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Andrade ÓR, Camarillo R, Martínez F, Jiménez C, Rincón J. Impact of the Precursor on the Physicochemical Properties and Photoactivity of TiO 2 Nanoparticles Produced in Supercritical CO 2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2328. [PMID: 37630913 PMCID: PMC10459058 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in supercritical media has been reported over the last two decades. However, very few studies have compared the physicochemical characteristics and photoactivity of the TiO2 powders produced from different precursors, and even fewer have investigated the effect of using different ratios of hydrolytic agent/precursor (HA/P) on the properties of the semiconductor. To bridge this knowledge gap, this research focuses on the synthesis and characterization of TiO2 NPs obtained in a supercritical CO2 medium from four different TiO2 precursors, namely diisopropoxytitanium bis (acetylacetonate) (TDB), titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TIP), titanium (IV) butoxide (TBO), and titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexyloxide (TEO). Further, the effect of various HA/P ratios (10, 20, 30, and 40 mol/mol) when using ethanol as a hydrolytic agent has also been analyzed. Results obtained have shown that the physicochemical properties of the catalysts are not significantly affected by these variables, although some differences do exist between the synthesized materials and their catalytic performances. Specifically, photocatalysts obtained from TIP and TEO at the higher HA/P ratios (HA/P = 30 and HA/P = 40) led to higher CO2 photoconversions (6.3-7 µmol·g-1·h-1, Apparent Quantum Efficiency < 0.1%), about three times higher than those attained with commercial TiO2 P-25. These results have been imputed to the fact that these catalysts exhibit appropriate values of crystal size, surface area, light absorption, and charge transfer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Camarillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Sundar D, Liu CH, Anandan S, Wu JJ. Photocatalytic CO 2 Conversion into Solar Fuels Using Carbon-Based Materials-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5383. [PMID: 37513259 PMCID: PMC10385390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon materials with elusive 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructures and high surface area provide certain emerging applications in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO2 utilization. Since carbon possesses high electrical conductivity, it expels the photogenerated electrons from the catalytic surface and can tune the photocatalytic activity in the visible-light region. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of pristine carbon is comparatively low due to the high recombination of photogenerated carriers. Thus, supporting carbon materials, such as graphene, CNTs (Carbon nanotubes), g-C3N4, MWCNs (Multiwall carbon nanotubes), conducting polymers, and its other simpler forms like activated carbon, nanofibers, nanosheets, and nanoparticles, are usually combined with other metal and non-metal nanocomposites to increase the CO2 absorption and conversion. In addition, carbon-based materials with transition metals and organometallic complexes are also commonly used as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. This review focuses on developing efficient carbon-based nanomaterials for the photoconversion of CO2 into solar fuels. It is concluded that MWCNs are one of the most used materials as supporting materials for CO2 reduction. Due to the multi-layered morphology, multiple reflections will occur within the layers, thus enhancing light harvesting. In particular, stacked nanostructured hollow sphere morphologies can also help the metal doping from corroding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Sundar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Trichy 620015, India
| | - Jerry J Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Ullah S, Ferreira-Neto EP, Khan AA, Medeiros IPM, Wender H. Supported nanostructured photocatalysts: the role of support-photocatalyst interactions. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:219-240. [PMID: 36178668 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis employing semiconductor oxide photocatalysts is a sustainable and promising method for environmental remediation and clean energy generation. In this context, nanostructured photocatalysts, with at least one dimension in the 1‒100 nm size regime, have attracted ever-growing attention due to their unique and often enhanced size-dependent physicochemical properties. While their reduced size ensures enhanced photocatalytic performance, the same makes it difficult and time/energy-demanding to remove/recover such nanostructured photocatalysts from aqueous media. This fundamental limitation has paved the way towards developing supported nanophotocatalysts where the active photocatalytic nanostructures are coated on the surface of polymeric or inorganic support materials, often in a core@shell conformation. This arrangement solves the problem of photocatalysts' recovery for effective reuse or recycling and leads to improved and desired target properties due to specific photocatalyst-support interactions. While the enhanced physicochemical properties of supported photocatalysts have been widely studied in many target applications, the role of support-photocatalysts interactions in improving these properties remains unexplored. This review article provides an updated viewpoint on the photocatalyst-support interactions and the resulting unique physiochemical properties important for diverse photochemical applications and the design of practical devices. While exploring the properties of supported nanostructured metal oxide/sulfides photocatalysts such as TiO2 and MoS2, we also briefly discuss the common strategies employed to coat the active nanomaterials on the surface of different supports (organic/polymeric, inorganic, active, inert, and magnetic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, PO Box 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Elias P Ferreira-Neto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Abrar A Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, PO Box 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Isaac P M Medeiros
- Nano & Photon Research Group, Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Heberton Wender
- Nano & Photon Research Group, Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Applied Nanotechnology (LNNA), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Brazil.
