking. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(5):475-491, 2016.

Mangiferin: a promising anticancer bioactive

Of late, several biologically active antioxidants from natural products have been investigated by the researchers in order to combat the root cause of carcinogenesis, in other words, oxidative stress. Mangiferin, a therapeutically active C-glucosylated xanthone, is extracted from pulp, peel, seed, bark and leaf of Mangifera indica. These polyphenols of mangiferin exhibit antioxidant properties and tend to decrease the oxygen-free radicals, thereby reducing the DNA damage. Indeed, its capability to modulate several key inflammatory pathways undoubtedly helps in stalling the progression of carcinogenesis. The current review article emphasizes an updated account on the patents published on the chemopreventive action of mangiferin, apoptosis induction made on various cancer cells, along with proposed antioxidative activities and patent mapping of other important therapeutic properties. Considering it as promising polyphenol, this paper would also summarize the diverse molecular targets of mangiferin.

Survey of supercritical fluid techniques for producing drug delivery systems for a potential use in cancer therapy

Standard drug delivery systems for cancer treatment usually comprise a device with a specific size and shape (depending on the type of cancer that has to be treated), which is composed by a biodegradable compound with a chemotherapeutic entrapped within it. This device should have a molecule (mainly a protein) bound to its surface to target only cancer cells. On the contrary, supercritical fluids (SCF) have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for creating drug delivery systems or for extracting drugs from natural sources. This review explains the potential of SCFs for cancer therapies by studying the current uses of the different high-pressure processes that can be useful for this medical treatment, such as the development of new drug delivery systems (with their drug release) or the extraction of chemotherapeutics from a vegetal matrix.