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Warmington E, Smith G, Chortis V, Liang R, Lippert J, Steinhauer S, Landwehr LS, Hantel C, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Wierman ME, Altieri B, Foster PA, Ronchi CL. PLK1 inhibitors as a new targeted treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Connect 2024; 13:e230403. [PMID: 37992487 PMCID: PMC10762563 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a promising drug target; PLK1 inhibitors (PLK1i) have been investigated in solid cancers and are more effective in TP53-mutated cases. We evaluated PLK1 expression in ACC samples and the efficacy of two PLK1i in ACC cell lines with different genetic backgrounds. PLK1 protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples and correlated with clinical data. The efficacy of rigosertib (RGS), targeting RAS/PI3K, CDKs and PLKs, and poloxin (Pol), specifically targeting the PLK1 polo-box domain, was tested in TP53-mutated NCI-H295R, MUC-1, and CU-ACC2 cells and in TP53 wild-type CU-ACC1. Effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and viability were determined. PLK1 immunostaining was stronger in TP53-mutated ACC samples vs wild-type (P = 0.0017). High PLK1 expression together with TP53 mutations correlated with shorter progression-free survival (P= 0.041). NCI-H295R showed a time- and dose-dependent reduction in proliferation with both PLK1i (P< 0.05at 100 nM RGS and 30 µM Pol). In MUC-1, a less pronounced decrease was observed (P< 0.05at 1000 nM RGS and 100 µM Pol). 100 nM RGS increased apoptosis in NCI-H295R (P< 0.001), with no effect on MUC-1. CU-ACC2 apoptosis was induced only at high concentrations (P < 0.05 at 3000 nM RGS and 100 µM Pol), while proliferation decreased at 1000 nM RGS and 30 µM Pol. CU-ACC1 proliferation reduced, and apoptosis increased, only at 100 µM Pol. TP53-mutated ACC cell lines demonstrated better response to PLK1i than wild-type CU-ACC1. These data suggest PLK1i may be a promising targeted treatment of a subset of ACC patients, pre-selected according to tumour genetic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Warmington
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gabrielle Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vasileios Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Raimunde Liang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University Munich (TMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Lippert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Steinhauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Laura-Sophie Landwehr
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik Und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Guan Y, Yue S, Chen Y, Pan Y, An L, Du H, Liang C. Molecular Cluster Mining of Adrenocortical Carcinoma via Multi-Omics Data Analysis Aids Precise Clinical Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233784. [PMID: 36497046 PMCID: PMC9737968 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignancy of the endocrine system. We collected clinical and pathological features, genomic mutations, DNA methylation profiles, and mRNA, lncRNA, microRNA, and somatic mutations in ACC patients from the TCGA, GSE19750, GSE33371, and GSE49278 cohorts. Based on the MOVICS algorithm, the patients were divided into ACC1-3 subtypes by comprehensive multi-omics data analysis. We found that immune-related pathways were more activated, and drug metabolism pathways were enriched in ACC1 subtype patients. Furthermore, ACC1 patients were sensitive to PD-1 immunotherapy and had the lowest sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Patients with the ACC2 subtype had the worst survival prognosis and the highest tumor-mutation rate. Meanwhile, cell-cycle-related pathways, amino-acid-synthesis pathways, and immunosuppressive cells were enriched in ACC2 patients. Steroid and cholesterol biosynthetic pathways were enriched in patients with the ACC3 subtype. DNA-repair-related pathways were enriched in subtypes ACC2 and ACC3. The sensitivity of the ACC2 subtype to cisplatin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, and etoposide was better than that of the other two subtypes. For 5-fluorouracil, there was no significant difference in sensitivity to paclitaxel between the three groups. A comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data will provide new clues for the prognosis and treatment of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guan
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Shaoyu Yue
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yuetian Pan
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lingxuan An
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hexi Du
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-18856040979 (H.D.); +86-13505604595 (C.L.)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218th Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University (AHMU), 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (H.D.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-18856040979 (H.D.); +86-13505604595 (C.L.)
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Demin DE, Stasevich EM, Murashko MM, Tkachenko EA, Uvarova AN, Schwartz AM. Full and D-BOX-Deficient PTTG1 Isoforms: Effects on Cell Proliferation. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322060061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Comprehensive Multiomics Analysis Reveals Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2465598. [PMID: 35983531 PMCID: PMC9381213 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2465598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a severe malignant tumor with low early diagnosis rates and high mortality. In this study, we used a variety of bioinformatic analyses to find potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for ACC. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data sets were used to perform differential expressed analysis. WebGestalt was used to perform enrichment analysis, while String was used for protein-protein analysis. Our study first detected 28 up-regulation and 462 down-regulation differential expressed genes through the GEO and TCGA databases. Then, GO functional analysis, four pathway analyses (KEGG, REACTOME, PANTHER, and BIOCYC), and protein-protein interaction network were performed to identify these genes by WebGestalt tool and KOBAS website, as well as String database, respectively, and finalize 17 hub genes. After a series of analyses from GEPIA, including gene mutations, differential expression, and prognosis, we excluded one candidate unrelated to the prognosis of ACC and put the remaining genes into pathway analysis again. We screened out CCNB1 and NDC80 genes by three algorithms of Degree, MCC, and MNC. We subsequently performed genomic analysis using the TCGA and cBioPortal databases to better understand these two hub genes. Our data also showed that the CCNB1 and NDC80 genes might become ACC biomarkers for future clinical use.
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Yi X, Wan Y, Cao W, Peng K, Li X, Liao W. Identification of Four Novel Prognostic Biomarkers and Construction of Two Nomograms in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Multi-Omics Data Study via Bioinformatics and Machine Learning Methods. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:878073. [PMID: 35693556 PMCID: PMC9174903 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.878073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an orphan tumor which has poor prognoses. Therefore, it is of urgent need for us to find candidate prognostic biomarkers and provide clinicians with an accurate method for survival prediction of ACC via bioinformatics and machine learning methods. Methods: Eight different methods including differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, survival analysis, expression level comparison, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to identify potential prognostic biomarkers for ACC via seven independent datasets. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and time-dependent ROC were performed to further identify meaningful prognostic biomarkers (MPBs). Cox regression analyses were performed to screen factors for nomogram construction. Results: We identified nine hub genes correlated to prognosis of patients with ACC. Furthermore, four MPBs (ASPM, BIRC5, CCNB2, and CDK1) with high accuracy of survival prediction were screened out, which were enriched in the cell cycle. We also found that mutations and copy number variants of these MPBs were associated with overall survival (OS) of ACC patients. Moreover, MPB expressions were associated with immune infiltration level. Two nomograms [OS-nomogram and disease-free survival (DFS)-nomogram] were established, which could provide clinicians with an accurate, quick, and visualized method for survival prediction. Conclusion: Four novel MPBs were identified and two nomograms were constructed, which might constitute a breakthrough in treatment and prognosis prediction of patients with ACC.
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Ma J, Jin Y, Gong B, Li L, Zhao Q. Pan-cancer analysis of necroptosis-related gene signature for the identification of prognosis and immune significance. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:17. [PMID: 35312867 PMCID: PMC8938586 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necroptosis is a novel programmed cell death mode independent on caspase. A number of studies have revealed that the induction of necroptosis could act as an alternative therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant tumors as well as affect tumor immune microenvironment. METHODS Gene expression profiles and clinical data were downloaded from XENA-UCSC (including The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression), Gene Expression Omnibus, International Cancer Genome Consortium and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas. We used non-negative matrix factorization method to conduct tumor classification. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was applied to establish risk models, whose prognostic effectiveness was examined in both training and testing sets with Kaplan-Meier analysis, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves as well as uni- and multi-variate survival analysis. Principal Component Analysis, t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection were conducted to check the risk group distribution. Gene Set Enrichment Analyses, immune infiltration analysis based on CIBERSORT, EPIC, MCPcounter, ssGSEA and ESTIMATE, gene mutation and drug sensitivity between the risk groups were also taken into consideration. RESULTS There were eight types of cancer with at least ten differentially expressed necroptosis-related genes which could influence patients' prognosis, namely, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and thymoma (THYM). Patients could be divided into different clusters with distinct overall survival in all cancers above except for LIHC. The risk models could efficiently predict prognosis of ACC, LAML, LGG, LIHC, SKCM and THYM patients. LGG patients from high-risk group had a higher infiltration level of M2 macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts. There were more CD8+ T cells, Th1 cells and M1 macrophages in low-risk SKCM patients' tumor microenvironment. Gene mutation status and drug sensitivity are also different between low- and high-risk groups in the six cancers. CONCLUSIONS Necroptosis-related genes can predict clinical outcomes of ACC, LAML, LGG, LIHC, SKCM and THYM patients and help to distinguish immune infiltration status for LGG and SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocheng Gong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.