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Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 with N-Doped TiO 2-Based Photocatalysts Obtained in One-Pot Supercritical Synthesis. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111793. [PMID: 35683653 PMCID: PMC9182572 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of carbon support on the activity and selectivity of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Thus, N-doped TiO2 and two types of composites, N-doped TiO2/CNT and N-doped TiO2/rGO, were prepared by a new environmentally friendly one-pot method. CNT and rGO were used as supports, triethylamine and urea as N doping agents, and titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide and ethanol as Ti precursor and hydrolysis agent, respectively. The as-prepared photocatalysts exhibited enhanced photocatalytic performance compared to TiO2 P25 commercial catalyst during the photoreduction of CO2 with water vapor. It was imputed to the synergistic effect of N doping (reduction of semiconductor band gap energy) and carbon support (enlarging e−-h+ recombination time). The activity and selectivity of catalysts varied depending on the investigated material. Thus, whereas N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles led to a gaseous mixture, where CH4 formed the majority compared to CO, N-doped TiO2/CNT and N-doped TiO2/rGO composites almost exclusively generated CO. Regarding the activity of the catalysts, the highest production rates of CO (8 µmol/gTiO2/h) and CH4 (4 µmol/gTiO2/h) were achieved with composite N1/TiO2/rGO and N1/TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively, where superscript represents the ratio mg N/g TiO2. These rates are four times and almost forty times higher than the CO and CH4 production rates observed with commercial TiO2 P25.
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Humayun M, Wang C, Luo W. Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Applications of Composite Photocatalysts: A Critical Review. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101395. [PMID: 35174987 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is an advanced technique that transforms solar energy into sustainable fuels and oxidizes pollutants via the aid of semiconductor photocatalysts. The main scientific and technological challenges for effective photocatalysis are the stability, robustness, and efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts. For practical applications, researchers are trying to develop highly efficient and stable photocatalysts. Since the literature is highly scattered, it is urgent to write a critical review that summarizes the state-of-the-art progress in the design of a variety of semiconductor composite photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented that summarizes an overview, history, mechanism, advantages, and challenges of semiconductor photocatalysis. Further, the recent advancements in the design of heterostructure photocatalysts including alloy quantum dots based composites, carbon based composites including carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitride, and graphene, covalent-organic frameworks based composites, metal based composites including metal carbides, metal halide perovskites, metal nitrides, metal oxides, metal phosphides, and metal sulfides, metal-organic frameworks based composites, plasmonic materials based composites and single atom based composites for CO2 conversion, H2 evolution, and pollutants oxidation are discussed elaborately. Finally, perspectives for further improvement in the design of composite materials for efficient photocatalysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Humayun
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chundong Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Kaushik R, Singh PK, Halder A. Modulation strategies in titania photocatalyst for energy recovery and environmental remediation. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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CO2 Reduction to Valuable Chemicals on TiO2-Carbon Photocatalysts Deposited on Silica Cloth. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new photocatalyst for CO2 reduction has been presented. The photocatalyst was prepared from a combination of a commercial P25 with a mesopore structure and carbon spheres with a microporous structure with high CO2 adsorption capacity. Then, the obtained hybrid TiO2-carbon sphere photocatalysts were deposited on a glass fiber fabric. The combined TiO2-carbon spheres/silica cloth photocatalysts showed higher efficiency in the two-electron CO2 reduction towards CO than in the eight-electron reaction to methane. The 0.5 g graphitic carbon spheres combined with 1 g of TiO2 P25 resulted in almost 100% selectivity to CO. From a practical point of view, this is promising as it economically eliminates the need to separate CO from the gas mixture after the reaction, which also contains CH4 and H2.
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Sun W, Hou Y, Zhang X. Bi-Functional Paraffin@Polyaniline/TiO 2/PCN-222(Fe) Microcapsules for Solar Thermal Energy Storage and CO 2 Photoreduction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:2. [PMID: 35009951 PMCID: PMC8746944 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of bi-functional microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) microcapsules with thermal energy storage (TES) and carbon dioxide (CO2) photoreduction was designed and fabricated. The polyaniline (PANI)/titanium dioxide (TiO2)/PCN-222(Fe) hybrid shell encloses phase change material (PCM) paraffin by the facile and environment-friendly Pickering emulsion polymerization, in which TiO2 and PCN-222(Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) were used as Pickering stabilizer. Furthermore, a ternary heterojunction of PANI/(TiO2)/PCN-222(Fe) was constructed due to the tight contact of the three components on the hybrid shell. The results indicate that the maximum enthalpy of MEPCMs is 174.7 J·g-1 with encapsulation efficiency of 77.2%, and the thermal properties, chemical composition, and morphological structure were well maintained after 500 high-low temperature cycles test. Besides, the MEPCM was employed to reduce CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) under natural light irradiation. The CO evolution rate reached up to 45.16 μmol g-1 h-1 because of the suitable band gap and efficient charge migration efficiency, which is 5.4, 11, and 62 times higher than pure PCN-222(Fe), PANI, and TiO2, respectively. Moreover, the CO evolution rate decayed inapparently after five CO2 photoreduction cycles. The as-prepared bi-functional MEPCM as the temperature regulating building materials and air purification medium will stimulate a potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xu Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-22-6020-0443
