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Zhu Y, Tan J, Wang Y, Gong Y, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Lu X, Tang H, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Zhu W, Gong L. Atg5 deficiency in macrophages protects against kidney fibrosis via the CCR6-CCL20 axis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:223. [PMID: 38594728 PMCID: PMC11003172 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that regulates macrophage activation, differentiation, and polarization. Autophagy related 5 (Atg5) is a key protein involved in phagocytic membrane elongation in autophagic vesicles that forms a complex with Atg12 and Atg16L1. Alterations in Atg5 are related to both acute and chronic kidney diseases in experimental models. However, the role of macrophage-expressed Atg5 in acute kidney injury remains unclear. METHODS Using a myeloid cell-specific Atg5 knockout (MΦ atg5-/-) mouse, we established renal ischemia/reperfusion and unilateral ureteral obstruction models to evaluate the role of macrophage Atg5 in renal macrophage migration and fibrosis. RESULTS Based on changes in the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, Atg5 deletion had a minimal effect on renal function in the early stages after mild injury; however, MΦ atg5-/- mice had reduced renal fibrosis and reduced macrophage recruitment after 4 weeks of ischemia/reperfusion injury and 2 weeks of unilateral ureteral obstruction injury. Atg5 deficiency impaired the CCL20-CCR6 axis after severe ischemic kidneys. Chemotactic responses of bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) from MΦ atg5-/- mice to CCL20 were significantly attenuated compared with those of wild-type BMDMs, and this might be caused by the inhibition of PI3K, AKT, and ERK1/2 activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Atg5 deficiency decreased macrophage migration by impairing the CCL20-CCR6 axis and inhibited M2 polarization, thereby improving kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhu
- Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiexing Tan
- Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuanzhan Wang
- Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuhong Gong
- Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Gong
- Experimental Animal Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Huang B, Chen N, Chen Z, Shen J, Zhang H, Wang C, Sun Y. HIF-1α Contributes to Hypoxia-induced VSMC Proliferation and Migration by Regulating Autophagy in Type A Aortic Dissection. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300292. [PMID: 37786269 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Type A aortic dissection (AD) is a catastrophic cardiovascular disease. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and autophagy are reported to be upregulated in the AD specimens. However, the interaction between HIF-1α and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD remains to be explored. HIF-1α and LC3 levels are evaluated in 10 AD and 10 normal aortic specimens. MDC staining, autophagic vacuoles, and autophagic flux are detected in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) under hypoxia treatment. CCK-8, transwell, and wound healing assay are used to identify proliferation and migration under hypoxia treatment. Furthermore, 3-MA is used to inhibit autophagy in hypoxia-treated HASMCs. This study reveals that AD tissues highly express HIF-1α and the LC3. Autophagy is induced under hypoxia in a time-dependent manner, and autophagy is positively related to HIF-1α in HASMCs. Moreover, the proliferation and migration of HASMCs are enhanced by hypoxia, whereas the knockdown of HIF-1α attenuates this effect. Additionally, inhibiting autophagy with 3-MA ameliorates hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of HASMCs. In summary, the above results indicate that HIF-1α facilitates HASMC proliferation and migration by upregulating autophagy in a hypoxic microenvironment. Thus, inhibition of autophagy may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jinqiang Shen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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Shi YB, Chen SY, Liu RB. The new insights into autophagy in thyroid cancer progression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:413. [PMID: 37355631 PMCID: PMC10290383 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer keeps growing at a shocking rate, which has aroused increasing concerns worldwide. Autophagy is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological event conserved in mammals including humans. Basically, autophagy is a catabolic process that cellular components including small molecules and damaged organelles are degraded for recycle to meet the energy needs, especially under the extreme conditions. The dysregulated autophagy has indicated to be involved in thyroid cancer progression. The enhancement of autophagy can lead to autophagic cell death during the degradation while the produced energies can be utilized by the rest of the cancerous tissue, thus this influence could be bidirectional, which plays either a tumor-suppressive or oncogenic role. Accordingly, autophagy can be suppressed by therapeutic agents and is thus regarded as a drug target for thyroid cancer treatments. In the present review, a brief description of autophagy and roles of autophagy in tumor context are given. We have addressed summary of the mechanisms and functions of autophagy in thyroid cancer. Some potential autophagy-targeted treatments are also summarized. The aim of the review is linking autophagy to thyroid cancer, so as to develop novel approaches to better control cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Shi
