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Johnson KS, Clements KD. Histology and ultrastructure of the gastrointestinal tract in four temperate marine herbivorous fishes. J Morphol 2021; 283:16-34. [PMID: 34719807 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While alimentary tract anatomy in many terrestrial herbivorous vertebrates is well documented, the digestive systems of marine herbivorous fishes are poorly characterised. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of four species of marine herbivorous fishes from northeastern New Zealand, butterfish Odax pullus (Labridae), marblefish Aplodactylus arctidens (Aplodactylidae), notch-head marblefish A. etheridgii (Aplodactylidae) and silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus (Kyphosidae), were examined using histology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to provide a detailed histological and ultrastructural description of gut anatomy. Gastric glands were distributed over rugae in the stomach of A. arctidens, A. etheridgii and K. sydneyanus. The luminal surface of the stomach of these three species was lined by columnar mucous cells, and oxynticopeptic cells lined the glands in the stomach. Villi were present along the length of the intestine in all four species. The anterior intestine had thin musculature, and was lined by absorptive cells with long microvilli and numerous small vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. The posterior intestine was lined by absorptive columnar cells with long microvilli, invaginations between microvilli with electron-dense membranes, and pinocytotic vesicles. Surface area generally decreased from the anterior to posterior intestine. Histological and ultrastructural results were consistent with lipid absorption occurring in the anterior GIT and protein absorption in the posterior GIT. The results of this study indicate clear differences in GIT structure among the study species, and digestion models based on chemical reactor theory were developed to characterise these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kendall D Clements
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Keating C, Bolton-Warberg M, Hinchcliffe J, Davies R, Whelan S, Wan AHL, Fitzgerald RD, Davies SJ, Ijaz UZ, Smith CJ. Temporal changes in the gut microbiota in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) outweigh the response to diet supplementation with macroalgae. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:7. [PMID: 33500003 PMCID: PMC7934267 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaculture successfully meets global food demands for many fish species. However, aquaculture production of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is just 2.5% of total market production. For cod farming to be a viable economic venture specific challenges on how to increase growth, health and farming productivity need to be addressed. Feed ingredients play a key role here. Macroalgae (seaweeds) have been suggested as a functional feed supplement with both health and economic benefits for terrestrial farmed animals and fish. The impact of such dietary supplements to cod gut integrity and microbiota, which contribute to overall fish robustness is unknown. The objective of this study was to supplement the diet of juvenile Atlantic cod with macroalgae and determine the impacts on fish condition and growth, gut morphology and hindgut microbiota composition (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing). Fish were fed one of three diets: control (no macroalgal inclusion), 10% inclusion of either egg wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum) or sea lettuce (Ulva rigida) macroalgae in a 12-week trial. RESULTS The results demonstrated there was no significant difference in fish condition, gut morphology or hindgut microbiota between the U. rigida supplemented fish group and the control group at any time-point. This trend was not observed with the A. nodosum treatment. Fish within this group were further categorised as either 'Normal' or 'Lower Growth'. 'Lower Growth' individuals found the diet unpalatable resulting in reduced weight and condition factor combined with an altered gut morphology and microbiome relative to the other treatments. Excluding this group, our results show that the hindgut microbiota was largely driven by temporal pressures with the microbial communities becoming more similar over time irrespective of dietary treatment. The core microbiome at the final time-point consisted of the orders Vibrionales (Vibrio and Photobacterium), Bacteroidales (Bacteroidetes and Macellibacteroides) and Clostridiales (Lachnoclostridium). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that U. rigida macroalgae can be supplemented at 10% inclusion levels in the diet of juvenile farmed Atlantic cod without any impact on fish condition or hindgut microbial community structure. We also conclude that 10% dietary inclusion of A. nodosum is not a suitable feed supplement in a farmed cod diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Keating
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
- Water and Environment Group, Infrastructure and Environment Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
| | - M Bolton-Warberg
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - J Hinchcliffe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Davies
- AquaBioTech Group, Central Complex, Naggar Street, Targa Gap, Mosta, G.C, MST 1761, Malta
| | - S Whelan
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - A H L Wan
- Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
- Aquaculture Nutrition and Aquafeed Research Unit, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - R D Fitzgerald
- Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Co, Galway, H91 V8Y1, Ireland
| | - S J Davies
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - U Z Ijaz
- Water and Environment Group, Infrastructure and Environment Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
| | - C J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
- Water and Environment Group, Infrastructure and Environment Division, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
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Bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria isolated from fish, seafood and fish products. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Itoi S, Uchida J, Takanashi S, Narita T, Abe K, Naya S, Sugita H. The clam Meretrix lamarckii (Bivalvia: Veneridae) is a rich repository of marine lactic acid bacterial strains. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Identification, technological and safety characterization of Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus isolated from Argentinean anchovies (Engraulis anchoita). SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:257. [PMID: 23807916 PMCID: PMC3685713 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the identification and characterization of Lactobacillus previously isolated from fresh anchovies (Engraulis anchoita) are investigated. 16S rDNA partial sequencing assigned all the isolates to belong to the Lactobacillus sakei/curvatus group. Fourteen out of 15 isolates were identified as L. sakei by phenotypic traits: they exhibited catalase activity and fermented melibiose, although only 10 of them hydrolyzed arginine. These results were confirmed by multiplex PCR-based restriction enzyme analysis with HindIII and by restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) analysis of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region with TaqI. Among identified isolates, four L. sakei strains and the sole L. curvatus strain showing sensitivity to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and tetracycline and exhibiting high tolerance to NaCl (10-18%) were unable to produce neither dextran nor biogenic amines. Based on technological and safety features, L. sakei SACB704 and L. curvatus SACB03a naturally present in fresh anchovies may be promising strains for the development of a starter culture to accelerate and control the fermentation of salt fermented anchovy-based products.