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High-pressure synthesis of rGO/TiO2 and rGO/TiO2/Cu catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction under solar light. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Variar AG, M.S. R, Ail VU, S. SP, K. S, Tahir M. Influence of various operational parameters in enhancing photocatalytic reduction efficiency of carbon dioxide in a photoreactor: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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de la Flor MP, Camarillo R, Martínez F, Jiménez C, Quiles R, Rincón J. Removal of emerging pollutant dibutylhydroxytoluene from water with CNT/TiO 2 catalysts in a visible LED photoreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23720-23730. [PMID: 33078360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the photocatalytic degradation of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), several TiO2-based composites have been prepared in MWCNT from titanium isopropoxide and ethanol via supercritical CO2 synthesis followed by calcination at 400 °C. TEM and XRD showed uniform coverage of CNT by 10 nm TiO2 particles in the anatase form, and spectral analyses revealed the formation of CNT/TiO2 structure. Further, synthesized material displayed significant visible light absorption and absorption edge shifted to longer wavelengths. Once the material was characterized, the effect of adsorption and photochemical degradation of BHT was investigated in the wavelength range from 400 to 700 nm, in batch mode, by monitoring the concentrations of BHT as a function of time. CNT/TiO2 composites were more efficient than commercial TiO2 P25 in the photodegradation of the antioxidant. In particular, CNT50/TiO250, a composite with 50% by weight of CNT, was the best catalyst, stable, and completely degrading BHT within 30 min of exposure to visible light. The role played by different reactive oxidative species (h+, OH ·, 1O2, and [Formula: see text]) in the photocatalytic reaction was also studied by using appropriate radical scavengers that inhibited the corresponding active species. Superoxide radical was found the main oxidizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Patricia de la Flor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Camarillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fabiola Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Quiles
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jesusa Rincón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Li K, Teng C, Wang S, Min Q. Recent Advances in TiO 2-Based Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction With Water Oxidation: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:637501. [PMID: 33937191 PMCID: PMC8082425 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.637501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into solar fuels has gained increasing attention due to its great potential for alleviating the energy and environmental crisis at the same time. The low-cost TiO2 with suitable band structure and high resistibility to light corrosion has proven to be very promising for photoreduction of CO2 using water as the source of electrons and protons. However, the narrow spectral response range (ultraviolet region only) as well as the rapid recombination of photo-induced electron-hole pairs within pristine TiO2 results in the low utilization of solar energy and limited photocatalytic efficiency. Besides, its low selectivity toward photoreduction products of CO2 should also be improved. Combination of TiO2 with other photoelectric active materials, such as metal oxide/sulfide semiconductors, metal nanoparticles and carbon-based nanostructures, for the construction of well-defined heterostructures can enhance the quantum efficiency significantly by promoting visible light adsorption, facilitating charge transfer and suppressing the recombination of charge carriers, resulting in the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the composite photocatalytic system. In addition, the adsorption and activation of CO2 on these heterojunctions are also promoted, therefore enhancing the turnover frequency (TOF) of CO2 molecules, so as to the improved selectivity of photoreduction products. This review focus on the recent advances of photocatalytic CO2 reduction via TiO2-based heterojunctions with water oxidation. The rational design, fabrication, photocatalytic performance and CO2 photoreduction mechanisms of typical TiO2-based heterojunctions, including semiconductor-semiconductor (S-S), semiconductor-metal (S-M), semiconductor-carbon group (S-C) and multicomponent heterojunction are reviewed and discussed. Moreover, the TiO2-based phase heterojunction and facet heterojunction are also summarized and analyzed. In the end, the current challenges and future prospects of the TiO2-based heterostructures for photoreduction of CO2 with high efficiency, even for practical application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Teng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China.,College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianhao Min
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
This perspective article describes the application opportunities of carbon nanotube (CNT) films for the energy sector. Up to date progress in this regard is illustrated with representative examples of a wide range of energy management and transformation studies employing CNT ensembles. Firstly, this paper features an overview of how such macroscopic networks from nanocarbon can be produced. Then, the capabilities for their application in specific energy-related scenarios are described. Among the highlighted cases are conductive coatings, charge storage devices, thermal interface materials, and actuators. The selected examples demonstrate how electrical, thermal, radiant, and mechanical energy can be converted from one form to another using such formulations based on CNTs. The article is concluded with a future outlook, which anticipates the next steps which the research community will take to bring these concepts closer to implementation.
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Zhang X, Wang M, Song X, Yan Y, Huo P, Yan Y, Yang B. Boosting charge carrier separation efficiency by constructing an intramolecular DA system towards efficient photoreduction of CO 2. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The charge carrier excitation–recombination process between the donor and acceptor, and the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO over CN based DA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- College of Science
- Beihua University
- Jilin 132013
- P. R. China
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Xianghai Song
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- College of Science
- Beihua University
- Jilin 132013
- P. R. China
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
| | - Pengwei Huo
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Boting Yang
- College of Science
- Beihua University
- Jilin 132013
- P. R. China
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