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Di Fazio P, Rusche FD, Roth S, Pehl A, Wächter S, Mintziras I, Bartsch DK, Holzer K. Long Non-Coding RNA H19 Expression Correlates with Autophagy Process in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:254-267. [PMID: 34726962 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.2001483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality. The suppression of the long-non-coding RNA H19, counterbalanced by IGF2 over-expression, leads to down-regulation of the autophagy markers, high proliferation rate and metastatic potential in patients affected by ACC. The administration of the deacetylase inhibitors (DACi) panobinostat, trichostatin A (TSA) and SAHA affected the cell viability of H295R monolayer and spheroids and induced the over-expression of H19 and autophagy transcripts. H19 knock down in H295R cells was not able to modulate the expression level of autophagy transcripts. Instead, H19 knock down was able to impede the ability of DACi to modulate the protein level of the autophagy markers. Furthermore, the administration of higher concentration of DACi was able to down-regulate the protein level of Beclin1 and p62 and to induce the conversion of LC3B-I into the active LC3B-II form, thus confirming an active autophagic process. Neither the active protein level nor the activity of caspases 8 and 3 was prompted by the DACi, thus excluding the involvement of the executioners of apoptosis in H295R decay. The DACi restore H19, the autophagy markers and trigger cell death in ACC cells. The re-activation of autophagy would represent a novel strategy for the treatment of patients affected by this severe malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Di Fazio
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska D Rusche
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Roth
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anika Pehl
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wächter
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Mintziras
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Detlef K Bartsch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Holzer
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Identification of Dysregulated Expression of G Protein Coupled Receptors in Endocrine Tumors by Bioinformatics Analysis: Potential Drug Targets? Cells 2022; 11:cells11040703. [PMID: 35203352 PMCID: PMC8870215 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies link G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cancer. Some endocrine tumors are unresponsive to standard treatment and/or require long-term and poorly tolerated treatment. This study explored, by bioinformatics analysis, the tumoral profiling of the GPCR transcriptome to identify potential targets in these tumors aiming at drug repurposing. Methods: We explored the GPCR differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from public datasets (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)). The GEO datasets were available for two medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs), eighty-seven pheochromocytomas (PHEOs), sixty-one paragangliomas (PGLs), forty-seven pituitary adenomas and one-hundred-fifty adrenocortical cancers (ACCs). The TCGA dataset covered 92 ACCs. We identified GPCRs targeted by approved drugs from pharmacological databases (ChEMBL and DrugBank). Results: The profiling of dysregulated GPCRs was tumor specific. In MTC, we found 14 GPCR DEGs, including an upregulation of the dopamine receptor (DRD2) and adenosine receptor (ADORA2B), which were the target of many drugs. In PGL, seven GPCR genes were downregulated, including vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A) and PTH receptor (PTH1R), which were targeted by approved drugs. In ACC, PTH1R was also downregulated in both the GEO and TCGA datasets and was the target of osteoporosis drugs. Conclusions: We highlight specific GPCR signatures across the major endocrine tumors. These data could help to identify new opportunities for drug repurposing.
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A Hypoxia Signature for Predicting Prognosis and Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:2298973. [PMID: 34603443 PMCID: PMC8481041 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2298973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with dismal prognosis. Hypoxia is one of characteristics of cancer leading to tumor progression. For ACC, however, no reliable prognostic signature on the basis of hypoxia genes has been built. Our study aimed to develop a hypoxia-associated gene signature in ACC. Data of ACC patients were obtained from TCGA and GEO databases. The genes included in hypoxia risk signature were identified using the Cox regression analysis as well as LASSO regression analysis. GSEA was applied to discover the enriched gene sets. To detect a possible connection between the gene signature and immune cells, the CIBERSORT technique was applied. In ACC, the hypoxia signature including three genes (CCNA2, COL5A1, and EFNA3) was built to predict prognosis and reflect the immune microenvironment. Patients with high-risk scores tended to have a poor prognosis. According to the multivariate regression analysis, the hypoxia signature could be served as an independent indicator in ACC patients. GSEA demonstrated that gene sets linked to cancer proliferation and cell cycle were differentially enriched in high-risk classes. Additionally, we found that PDL1 and CTLA4 expression were significantly lower in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group, and resting NK cells displayed a significant increase in the high-risk group. In summary, the hypoxia risk signature created in our study might predict prognosis and evaluate the tumor immune microenvironment for ACC.
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Zhang H, Wang P, Song T, Bonnette UL, Zhang Z. Screening and identification of key genes in imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells: a bioinformatics study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:408-414. [PMID: 34053416 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1931740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Imatinib is one of the most effective therapeutic strategies to inhibit the BCR-ABL tyrosine Kinase in patients with CML, but resistance is increasingly encountered. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarray data GSE7114, GSE92624 and GSE97562 were downloaded and analyzed from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify the candidate genes in the imatinib-resistant CML cells. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were appraised, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created by using STRING and Cytoscape. RESULTS We screened a total of 217 DEGs, including 151 upregulated genes and 66 downregulated genes. The enriched functions and pathways of genes include insulin-like growth factor I binding, cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process, cell adhesion, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process and hematopoietic cell lineage. Nine hub genes were appraised and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are mainly enriched in cell cycle, peptidase inhibitor activity and cell division. Several genes such as BIRC5, CCNE2 and MCM4 were identified in survival analysis and these genes alteration are significantly associated with worse overall survival and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS These genes have the potential to become surrogate markers for a clinical evaluation of imatinib-resistant CML patients. Our results provide potential target genes for diagnosis and treatment of imatinib-resistant CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Uwituze Laura Bonnette
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Yan X, Guo ZX, Yu DH, Chen C, Liu XP, Yang ZW, Liu TZ, Li S. Identification and Validation of a Novel Prognosis Prediction Model in Adrenocortical Carcinoma by Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis, Statistics, and Machine Learning. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671359. [PMID: 34164395 PMCID: PMC8215582 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. Thus, we aimed to establish a potential gene model for prognosis prediction of patients with ACC. First, weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) was constructed to screen two key modules (blue: P = 5e-05, R^2 = 0.65; red: P = 4e-06, R^2 = -0.71). Second, 93 survival-associated genes were identified. Third, 11 potential prognosis models were constructed, and two models were further selected. Survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), Cox regression analysis, and calibrate curve were performed to identify the best model with great prognostic value. Model 2 was further identified as the best model [training set: P < 0.0001; the area under curve (AUC) value was higher than in any other models showed]. We further explored the prognostic values of genes in the best model by analyzing their mutations and copy number variations (CNVs) and found that MKI67 altered the most (12%). CNVs of the 14 genes could significantly affect the relative mRNA expression levels and were associated with survival of ACC patients. Three independent analyses indicated that all the 14 genes were significantly associated with the prognosis of patients with ACC. Six hub genes were further analyzed by constructing a PPI network and validated by AUC and concordance index (C-index) calculation. In summary, we constructed and validated a prognostic multi-gene model and found six prognostic biomarkers, which may be useful for predicting the prognosis of ACC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Xin Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong-Hu Yu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong-Zu Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Chen Z, Cao K, Hou Y, Lu F, Li L, Wang L, Xia Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Li R, Chang L, Li W. PTTG1 knockdown enhances radiation-induced antitumour immunity in lung adenocarcinoma. Life Sci 2021; 277:119594. [PMID: 33984357 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ionizing radiation (IR) can induce local and systemic antitumour immune responses to some degree and augment immunotherapeutic efficacy. IR may also increase residual tumour cell invasion and elicit immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment (TME). It remains poorly understand, whether IR leads to immune negative response or invasive capacity increases in lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA interference (RNAi) was used to silence pituitary tumour-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) and SMAD3 expression in LAC cells. A coculture system of tumour cells and PBMCs was constructed. Cells were exposed to different doses (0, 4 and 8 Gy) of X-ray irradiation. Flow cytometric analysis and Transwell assays were applied. An orthotopic Lewis lung cancer (LLC) mouse tumour model was established. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used. LLC tumours were exposed to a single 15 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation. KEY FINDINGS PTTG1 knockdown reinforced the inhibitory effect of IR on the invasive ability of A549 cells and enhanced the antitumour T cell immunity induced by IR via the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/SMAD3 pathway. Positive antitumour immune response and immunosuppression were simultaneously triggered by a single 15 Gy dose of local tumour irradiation. PTTG1 knockdown weakened invasive capacity and promoted the immune response balance induced by IR to tilt towards active immunity, which contributed to reduce metastasis and prolonged overall survival (OS) in orthotopic LLC tumour-bearing mouse. SIGNIFICANCE Targeted blockade of PTTG1 and the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway may ameliorate the immunosuppressive TME and enhance the systemic antitumour immune response induced by a single high-dose IR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengting Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, PR China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, PR China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China
| | - Yaoxiong Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, PR China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital, PR China.