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Bin Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chakravarti B, Akhtar Siddiqui J, Anthony Sinha R, Raza S. Targeting autophagy and lipid metabolism in cancer stem cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115550. [PMID: 37060962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells with self-renewal ability and tumor initiating properties. Unlike the other non-stem cancer cells, CSCs resist traditional therapy and remain a major cause of disease relapse. With the recent advances in metabolomics, various studies have demonstrated that CSCs have distinct metabolic properties. Metabolic reprogramming in CSCs contributes to self-renewal and maintenance of stemness. Accumulating evidence suggests that rewiring of energy metabolism is a key player that enables to meet energy demands, maintains stemness, and sustains cancer growth and invasion. CSCs use various mechanisms such as increased glycolysis, redox signaling and autophagy modulation to overcome nutritional deficiency and sustain cell survival. The alterations in lipid metabolism acquired by the CSCs support biomass production through increased dependence on fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation and contribute to oncogenic signaling pathways. This review summarizes our current understanding of lipid metabolism in CSCs and how pharmacological regulation of autophagy and lipid metabolism influences CSC phenotype. Increased dependence on lipid metabolism appears as an attractive strategy to eliminate CSCs using therapeutic agents that specifically target CSCs based on their modulation of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Chakravarti
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow - 226014, India
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow - 226014, India.
| | - Sana Raza
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow - 226014, India.
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Rahman MA, Saikat ASM, Rahman MS, Islam M, Parvez MAK, Kim B. Recent Update and Drug Target in Molecular and Pharmacological Insights into Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Treatment and Future Progress. Cells 2023; 12:458. [PMID: 36766800 PMCID: PMC9914570 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that autophagy is a governed catabolic framework enabling the recycling of nutrients from injured organelles and other cellular constituents via a lysosomal breakdown. This mechanism has been associated with the development of various pathologic conditions, including cancer and neurological disorders; however, recently updated studies have indicated that autophagy plays a dual role in cancer, acting as a cytoprotective or cytotoxic mechanism. Numerous preclinical and clinical investigations have shown that inhibiting autophagy enhances an anticancer medicine's effectiveness in various malignancies. Autophagy antagonists, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have previously been authorized in clinical trials, encouraging the development of medication-combination therapies targeting the autophagic processes for cancer. In this review, we provide an update on the recent research examining the anticancer efficacy of combining drugs that activate cytoprotective autophagy with autophagy inhibitors. Additionally, we highlight the difficulties and progress toward using cytoprotective autophagy targeting as a cancer treatment strategy. Importantly, we must enable the use of suitable autophagy inhibitors and coadministration delivery systems in conjunction with anticancer agents. Therefore, this review briefly summarizes the general molecular process behind autophagy and its bifunctional role that is important in cancer suppression and in encouraging tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis regulation. We then emphasize how autophagy and cancer cells interacting with one another is a promising therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5 Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Mobinul Islam
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5 Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Zandieh MA, Farahani MH, Rajabi R, Avval ST, Karimi K, Rahmanian P, Razzazan M, Javanshir S, Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Salimimoghadam S, Hushmandi K, Taheriazam A, Pandey V, Hashemi M. Epigenetic regulation of autophagy by non-coding RNAs in gastrointestinal tumors: Biological functions and therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106582. [PMID: 36436707 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the manifestation of changes and mutations in genetic and epigenetic levels. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are commonly dysregulated in disease pathogenesis, and their role in cancer has been well-documented. The ncRNAs regulate various molecular pathways and mechanisms in cancer that can lead to induction/inhibition of carcinogenesis. Autophagy is a molecular "self-digestion" mechanism its function can be pro-survival or pro-death in tumor cells. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the role of ncRNAs in regulating autophagy in gastrointestinal tumors. The role of the ncRNA/autophagy axis in affecting the progression of gastric, liver, colorectal, pancreatic, esophageal, and gallbladder cancers is investigated. Both ncRNAs and autophagy mechanisms can function as oncogenic or onco-suppressor and this interaction can determine the growth, invasion, and therapy response of gastrointestinal tumors. ncRNA/autophagy axis can reduce/increase the proliferation of gastrointestinal tumors via the glycolysis mechanism. Furthermore, related molecular pathways of metastasis, such as EMT and MMPs, are affected by the ncRNA/autophagy axis. The response of gastrointestinal tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be suppressed by pro-survival autophagy, and ncRNAs are essential regulators of this mechanism. miRNAs can regulate related genes and proteins of autophagy, such as ATGs and Beclin-1. Furthermore, lncRNAs and circRNAs down-regulate miRNA expression via sponging to modulate the autophagy mechanism. Moreover, anti-cancer agents can affect the expression level of ncRNAs regulating autophagy in gastrointestinal tumors. Therefore, translating these findings into clinics can improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Heydari Farahani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e kord Branch, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | - Romina Rajabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kimia Karimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Rahmanian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Razzazan
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Salar Javanshir
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vijay Pandey
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Shao BZ, Chai NL, Yao Y, Li JP, Law HKW, Linghu EQ. Autophagy in gastrointestinal cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:975758. [PMID: 36091106 PMCID: PMC9459114 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.975758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are a group of cancers occurred in gastrointestinal tissues with high morbidity and mortality rate. Although numerous studies were conducted on the investigation of gastrointestinal cancers, the real mechanisms haven’t been discovered, and no effective methods of prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers have been developed. Autophagy, a vital catabolic process in organisms, have been proven to participate in various mechanisms and signaling pathways, thus producing a regulatory effect on various diseases. The role of autophagy in gastrointestinal cancers remains unclear due to its high complexity. In this review, firstly, the biological features of autophagy will be introduced. Secondly, the role of autophagy in three popular gastrointestinal cancers, namely esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer will be described and discussed by reviewing the related literature. We aimed to bring novel insights in exploring the real mechanisms for gastrointestinal cancers and developing effective and efficient therapeutic methods to treat gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: En-Qiang Linghu, ; Helen Ka Wai Law, ; Bo-Zong Shao,
| | - Ning-Li Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Helen Ka Wai Law
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: En-Qiang Linghu, ; Helen Ka Wai Law, ; Bo-Zong Shao,
| | - En-Qiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: En-Qiang Linghu, ; Helen Ka Wai Law, ; Bo-Zong Shao,
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Holm TM, Yeo S, Turner KM, Guan JL. Targeting Autophagy in Thyroid Cancer: EMT, Apoptosis, and Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821855. [PMID: 35846375 PMCID: PMC9277179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process through which cellular homeostasis is achieved and maintained. With respect to cancer biology, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword supporting tumor cells during times of metabolic and therapeutic stress, while also inhibiting tumor development by promoting genomic stability. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a role in thyroid cancer, acting to promote tumor cell viability and metastatic disease through maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), supporting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and preventing tumor cell death. Intriguingly, well-differentiated thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women as compared to men, though the underlying molecular biology driving this disparity has not yet been elucidated. Several studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibitors may augment the anti-cancer effects of known thyroid cancer therapies. Autophagy modulation has become an attractive target for improving outcomes in thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer, focusing on the potential mechanism(s) through which inhibition of autophagy may enhance cancer therapy and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Holm
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Syn Yeo
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M Turner
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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