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Lentz JC, Cavanagh R, Moloney C, Falcone Pin B, Kortsen K, Fowler HR, Jacob PL, Krumins E, Clark C, Machado F, Breitkreuz N, Cale B, Goddard AR, Hirst JD, Taresco V, Howdle SM. N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide as a functional eROP initiator for the preparation of nanoparticles under "greener" reaction conditions. Polym Chem 2022; 13:6032-6045. [PMID: 36353599 PMCID: PMC9623607 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide was used as a functional initiator for the enzymatic ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone. N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide was found not to undergo self-reaction in the presence of Lipase B from Candida antarctica under the reaction conditions employed. By contrast, this is a major problem for 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate which both show significant transesterification issues leading to unwanted branching and cross-linking. Surprisingly, N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide did not react fully during enzymatic ring-opening polymerisation. Computational docking studies helped us understand that the initiated polymer chains have a higher affinity for the enzyme active site than the initiator alone, leading to polymer propagation proceeding at a faster rate than polymer initiation leading to incomplete initiator consumption. Hydroxyl end group fidelity was confirmed by organocatalytic chain extension with lactide. N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide initiated polycaprolactones were free-radical copolymerised with PEGMA to produce a small set of amphiphilic copolymers. The amphiphilic polymers were shown to self-assemble into nanoparticles, and to display low cytotoxicity in 2D in vitro experiments. To increase the green credentials of the synthetic strategies, all reactions were carried out in 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, a solvent derived from renewable resources and an alternative for the more traditionally used fossil-based solvents tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Lentz
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Robert Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Bruno Falcone Pin
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Harriet R Fowler
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Philippa L Jacob
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Eduards Krumins
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Charlotte Clark
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Fabricio Machado
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro 70910-900 Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Nicholas Breitkreuz
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Ben Cale
- Croda Europe Limited Cowick Hall Snaith DN14 9AA Goole UK
| | - Amy R Goddard
- Croda Europe Limited Cowick Hall Snaith DN14 9AA Goole UK
| | - Jonathan D Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
| | - Steven M Howdle
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD Nottingham UK
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d'Almeida Gameiro M, Jacob PL, Kortsen K, Ward T, Taresco V, Stockman RA, Chebude Y, Howdle SM. Greener
extraction‐chemical modification‐polymerization
pipeline of vernolic acid from Ethiopian ironweed plant. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Ward
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | | | | | - Yonas Chebude
- Chemistry Department Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
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Kortsen K, Fowler HR, Jacob PL, Krumins E, Lentz JC, Souhil MR, Taresco V, Howdle SM. Exploiting the tuneable density of scCO2 to improve particle size control for dispersion polymerisations in the presence of poly(dimethyl siloxane) stabilisers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pacheco AAC, da Silva Filho AF, Kortsen K, Hanson-Heine MWD, Taresco V, Hirst JD, Lansalot M, D'Agosto F, Howdle SM. Influence of structure and solubility of chain transfer agents on the RAFT control of dispersion polymerisation in scCO 2. Chem Sci 2021; 12:1016-1030. [PMID: 34163868 PMCID: PMC8179044 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is performed in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) with 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (DDMAT) present as chain transfer agent (CTA) and surprisingly shows good control over PMMA molecular weight. Kinetic studies of the polymerisation in scCO2 also confirm these data. By contrast, only poor control of MMA polymerisation is obtained in toluene solution, as would be expected for this CTA which is better suited for acrylates. In this regard, we select a range of CTAs and use them to determine the parameters that must be considered for good control in dispersion polymerisation in scCO2. A thorough investigation of the nucleation stage during the dispersion polymerisation reveals an unexpected “in situ two-stage” mechanism that strongly determines how the CTA works. Finally, using a novel computational solvation model, we identify a correlation between polymerisation control and degree of solubility of the CTAs. All of this ultimately gives rise to a simple, elegant and counterintuitive guideline to select the best CTA for RAFT dispersion polymerisation in scCO2. RAFT dispersion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate is performed in scCO2 with 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-methylpropionic acid (DDMAT) present as chain transfer agent (CTA) and surprisingly shows good control over PMMA molecular weight.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. C. Pacheco
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Vincenzo Taresco
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Steven M. Howdle
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, England, NG7 2RD, UK
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