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13
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Ma C, Xiong J, Su H, Li H. The underlying molecular mechanism and drugs for treatment in adrenal cortical carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3026-3038. [PMID: 34220331 PMCID: PMC8241782 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The study aimed to predict and explore the possible clinical value and mechanism of genetic markers in adrenal cortical carcinoma using a bioinformatics analysis method. Methods: The RNA-seqs and miRNAs data were downloaded from TCGA database to identify the differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed miRNAs. The hub-genes were screened by building protein-protein interaction sub-networks with 12 topological analysis methods. We conducted the receiver operating characteristic curve to elevate the diagnostic value of hub-genes in distinguishing the death and alive groups. The survival analysis of hub-genes and key miRNAs were conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves. Furthermore, most significant small molecules were identified as therapeutic candidates for adrenal cortical carcinoma by the CMap analysis. Results: Compared to survival group, we found 475 up-regulated genes and 354 genes and the key pathways leading to the death of different ACC individual patients. Then we used 12 topological analysis methods to found the most possible 22 hub-genes. Among these hub-genes, nine hub-genes (C3, CXCL5, CX3CR1, GRM8, HCAR2, HTR1B, SUCNR1, PTGER3 and SSTR1) could be used to distinguish the death and survival groups for patients. We also revealed that mRNA expressions of 12 genes (C3, CXCL8, CX3CR1, GNAT3, GNGT1, GRM8, HCAR2, HTR1B, HTR1D, PTGER3, SSTR1 and SUCNR1) and four key miRNAs (hsa-mir-330, hsa-mir-489, hsa-mir-508 and hsa-mir-513b) were related to survival. Three most small molecules were identified (H-9, AZ-628 and phensuximide) as potential therapeutic drugs for adrenal cortical carcinoma. Conclusion: The hub-genes expression was significant useful in adrenal cortical carcinoma, provide new diagnostic, prognosis and therapeutic approaches for adrenal cortical carcinoma. Furthermore, we also explore the possible miRNAs involved in regulation of hub-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Lv J, He Y, Li L, Wang Z. Alternative Splicing Events and Splicing Factors Are Prognostic in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:918. [PMID: 33101358 PMCID: PMC7494975 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including cancer. Here, we investigated the potential application of alternative splicing events (ASEs) and splicing factors (SFs) in the prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Transcriptome data from 79 ACC cases were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and percent spliced-in values of seven splicing types were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas SpliceSeq database. By the univariate Cox regression analysis, 1,839 survival-related ASEs were identified. Prognostic indices based on seven types of survival-related ASEs were calculated by multivariate Cox regression analysis. Survival curves and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the diagnostic value of the prognostic model. Independent prognosis analysis identified several ASEs (e.g., THNSL2| 54469| ME) that could be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of patients with ACC accurately. By analyzing the co-expression correlation between SFs and ASEs, 188 highly correlated interactions were established. From the protein interaction network, we finally screened six hub SFs, including YBX1, SART1, PRCC, SNRPG, SNRPE, and SF3B4, whose expression levels were significantly related to the overall survival and prognosis of ACC. Our findings provide a reliable model for predicting the prognosis of ACC patients based on aberrant alternative splicing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan He
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Fraune C, Yehorov S, Luebke AM, Steurer S, Hube-Magg C, Büscheck F, Höflmayer D, Tsourlakis MC, Clauditz TS, Simon R, Sauter G, Weidemann S, Dum D, Kind S, Minner S, Schlomm T, Huland H, Heinzer H, Graefen M, Burandt E. Upregulation of PTTG1 is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Pathol Int 2020; 70:441-451. [PMID: 32314536 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) is a regulator of chromosome stability. PTTG1 overexpression had been associated with tumor aggressiveness in several cancer types. To examine its prognostic utility in prostate cancer, a tissue microarray including 12 427 tumors with clinical and molecular data was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PTTG1 immunostaining was largely absent in normal prostate epithelial cells. In cancers, staining was considered weak in 5.4%, moderate in 5.6% and strong in 0.8%. Strong staining was linked to advanced pT stage, high classical and quantitative Gleason grade, high Ki67-labeling index (all P < 0.0001) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0083). The prognostic impact of PTTG1 expression was independent of established preoperative and postoperative prognostic features. Comparison with molecular features revealed that PTTG1 upregulation was associated with nine of 12 common genomic deletions (P < 0.05), p53 alterations and high androgen receptor levels (P < 0.001 each), but was unrelated to the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status. In conclusion, these data identify PTTG1 as a strong and independent prognostic feature in prostate cancer. PTTG1 measurement, either alone or in combination with other biomarkers might be instrumental for determining prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Serhiy Yehorov
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kind
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Charité-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Ikeya A, Nakashima M, Yamashita M, Kakizawa K, Okawa Y, Saitsu H, Sasaki S, Sasano H, Suda T, Oki Y. CCNB2 and AURKA overexpression may cause atypical mitosis in Japanese cortisol-producing adrenocortical carcinoma with TP53 somatic variant. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231665. [PMID: 32287321 PMCID: PMC7156056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many genomic analyses of cortisol-producing adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) have been reported, but very few have come from East Asia. The first objective of this study is to verify the genetic difference with the previous reports by analyzing targeted deep sequencing of 7 Japanese ACC cases using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The second objective is to compare the somatic variant findings identified by NGS analysis with clinical and pathological findings, aiming to acquire new knowledge about the factors that contribute to the poor prognosis of ACC and to find new targets for the treatment of ACC. Method DNA was extracted from ACC tissue of seven patients and two reference blood samples. Targeted deep sequencing was performed using the MiSeq system for 12 genes, and the obtained results were analyzed using MuTect2. The hypothesis was obtained by integrating the somatic variant findings with clinical and pathological data, and it was further verified using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset for ACC. Results Six possible pathogenic and one uncertain significance somatic variants including a novel PRKAR1A (NM_002734.4):c.545C>A (p.T182K) variant were found in five of seven cases. By integrating these data with pathological findings, we hypothesized that cases with TP53 variants were more likely to show atypical mitotic figures. Using TCGA dataset, we found that atypical mitotic figures were associated with TP53 somatic variant, and mRNA expression of CCNB2 and AURKA was significantly high in TP53 mutated cases and atypical mitotic figure cases. Conclusion We believe this is the first report that discusses the relationship between atypical mitotic figures and TP53 somatic variant in ACC. We presumed that overexpression of CCNB2 and AURKA mRNA may cause atypical mitosis in TP53 somatic mutated cases. Because AURKA is highly expressed in atypical mitotic cases, it may be an appropriate indicator for AURKA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ikeya
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Yamashita
- Department Internationalization Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keisuke Kakizawa
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Okawa
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department Internationalization Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oki
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
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17
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Doghman-Bouguerra M, Finetti P, Durand N, Parise IZS, Sbiera S, Cantini G, Canu L, Hescot S, Figueiredo MMO, Komechen H, Sbiera I, Nesi G, Paci A, Al Ghuzlan A, Birnbaum D, Baudin E, Luconi M, Fassnacht M, Figueiredo BC, Bertucci F, Lalli E. Cancer-testis Antigen FATE1 Expression in Adrenocortical Tumors Is Associated with A Pervasive Autoimmune Response and Is A Marker of Malignancy in Adult, but Not Children, ACC. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030689. [PMID: 32183347 PMCID: PMC7140037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SF-1 transcription factor target gene FATE1 encodes a cancer-testis antigen that has an important role in regulating apoptosis and response to chemotherapy in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cells. Autoantibodies directed against FATE1 were previously detected in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of circulating anti-FATE1 antibodies in pediatric and adult patients with adrenocortical tumors using three different methods (immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot). Our results show that a pervasive anti-FATE1 immune response is present in those patients. Furthermore, FATE1 expression is a robust prognostic indicator in adult patients with ACC and is associated with increased steroidogenic and decreased immune response gene expression. These data can open perspectives for novel strategies in ACC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouka Doghman-Bouguerra
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 660 route des Lucioles-Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.D.-B.); (N.D.)
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Prédictive, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université, 232 Bd. Ste-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; (P.F.); (D.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Nelly Durand
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 660 route des Lucioles-Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; (M.D.-B.); (N.D.)
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Ivy Zortéa S. Parise
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
- Department, Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 2 Josef-Schneider-Straße, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (I.S.); (M.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 6 Josef-Schneider-Straße, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 6 viale Pieraccini, 50139 Florence, Italy; (G.C.); (L.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Letizia Canu
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 6 viale Pieraccini, 50139 Florence, Italy; (G.C.); (L.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Ségolène Hescot
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Institut Curie, 35 rue Dailly, 92210 Saint Cloud, France;
| | - Mirna M. O. Figueiredo
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
- Department, Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Komechen
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
- Department, Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - Iuliu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 2 Josef-Schneider-Straße, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (I.S.); (M.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 6 Josef-Schneider-Straße, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriella Nesi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 6 viale Pieraccini, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Angelo Paci
- Department of Neuro-Endocrine Tumors, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France; (A.P.); (A.A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- Department of Neuro-Endocrine Tumors, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France; (A.P.); (A.A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Prédictive, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université, 232 Bd. Ste-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; (P.F.); (D.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Eric Baudin
- Department of Neuro-Endocrine Tumors, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94800 Villejuif, France; (A.P.); (A.A.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 6 viale Pieraccini, 50139 Florence, Italy; (G.C.); (L.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 2 Josef-Schneider-Straße, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (I.S.); (M.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 6 Josef-Schneider-Straße, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bonald C. Figueiredo
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
- Department, Pelé Pequeno Principe Research Institute, 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil
| | - François Bertucci
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Prédictive, CRCM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université, 232 Bd. Ste-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; (P.F.); (D.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Enzo Lalli
- NEOGENEX-CANCER CNRS International Associated Laboratory, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France; 1532 Av. Silva Jardim, Curitiba PR 80250-200, Brazil; (I.Z.S.P.); (M.M.O.F.); (H.K.); (B.C.F.)
- Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-9395-7755
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Demin DE, Uvarova AN, Klepikova AV, Schwartz AM. The Influence of the Minor Short Isoform of Securin (PTTG1) on Transcription is Significantly Different from the Impact of the Full Isoform. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Wu CC, Ekanem TI, Phan NN, Loan DTT, Hou SY, Lee KH, Wang CY. Gene signatures and prognostic analyses of the Tob/BTG pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) family in clinical breast cancer patients. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:3112-3124. [PMID: 33173433 PMCID: PMC7646110 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in females, and exploring the mechanisms of disease progression is playing a crucial role in the development of potential therapeutics. Pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) family members are well documented to be involved in cell-cycle regulation and mitosis, and contribute to cancer development by their involvement in cellular transformation in several tumor types. The critical roles of PTTG family members as crucial transcription factors in diverse types of cancers are recognized, but how they regulate breast cancer development still remains mostly unknown. Meanwhile, a holistic genetic analysis exploring whether PTTG family members regulate breast cancer progression via the cell cycle as well as the energy metabolism-related network is lacking. To comprehensively understand the messenger RNA expression profiles of PTTG proteins in breast cancer, we herein conducted a high-throughput screening approach by integrating information from various databases such as Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, Metacore, ClueGo, and CluePedia. These useful databases and tools provide expression profiles and functional analyses. The present findings revealed that PTTG1 and PTTG3 are two important genes with high expressions in breast cancer relative to normal breast cells, implying their unique roles in breast cancer progression. Results of our coexpression analysis demonstrated that PTTG family genes were positively correlated with thiamine triphosphate (TTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) metabolic, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and cell-cycle related pathways. Meanwhile, through Cytoscape analyzed indicated that in addition to the metastasis markers AURKA, AURKB, and NDC80, many of the kinesin superfamily (KIF) members including KIFC1, KIF2C, KIF4A, KIF14, KIF20A, KIF23, were also correlated with PTTG family transcript expression. Finally, we revealed that high levels of PTTG1 and PTTG3 transcription predicted poor survival, which provided useful insights into prospective research of cancer associated with the PTTG family. Therefore, these members of the PTTG family would serve as distinct and essential prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Titus Ime Ekanem
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Hematology, University of Uyo, Uyo 520221, Nigeria
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Thuy Loan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sz-Ying Hou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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20
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Xie L, Wang Q, Nan F, Ge L, Dang Y, Sun X, Li N, Dong H, Han Y, Zhang G, Zhu W, Guo X. OSacc: Gene Expression-Based Survival Analysis Web Tool For Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:9145-9152. [PMID: 31749633 PMCID: PMC6817837 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s215586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling data with long-term clinical follow-up information are great resources to screen, develop, evaluate and validate prognostic biomarkers in translational cancer research. However, an easy-to-use interactive online tool is needed to analyze these profiling and clinical data. In the current work, we developed OSacc (Online consensus Survival analysis of ACC), a web tool that provides rapid and user-friendly survival analysis based on seven independent transcriptomic profiles with long-term clinical follow-up information of 259 ACC patients gathered from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. OSacc allows researchers and clinicians to evaluate the prognostic value of genes of interest by Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival plot with hazard ratio (HR) and log-rank test in ACC. OSacc is freely available at http://bioinfo.henu.edu.cn/ACC/ACCList.jsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiang Xie
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangmei Nan
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Linna Ge
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Dang
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Dong
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Han
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosen Zhang
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Bioinformatics Department of Predictive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Software, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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21
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Xing Z, Luo Z, Yang H, Huang Z, Liang X. Screening and identification of key biomarkers in adrenocortical carcinoma based on bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4667-4676. [PMID: 31611976 PMCID: PMC6781718 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. The presently available understanding of the pathogenesis of ACC is incomplete and the treatment options for patients with ACC are limited. Gene marker identification is required for accurate and timely diagnosis of the disease. In order to identify novel candidate genes associated with the occurrence and progression of ACC, the microarray datasets, GSE12368 and GSE19750, were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and functional enrichment analysis was performed. A protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed to identify significantly altered modules, and module analysis was performed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Cytoscape. A total of 228 DEGs were screened, consisting of 29 up and 199 downregulated genes. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs primarily included 'cell division', 'regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle', 'G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle', 'p53 signaling pathway' and 'oocyte meiosis'. A total of 14 hub genes were identified, and biological process analysis revealed that these genes were significantly enriched in cell division and mitotic cell cycle. Furthermore, survival analysis revealed that AURKA, TYMS, GINS1, RACGAP1, RRM2, EZH2, ZWINT, CDK1, CCNB1, NCAPG and TPX2 may be involved in the tumorigenesis, progression or prognosis of ACC. In conclusion, the 14 hub genes identified in the present study may aid researchers in elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of ACC, and may be powerful and promising candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengmiao Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinghuan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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22
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Lin X, Yang Y, Guo Y, Liu H, Jiang J, Zheng F, Wu B. PTTG1 is involved in TNF-α-related hepatocellular carcinoma via the induction of c-myc. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5702-5715. [PMID: 31385458 PMCID: PMC6745867 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant disease caused by a variety of factors. However, the genomic and molecular aberrations in HCC are largely unknown. Herein, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) was discovered as a potential inflammation‐related oncogene in HCC, and its functions and molecular mechanisms were investigated. mRNA expression microarray, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting analyses revealed that PTTG1 is upregulated in HCC. Further in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) induces PTTG1 expression, and PTTG1 was found to upregulate c‐myc, a well‐known oncogene. Downregulation of PTTG1 reduced c‐myc and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and inhibited cell proliferation. Interestingly, inhibition of c‐myc by 10058‐F4 did not affect PTTG1, which suggests that PTTG1 regulates c‐myc expression. Furthermore, PTTG1 expression levels are inversely correlated with HCC patient survival, indicating an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with HCC. Our data demonstrate that PTTG1 is involved in TNF‐α‐related HCC via c‐myc induction and that PTTG1 may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyi Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunwei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengping Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Sanders K, van Staalduinen GJ, Uijens MCM, Mol JA, Teske E, Slob A, Hesselink JW, Kooistra HS, Galac S. Molecular markers of prognosis in canine cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:545-552. [PMID: 31301217 PMCID: PMC6899893 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypercortisolism is caused by a cortisol‐secreting adrenocortical tumour (ACT) in approximately 15%‐20% of cases in dogs. Little is known about which molecular markers are associated with malignant behaviour of canine ACTs. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers of prognosis, which could be useful to refine prognostic prediction and to identify potential treatment targets. Cortisol‐secreting ACTs were included from 40 dogs, of which follow‐up information was available. The ACTs were classified as low risk of recurrence tumours (LRT; n = 14) or moderate‐high risk of recurrence tumours (MHRT; n = 26), based on the novel histopathological Utrecht score. Normal adrenals (NAs) were included from 11 healthy dogs as reference material. The mRNA expression of 14 candidate genes was analysed in the 40 ACTs and in 11 NAs with quantitative RT‐PCR. The genes' expression levels were statistically compared between NAs, LRTs and MHRTs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of the genes' expression levels with survival. Seven genes were differentially expressed between NAs and ACTs, of which pituitary tumour‐transforming gene‐1 (PTTG1) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) were also differentially expressed between LRTs and MHRTs. In survival analyses, high expression levels of Steroidogenic factor‐1 (SF‐1), PTTG1 and TOP2A were significantly associated with poor survival. In conclusion, we have identified several genes that are part of the molecular signature of malignancy in canine ACTs. These findings can be used to refine prognostic prediction, but also offer insights for future studies on druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sanders
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjanne J van Staalduinen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten C M Uijens
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Adri Slob
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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24
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EZH2 cooperates with E2F1 to stimulate expression of genes involved in adrenocortical carcinoma aggressiveness. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:384-394. [PMID: 31363169 PMCID: PMC6738105 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EZH2 is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and its inhibition reduces growth and aggressiveness of ACC cells in culture. Although EZH2 was identified as the methyltransferase that deposits the repressive H3K27me3 histone mark, it can cooperate with transcription factors to stimulate gene transcription. Methods We used bioinformatics approaches on gene expression data from three cohorts of patients and a mouse model of EZH2 ablation, to identify targets and mode of action of EZH2 in ACC. This was followed by ChIP and functional assays to evaluate contribution of identified targets to ACC pathogenesis. Results We show that EZH2 mostly works as a transcriptional inducer in ACC, through cooperation with the transcription factor E2F1 and identify three positive targets involved in cell cycle regulation and mitosis i.e., RRM2, PTTG1 and ASE1/PRC1. Overexpression of these genes is associated with poor prognosis, suggesting a potential role in acquisition of aggressive ACC features. Pharmacological and siRNA-mediated inhibition of RRM2 blocks cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and inhibits cell migration, suggesting that it may be an interesting target in ACC. Conclusions Altogether, these data show an unexpected role of EZH2 and E2F1 in stimulating expression of genes associated with ACC aggressiveness.
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25
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Identification of important invasion and proliferation related genes in adrenocortical carcinoma. Med Oncol 2019; 36:73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Anselmo F, Boodhoo D, Chira R, Rus V, Rus H. RGC-32 and diseases: the first 20 years. Immunol Res 2019; 67:267-279. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Overexpressed long noncoding RNA CRNDE with distinct alternatively spliced isoforms in multiple cancers. Front Med 2019; 13:330-343. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Rus V, Rus H. Role of C5b-9 and RGC-32 in Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1054. [PMID: 31156630 PMCID: PMC6530392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents an effective arsenal of innate immunity as well as an interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Activation of the complement system culminates with the assembly of the C5b-9 terminal complement complex on cell membranes, inducing target cell lysis. Translation of this sequence of events into a malignant setting has traditionally afforded C5b-9 a strict antitumoral role, in synergy with antibody-dependent tumor cytolysis. However, in recent decades, a plethora of evidence has revised this view, highlighting the tumor-promoting properties of C5b-9. Sublytic C5b-9 induces cell cycle progression by activating signal transduction pathways (e.g., Gi protein/ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase and Ras/Raf1/ERK1) and modulating the activation of cancer-related transcription factors, while shielding malignant cells from apoptosis. C5b-9 also induces Response Gene to Complement (RGC)-32, a gene that contributes to cell cycle regulation by activating the Akt and CDC2 kinases. RGC-32 is expressed by tumor cells and plays a dual role in cancer, functioning as either a tumor promoter by endorsing malignancy initiation, progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, or as a tumor suppressor. In this review, we present recent data describing the versatile, multifaceted roles of C5b-9 and its effector, RGC-32, in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia I Vlaicu
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Violeta Rus
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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29
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Xiao H, He W, Chen P, Xu D, Zeng G, Li Z, Huang M, Wang X, DiSanto ME, Zhang X. Identification of Seven Aberrantly Methylated and Expressed Genes in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 31354635 PMCID: PMC6640086 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with an unfavorable prognosis and limited treatment options. Nevertheless, no clinically applicable molecular markers have been identified for the progression of ACCs. DNA methylation alterations were found to contribute to the development of ACC in recent decades. Material and Methods: The aims of the current study was to identify the abnormally methylated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ACCs, and to elucidate the mechanistic basis for these changes. Analyses were conducted on gene expression and gene methylation profile datasets to identify the aberrantly methylated DEGs. The DAVID software was used to conduct the analyses of functional enrichment on screened genes. Finally, expression was validated, and the relationship between abnormally methylated DEGs and clinical features was determined via the Oncomine database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). To further verify the altered expression and methylation status of our identified genes we also validated these changes at the tissue and cellular levels. Results: We screened and identified 92 differentially expressed genes and 802 abnormally methylated genes. Furthermore, seven aberrantly methylated and dysregulated genes were identified and validated, along with a number of functional enriched pathways. Among these seven genes, the expression or methylation status is significantly correlated with different pathological stages and overall rates of survival. In validation, the expression of seven genes were significantly altered and five genes were hypermethylated in ACC. Conclusions: Our study identified abnormally methylated DEGs and potentially affected pathways in ACCs, from which we could begin to understand the basic molecular mechanisms of these alterations. Moreover, these abnormally methylated genes might serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers to allow ACC patients to be more precisely diagnosed and effectively treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixiang He
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingliu Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E. DiSanto
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences & Surgery of Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Zhang
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30
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Hu ZG, Zheng CW, Su HZ, Zeng YL, Lin CJ, Guo ZY, Zhong FD, Yuan GD, He SQ. MicroRNA-329-mediated PTTG1 downregulation inactivates the MAPK signaling pathway to suppress cell proliferation and tumor growth in cholangiocarcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9964-9978. [PMID: 30582202 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a severe malignancy usually producing a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported in association with CCA; however, the role miR-329 plays in the CCA condition still remains unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of which miR-329 is influencing the progression of CCA. This work studied the differential analysis of the expression chips of CCA obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Next, to determine both the expression and role of pituitary tumor transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) in CCA, the miRNAs regulating PTTG1 were predicted. In the CCA cells that had been intervened with miR-329 upregulation or inhibition, along with PTTG1 silencing, expression of miR-329, PTTG1, p-p38/p38, p-ERK5/ERK5, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 were determined. The effects of both miR-329 and PTTG1 on cell proliferation, cell-cycle distribution, and apoptosis were also assayed. The miR-329 was likely to affect the CCA development through regulation of the PTTG1-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The miR-329 targeted PTTG1, leading to inactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Upregulation of miR-329 and silencing of PTTG1 inhibited the CCA cell proliferation, induced cell-cycle arrest, and subsequently promoted apoptosis with elevations in Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and total caspase-3, but showed declines in PCNA, Cyclin D1, and Bcl-2. Moreover, miR-329 was also found to suppress the tumor growth by downregulation of PTTG1. To summarize, miR-329 inhibited the expression of PTTG1 to inactivate the MAPK signaling pathway, thus suppressing the CCA progression, thereby providing a therapeutic basis for the CCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Wen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Lian Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ya Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Di Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Dou Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Qing He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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31
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Yuan L, Qian G, Chen L, Wu CL, Dan HC, Xiao Y, Wang X. Co-expression Network Analysis of Biomarkers for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Genet 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 30158955 PMCID: PMC6104177 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. And currently, there are no specific diagnostic biomarkers for ACC. In our study, we aimed to screen biomarkers for disease diagnosis, progression and prognosis. We firstly used the microarray data from public database Gene Expression Omnibus database to construct a weighted gene co-expression network, and then to identify gene modules associated with clinical features of ACC. Though this algorithm, a significant module with R2 = 0.64 (P = 9 × 10-5) was identified. Co-expression network and protein–protein interaction network were performed for screen the candidate hub genes. Checked by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, another independent dataset GSE19750, and GEPIA database, using one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, survival analysis, diagnostic capacity (ROC curve) and expression level revalidation, a total 12 real hub genes were identified. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of genes in the significant module revealed that the hub genes are significantly enriched in cell cycle regulation. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis suggests that the samples with highly expressed hub genes are correlated with cell cycle. Taken together, our integrated analysis has identified 12 hub genes that are associated with the progression and prognosis of ACC; these hub genes might lead to poor outcomes by regulating the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushun Yuan
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guofeng Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Han C Dan
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ma K, Ma L, Jian Z. Pituitary tumor-transforming 1 expression in laryngeal cancer and its association with prognosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1107-1114. [PMID: 30061937 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression of pituitary tumor-transforming 1 (PTTG1) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in laryngeal carcinoma tissues, and to elucidate the association between PTTG1 expression and the prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect PTTG1 expression in laryngeal cancer and normal tumor-adjacent laryngeal tissues. Western blotting was used to determine the levels of PTTG1 and MMP-2 and -9 in laryngeal carcinoma tissues and to assess their correlation. In addition, the associations between PTTG1 expression and the clinical parameters of laryngeal cancer and patient survival were determined. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that the positive expression rates of PTTG1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the laryngeal cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in the carcinoma-adjacent normal laryngeal tissues (all P<0.05). In addition, expression levels of PTTG1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, histological grade and clinical stage (P<0.05). Furthermore, the levels of PTTG1 were positively correlated with the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in laryngeal cancer tissues (P<0.05). In summary, the expression levels of PTTG1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are closely associated with the biological behaviors of laryngeal cancer tissues, showing that they serve important roles in the occurrence and development of laryngeal cancer, and may be useful as biological indicators of laryngeal tissue invasion, metastasis and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Limin Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Zhaocheng Jian
- Department of Vascular Interventional Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
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Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Zhang Y, Kar A, Razzaghi R, Xu M, Gowan K, Raeburn CD, Albuja-Cruz M, Jones KL, Somerset H, Fishbein L, Leong S, Wierman ME. Elucidating the Role of the Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2532-2544. [PMID: 29790920 PMCID: PMC6669820 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with a 5-year survival rate <35%. Mortality remains high due to lack of targeted therapies. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) as 4.1-fold overexpressed in ACC compared with normal adrenal samples. High MELK expression in human tumors correlated with shorter survival and with increased expression of genes involved in cell division and growth. We investigated the functional effects of MELK inhibition using newly developed ACC cell lines with variable MELK expression, CU-ACC1 and CU-ACC2, compared with H295R cells. In vitro treatment with the MELK inhibitor, OTSSP167, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in rates of cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell survival, with relative sensitivity of each ACC cell line based upon the level of MELK overexpression. To confirm a MELK-specific antitumorigenic effect, MELK was inhibited in H295R cells via multiple short hairpin RNAs. MELK silencing resulted in 1.9-fold decrease in proliferation, and 3- to 10-fold decrease in colony formation in soft agar and clonogenicity assays, respectively. In addition, although MELK silencing had no effect on survival in normoxia, exposure to a hypoxia resulted in a sixfold and eightfold increase in apoptosis as assessed by caspase-3 activation and TUNEL, respectively. Together these data suggest that MELK is a modulator of tumor cell growth and survival in a hypoxic microenvironment in adrenal cancer cells and support future investigation of its role as a therapeutic kinase target in patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adwitiya Kar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raud Razzaghi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mei Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine Gowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Maria Albuja-Cruz
- Department of Surgery, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hilary Somerset
- Department of Pathology, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren Fishbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stephen Leong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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Jouinot A, Bertherat J. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Adrenocortical carcinoma: differentiating the good from the poor prognosis tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R215-R230. [PMID: 29475877 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis, the five-years overall survival being below 40%. However, there is great variability of outcomes and we have now a better view of the heterogeneity of tumor aggressiveness. The extent of the disease at the time of diagnosis, best assayed by the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) Staging Score, is a major determinant of survival. The tumor grade, including the mitotic count and the Ki67 proliferation index, also appears as a strong prognostic factor. The assessment of tumor grade, even by expert pathologists, still suffers from inter-observer reproducibility. The emergence of genomics in the last decade has revolutionized the knowledge of molecular biology and genetics of cancers. In ACC, genomic approaches - including pan-genomic studies of gene expression (transcriptome), recurrent mutations (exome or whole-genome sequencing), chromosome alterations, DNA methylation (methylome), miRNA expression (miRnome) - converge in a new classification of ACC, characterized by distinct molecular profiles and very different outcomes. Targeted measurements of a few discriminant molecular alterations have been developed in the perspective of clinical routine, and thus, may help defining therapeutic strategy. By individualizing patients' prognosis and tumor biology, these recent progresses appear as an important step forward towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jouinot
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Medical Oncology Reference Center for Rare Adrenal DiseasesDepartment of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Reference Center for Rare Adrenal DiseasesDepartment of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Iliadis A, Virvili MA, Flaris NA, Pervana S, Pazarli E, Tripsianis G, Grigoriou ME, Efstratiou I, Kanakis DN. PTTG-1 (Securin) immunoexpression in meningiomas correlates with tumor grade and proliferation rate: potential use as a diagnostic marker of malignancy. APMIS 2018; 126:295-302. [PMID: 29575197 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study essentially aims to contribute to the immunohistochemical investigation of the use of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) as a marker of cell proliferation or advanced tumor grade in meningiomas of various WHO grades. In all, 51 cases were recovered in total, 21 Grade-I, 23 Grade-II and 7 Grade-III meningiomas. Mitotic index (MI), Ki-67/MiB-1 positivity percentage and PTTG expression were analyzed in correlation to each other as well as to the tumor WHO grades. All three biomarkers showed a high diagnostic significance and a strong association with WHO grades. In comparison, PTTG expression was on a par with the other two indices, and performed very well regarding identification of advanced grade tumors. PTTG may be considered an important diagnostic tool and serve in the future as a novel prognosticator of the biological behavior of all grade meningiomas as well as a useful high-risk patient selection tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Iliadis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria-Aikaterini Virvili
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Health Sciences School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nicolaos A Flaris
- Department of Pathology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula Pervana
- Department of Pathology, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elissabet Pazarli
- Department of Pathology, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigoris Tripsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria E Grigoriou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Health Sciences School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Efstratiou
- Department of Pathology, "Papageorgiou" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bonnet-Serrano F, Bertherat J. Genetics of tumors of the adrenal cortex. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R131-R152. [PMID: 29233839 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the molecular alterations observed in the various types of tumors of the adrenal cortex, excluding Conn adenomas, especially the alterations identified by genomic approaches these last five years. Two main forms of bilateral adrenocortical tumors can be distinguished according to size and aspect of the nodules: primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD), which can be sporadic or part of Carney complex and primary bilateral macro nodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH). The bilateral nature of the tumors suggests the existence of an underlying genetic predisposition. PPNAD and Carney complex are mainly due to germline-inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A, coding for a regulatory subunit of PKA, whereas PBMAH genetic seems more complex. However, genome-wide approaches allowed the identification of a new tumor suppressor gene, ARMC5, whose germline alteration could be responsible for at least 25% of PBMAH cases. Unilateral adrenocortical tumors are more frequent, mostly adenomas. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway can be activated in both benign and malignant tumors by CTNNB1 mutations and by ZNRF3 inactivation in adrenal cancer (ACC). Some other signaling pathways are more specific of the tumor dignity. Thus, somatic mutations of cAMP/PKA pathway genes, mainly PRKACA, coding for the catalytic alpha-subunit of PKA, are found in cortisol-secreting adenomas, whereas IGF-II overexpression and alterations of p53 signaling pathway are observed in ACC. Genome-wide approaches including transcriptome, SNP, methylome and miRome analysis have identified new genetic and epigenetic alterations and the further clustering of ACC in subgroups associated with different prognosis, allowing the development of new prognosis markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidéline Bonnet-Serrano
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Hormonal Biology LaboratoryAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Department of EndocrinologyAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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Schmidt M, Mock A, Jungk C, Sahm F, Ull AT, Warta R, Lamszus K, Gousias K, Ketter R, Roesch S, Rapp C, Schefzyk S, Urbschat S, Lahrmann B, Kessler AF, Löhr M, Senft C, Grabe N, Reuss D, Beckhove P, Westphal M, von Deimling A, Unterberg A, Simon M, Herold-Mende C. Transcriptomic analysis of aggressive meningiomas identifies PTTG1 and LEPR as prognostic biomarkers independent of WHO grade. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14551-68. [PMID: 26894859 PMCID: PMC4924735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are frequent central nervous system tumors. Although most meningiomas are benign (WHO grade I) and curable by surgery, WHO grade II and III tumors remain therapeutically challenging due to frequent recurrence. Interestingly, relapse also occurs in some WHO grade I meningiomas. Hence, we investigated the transcriptional features defining aggressive (recurrent, malignantly progressing or WHO grade III) meningiomas in 144 cases. Meningiomas were categorized into non-recurrent (NR), recurrent (R), and tumors undergoing malignant progression (M) in addition to their WHO grade. Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis in 62 meningiomas revealed transcriptional profiles lining up according to WHO grade and clinical subgroup. Notably aggressive subgroups (R+M tumors and WHO grade III) shared a large set of differentially expressed genes (n=332; p<0.01, FC>1.25). In an independent multicenter validation set (n=82), differential expression of 10 genes between WHO grades was confirmed. Additionally, among WHO grade I tumors differential expression between NR and aggressive R+M tumors was affirmed for PTTG1, AURKB, ECT2, UBE2C and PRC1, while MN1 and LEPR discriminated between NR and R+M WHO grade II tumors. Univariate survival analysis revealed a significant association with progression-free survival for PTTG1, LEPR, MN1, ECT2, PRC1, COX10, UBE2C expression, while multivariate analysis identified a prediction for PTTG1 and LEPR mRNA expression independent of gender, WHO grade and extent of resection. Finally, stainings of PTTG1 and LEPR confirmed malignancy-associated protein expression changes. In conclusion, based on the so far largest study sample of WHO grade III and recurrent meningiomas we report a comprehensive transcriptional landscape and two prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schmidt
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mock
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Jungk
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Theresa Ull
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Warta
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Ketter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Roesch
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schefzyk
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffi Urbschat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University, Medical School, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Lahrmann
- Bioquant, Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Almuth F Kessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- Bioquant, Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Reuss
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, RCI and University Medical Center of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Romero Arenas MA, Whitsett TG, Aronova A, Henderson SA, LoBello J, Habra MA, Grubbs EG, Lee JE, Sircar K, Zarnegar R, Scognamiglio T, Fahey TJ, Perrier ND, Demeure MJ. Protein Expression of PTTG1 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 25:801-807. [PMID: 29218429 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-6297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has a poor prognosis and there is an unmet clinical need for biomarkers to improve both diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Pituitary-tumor transforming gene (PTTG1) has been shown to modulate cancer invasiveness and response to therapy. The potential role of PTTG1 protein levels in ACC has not been previously addressed. We assessed whether increased nuclear protein expression of PTTG1 distinguished ACCs from adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs). METHODS Patients with ACC or ACA were identified from prospective tissue banks at two independent institutions. Two tissue microarrays (TMAs) consisting of adrenal specimens from 131 patients were constructed and clinically annotated. Immunohistochemical analysis for PTTG1 and Ki-67 was performed on each TMA. RESULTS TMA-1 (n = 80) contained 20 normal adrenals, 20 ACAs, and 40 ACCs, and the validation, TMA-2 (n = 51), consisted of 10 normal adrenals, 14 ACAs, and 27 ACCs. On TMA-1, nuclear staining of PTTG1 was detected in 12 (31%) ACC specimens, while all ACAs and normal adrenal glands were negative for PTTG1. On TMA-2, 20 (74%) of the ACC tumors demonstrated PTTG1 nuclear staining of PTTG1, and 13 (93%) ACA and 4 (44%) normal adrenal glands were negative for PTTG1. ACC tumors with increased PTTG1 protein staining had a significantly higher Ki-67 index (p < 0.001) than those with lower levels of PTTG1. CONCLUSIONS Increased nuclear protein expression of PTTG1 was observed in malignant adrenal tumors. PTTG1 correlated with Ki-67 in two independent TMAs. PTTG1 is a promising biologic marker in the evaluation of adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Aronova
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Janine LoBello
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey E Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kanishka Sircar
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nancy D Perrier
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Polymorphisms in mitotic checkpoint-related genes can influence survival outcomes of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61777-61785. [PMID: 28977903 PMCID: PMC5617463 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the association between variants in mitotic checkpoint-related genes and clinical outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 766 patients with NSCLC who underwent curative surgery were enrolled. Among the 73 variants evaluated, 4 variants were related with survival outcomes. BUB3 rs7897156C>T was associated with worse overall survival under a recessive model (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–2.33, P = 0.02). AURKB rs1059476G>A was associated with better overall survival under a recessive model (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.41–0.99, P = 0.05). PTTG1 rs1895320T>C and RAD21 rs1374297C>G were associated with worse disease-free survival. In the functional study, relative luciferase activity was higher at the BUB3 rs7897156T allele compared to that at the C allele. Western blot showed that the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR in the AURKB variant-type (M298) was significantly lower than in the AURKB wild-type (T298). We found that 4 variants of mitotic checkpoint-related genes were associated with survival outcomes in patients with surgically resected NSCLC. Particularly, our results suggest that BUB3 rs7897156C>T and AURKB rs1059476G>A are functional variants.
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40
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Zhang F, Lin JD, Zuo XY, Zhuang YX, Hong CQ, Zhang GJ, Cui XJ, Cui YK. Elevated transcriptional levels of aldolase A (ALDOA) associates with cell cycle-related genes in patients with NSCLC and several solid tumors. BioData Min 2017; 10:6. [PMID: 28191039 PMCID: PMC5297095 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-016-0122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldolase A (ALDOA) is one of the glycolytic enzymes primarily found in the developing embryo and adult muscle. Recently, a new role of ALDOA in several cancers has been proposed. However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure and inconsistent. In this study, we tried to investigate ALDOA-associated (AA) genes using available microarray datasets to help elucidating the role of ALDOA in cancer. RESULTS In the dataset of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC, E-GEOD-19188), 3448 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including ALDOA were identified, in which 710 AA genes were found to be positively associated with ALDOA. Then according to correlation coefficients between each pair of AA genes, ALDOA-associated gene co-expression network (GCN) was constructed including 182 nodes and 1619 edges. 11 clusters out of GCN were detected by ClusterOne plugin in Cytoscape, and only 3 of them have more than three nodes. These three clusters were functionally enriched. A great number of genes (43/79, 54.4%) in the biggest cluster (Cluster 1) primarily involved in biological process like cell cycle process (Pa = 6.76E-26), mitotic cell cycle (Pa = 4.09E-19), DNA repair (Pa = 1.13E-04), M phase of meiotic cell cycle (Pa = 0.006), positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase activity during mitotic cell cycle (Pa = 0.014). AA genes with highest degree and betweenness were considered as hub genes of GCN, namely CDC20, MELK, PTTG1, CCNB2, CDC45, CCNB1, TK1 and PSMB2, which could distinguish cancer from normal controls with ALDOA. Their positive association with ALDOA remained after removing the effect of HK2 and PKM, the two rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis. Further, knocking down ALDOA blocked breast cancer cells in the G0/G1 phase under minimized glycolysis. All suggested that ALDOA might affect cell cycle progression independent of glycolysis. RT-qPCR detection confirmed the relationship of ALDOA with CDC45 and CCNB2 in breast tumors. High expression of the hub genes indicated poor outcome in NSCLC. ALDOA could improve their predictive power. CONCLUSIONS ALDOA could contribute to the progress of cancer, at least partially through its association with genes relevant to cell cycle independent of glycolysis. AA genes plus ALDOA represent a potential new signature for development and prognosis in several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Jie-Diao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zuo
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Chao-Qun Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 China
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Wang F, Liu Y, Chen Y. Pituitary tumor transforming gene-1 in non-small cell lung cancer: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1595-1600. [PMID: 27829547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumor transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) is a novel oncogene and overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of PTTG1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unknown. The expression status of PTTG1 in NSCLC at the publicly available GEO databases (GSE19804) was observed. The mRNA and protein expression of PTTG1 in NSCLC tissues and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot, and the association between PTTG1 expression and clinicopathological factors was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In our Results, PTTG1 was one of genes overexpressed in NCSLC samples compared with paired adjacent normal lung samples in microarray data (GSE19804). PTTG1 mRNA and protein expressions were increased in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. PTTG1 protein expression was correlated with malignant status and poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. In conclusion, PTTG1 is correlated with NSCLC progression and as an independent poor prognostic factor in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu 476100, Henan, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu 476100, Henan, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shengli Oilfield Center Hospital, Dongying 257034, Shandong, China.
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Liu-Chittenden Y, Patel D, Gaskins K, Giordano TJ, Assie G, Bertherat J, Kebebew E. Serum RARRES2 Is a Prognostic Marker in Patients With Adrenocortical Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3345-52. [PMID: 27336360 PMCID: PMC5010575 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2) is a small secreted protein involved in multiple cancers, including adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). However, discordant tumor and serum RARRES2 levels have been reported in various cancers. The etiology of this discordance is unknown and has not been studied in pair-matched tumor and serum samples. OBJECTIVE To determine tissue and serum RARRES2 levels in patients with adrenocortical neoplasm and to elucidate the prognostic implications of RARRES2 levels. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PATIENTS Tissue and serum RARRES2 levels were analyzed. A pair-matched analysis was performed to examine tissue and serum RARRES2 from 51 patients with benign adrenocortical tumors and 18 patients with ACC. Overall survival was analyzed based on RARRES2 expression. A mouse xenograft model was used to determine the source of serum RARRES2. RESULTS Patients with ACC had decreased tumor RARRES2 gene expression (P < .0001) and increased serum RARRES2 levels (P < .005) as compared with patients with benign adrenocortical tumors. Higher serum RARRES2 levels were associated with improved overall survival (P = .0227). A mouse xenograft model demonstrated that higher tissue RARRES2 expression was associated with higher RARRES2 secretion in the serum and that there was an intrinsic mechanism in maintaining serum RARRES2 homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Serum and tissue RARRES2 expression levels are paradoxical in patients with ACC. The elevated RARRES2 in patient serum is unlikely to be secreted from tumor cells. Serum RARRES2 may be used as a novel prognostic marker for ACC.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/blood
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/genetics
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/pathology
- Adrenocortical Carcinoma/blood
- Adrenocortical Carcinoma/genetics
- Adrenocortical Carcinoma/secondary
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Chemokines/blood
- Chemokines/genetics
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/blood
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu-Chittenden
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Kelli Gaskins
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Assie
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Bertherat
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch (Y.L.-C., D.P., K.G., E.K.), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institut Cochin (G.A., J.B.), Inserm Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Descartes University, 75014, Paris, France; and Department of Endocrinology (G.A., J.B.), Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
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McDuffie LA, Aufforth RD. Adrenocortical carcinoma: modern management and evolving treatment strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016; 3:161-174. [PMID: 27213037 DOI: 10.2217/ije-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. Unlike many other cancers, there has been little improvement in patient outcome over the past several decades. However, as scientific advancements are made and our understanding of the molecular genetics involved in ACC improve then progress may be achieved in this devastating disease. This review focuses on recent literature published in the field of ACC from 2010 to 2015 with an emphasis on improving diagnosis, staging and treatment for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A McDuffie
- Thoracic & Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Heikkinen I, Almangush A, Hagström J, Bello IO, Kauppila JH, Mäkinen LK, Haglund C, Nieminen P, Salo T, Leivo I. Does securin expression have significance in prognostication of oral tongue cancer? A pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3905-3911. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Prognostic implications of securin expression and sub-cellular localization in human breast cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:319-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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46
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Legendre CR, Demeure MJ, Whitsett TG, Gooden GC, Bussey KJ, Jung S, Waibhav T, Kim S, Salhia B. Pathway Implications of Aberrant Global Methylation in Adrenocortical Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150629. [PMID: 26963385 PMCID: PMC4786116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are a rare tumor type with a poor five-year survival rate and limited treatment options. Objective Understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has been aided by genomic analyses highlighting alterations in TP53, WNT, and IGF signaling pathways. Further elucidation is needed to reveal therapeutically actionable targets in ACC. Design In this study, global DNA methylation levels were assessed by the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip Array on 18 ACC tumors and 6 normal adrenal tissues. A new, non-linear correlation approach, the discretization method, assessed the relationship between DNA methylation/gene expression across ACC tumors. Results This correlation analysis revealed epigenetic regulation of genes known to modulate TP53, WNT, and IGF signaling, as well as silencing of the tumor suppressor MARCKS, previously unreported in ACC. Conclusions DNA methylation may regulate genes known to play a role in ACC pathogenesis as well as known tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Demeure
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Timothy G. Whitsett
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Gerald C. Gooden
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Bussey
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- NantOmics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Tembe Waibhav
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Bodour Salhia
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bussey KJ, Bapat A, Linnehan C, Wandoloski M, Dastrup E, Rogers E, Gonzales P, Demeure MJ. Targeting polo-like kinase 1, a regulator of p53, in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:1. [PMID: 26754547 PMCID: PMC4709336 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with a 5 year survival rate of 20-30 %. Various factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ACC including dysregulation of the G2/M transition and aberrant activity of p53 and MDM2. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) negatively modulates p53 functioning, promotes MDM2 activity through its phosphorylation, and is involved in the G2/M transition. Gene expression profiling of 44 ACC samples showed that increased expression of PLK-1 in 29 % of ACC. Consequently, we examined PLK-1's role in the modulation of the p53 signaling pathway in adrenocortical cancer. METHODS We used siRNA knock down PLK-1 and pharmacological inhibition of PLK-1 and MDM2 ACC cell lines SW-13 and H295R. We examined viability, protein expression, p53 transactivation, and induction of apoptosis. RESULTS Knocking down expression of PLK-1 with siRNA or inhibition of PLK-1 by a small molecule inhibitor, BI-2536, resulted in a loss of viability of up to 70 % in the ACC cell lines H295R and SW-13. In xenograft models, BI-2536 demonstrated marked inhibition of growth of SW-13 with less inhibition of H295R. BI-2536 treatment resulted in a decrease in mutant p53 protein in SW-13 cells but had no effect on wild-type p53 protein levels in H295R cells. Additionally, inhibition of PLK-1 restored wild-type p53's transactivation and apoptotic functions in H295R cells, while these functions of mutant p53 were restored only to a smaller extent. Furthermore, inhibition of MDM2 with nutlin-3 reduced the viability of both the ACC cells and also reactivated wild-type p53's apoptotic function. Inhibition of PLK-1 sensitized the ACC cell lines to MDM2 inhibition and this dual inhibition resulted in an additive apoptotic response in H295R cells with wild-type p53. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical studies suggest that targeting p53 through PLK-1 is an attractive chemotherapy strategy warranting further investigation in adrenocortical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Bussey
- NantOmics, LLC, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA.
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Aditi Bapat
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Claire Linnehan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Erica Dastrup
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Erik Rogers
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Paul Gonzales
- Translational Drug Development (TD2), Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 serves as an independent prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:107-15. [PMID: 25627474 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) is a transcription factor that can affect transcriptional activity, angiogenesis, and cell senescence. We examined PTTG1 mRNA and protein expression in gastric cancer (GC) cell lines and tissues to determine its value as a biomarker for GC diagnosis and therapy. METHODS PTTG1 mRNA expression from 78 GC cases and paired adjacent normal mucosa (PCR cohort) as well as from five gastric cell lines was assessed using qRT-PCR. Nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA were extracted from two gastric cell lines to determine PTTG1 mRNA localization. PTTG1 protein expression from 98 GC cases, their paired adjacent normal mucosa, and 23 gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) cases was examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC cohort). The correlation between PTTG1 mRNA and protein expression and GC clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. RESULTS PTTG1 mRNA expression in GC tissues and cell lines was significantly increased compared with adjacent normal gastric mucosa and normal gastric mucous cell lines (p < 0.05). PTTG1 expression was nuclear and cytoplasmic, with higher cytoplasmic expression. PTTG1 immunostaining significantly differed in GC (95.66 ± 20.65), GIN (84.00 ± 34.16), and normal adjacent mucosa (28 ± 22.25) (p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that PTTG1 mRNA and protein expression are independent prognostic factors for GC patient survival. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PTTG1 is a promising target for GC diagnosis and therapy.
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Abstract
Advances in genomics accelerated greatly progress in the study of the genetics adrenocortical tumors. Bilateral nodular hyperplasias causing Cushing's syndrome are frequently caused by germline alterations leading to cAMP/PKA pathway activation (micronodular) and ARMC5 inactivation (macronodular). Somatic mutations of β-catenin and PRKACA are observed in non secreting or cortisol producing adenomas, respectively. Alterations of the β-catenin (CTNN1B, ZNFR3) or TP53 pathways are found in carcinomas. Mutations in cancers are more common in aggressive tumors and correlate with transcriptome or methylation profiles. Identification of these alterations helps to refine the molecular classification of these tumors and to develop molecular diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Espiard
- Cochin Institut, INSERM U1016, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Cochin Institut, CNRS UMR8104, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Paris Descartes University, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Cochin Institut, INSERM U1016, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Cochin Institut, CNRS UMR8104, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France; Paris Descartes University, 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France; Endocrinology Department, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 27 Rue du Fg-St-Jacques, Paris F-75014, France.
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50
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Mihai R. Diagnosis, treatment and outcome of adrenocortical cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 102:291-306. [PMID: 25689291 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis. The majority of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease and raise difficult management challenges. METHODS All references identified in PubMed, published between 2004 and 2014, using the keywords 'adrenocortical cancer' or 'adrenal surgery' or both, were uploaded into a database. The database was interrogated using keywords specific for each field studied. RESULTS In all, 2049 publications were identified. There is ongoing debate about the feasibility and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for small ACCs, and data derived from institutional case series have failed to provide an evidence level above expert opinion. The use of mitotane (1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane) in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease has been assessed in an international randomized trial (FIRM-ACT trial) involving patients with ACC. Based on this trial, mitotane plus etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin is now the established first-line cytotoxic therapy owing to a higher response rate and longer median progression-free survival than achieved with streptozocin-mitotane. For patients with tumours smaller than 5 cm and with no signs of lymph node or distant metastases, survival is favourable with a median exceeding 10 years. However, the overall 5-year survival rate for all patients with ACC is only 30 per cent. CONCLUSION Open and potentially laparoscopic adrenalectomy for selected patients is the main treatment for non-metastatic ACC, but the overall 5-year survival rate remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mihai
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
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