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Zhan P, Chen J, He G, Fang G, Shi Y. Microbial dynamics in a sequencing batch reactor treating alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp and paper process wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:1599-1605. [PMID: 20544297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE For many years, highly concentrated wastewater generated from the pulp and paper industry has become the focus of much concern worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine the treatment efficiency of the alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) process wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and analyze the microbial dynamics of the wastewater treatment system using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS An SBR was applied to the treatment of APMP pulp and paper process wastewater. The wastewater characteristics and many physicochemical operator indicators in the wastewater treatment process were analyzed and determined according to standard methods. Microbial 16 S rDNA in active sludge was extracted, amplified, and analyzed using the RAPD method for the microbial dynamics of the wastewater treatment system. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ten kinds of natural organic compounds of plants such as monoterpene were detected in the APMP pulp and paper process wastewater. With an influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) that varied in the range of 685.7 to 907.5 mg/L, the corresponding effluent COD was 176.5 to 266.1 mg/L and the removal efficiency was 70.3% to 79.8%. An optimal strain (S308: CAGGGGTGGA) was selected to study the population dynamics and diversity of the bacterial community. The RAPD-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprints showed very high polymorphism of the genetic bands (78-100%). Four groups of species were clustered using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic (UPGMA) analysis, and the genetic distance was close between the species within each group. The Shannon-Weaver index was high and varied over time with the COD removal. CONCLUSIONS The RAPD-PCR technique can be used to study microbial dynamics, which was shown to vary over time with the removal efficiency of SBR treating APMP pulp and paper process wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Françoise L. Occurrence and role of lactic acid bacteria in seafood products. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:698-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Carnobacterium maltaromaticum: identification, isolation tools, ecology and technological aspects in dairy products. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:573-9. [PMID: 20510773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carnobacterium species constitute a genus of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) present in different ecological niches. The aim of this article is to summarize the knowledge about Carnobacterium maltaromaticum species at different microbiological levels such as taxonomy, isolation and identification, ecology, technological aspects and safety in dairy products. Works published during the last decade concerning C. maltaromaticum have shown that this non-starter LAB (NSLAB) could present major interests in dairy product technology. Four reasons can be mentioned: i) it can grow in milk during the ripening period with no competition with starter LAB, ii) this species synthesizes different flavouring compounds e.g., 3-methylbutanal, iii) it can inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens as Listeria monocytogenes due to its ability to produce bacteriocins, iv) it has never been reported to be involved in human diseases as no cases of human infection have been directly linked to the consumption of dairy products containing this species.
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Belfiore C, Björkroth J, Vihavainen E, Raya R, Vignolo G. Characterization of Leuconostoc strains isolated from fresh anchovy (Engraulis anchoita). J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2010; 56:175-80. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.56.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Inami M, Taverne-Thiele AJ, Schrøder MB, Kiron V, Rombout JHWM. Immunological differences in intestine and rectum of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:751-759. [PMID: 19332137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The defence system of the distal gut (hindgut and rectum) of Atlantic cod, (Gadus morhua L.) was studied using (immuno)histochemical, electron microscopical and real-time quantitative PCR techniques. The uptake and transport of macromolecules in the intestinal epithelium was also investigated. In this study we observed that cod has many and large goblet cells in its intestinal epithelium and that IgM(+) cells are present in the lamina propria and their number is considerably higher in the rectum than in the intestine. Myeloperoxidase staining revealed low numbers of granulocytes in and under the epithelium of the distal intestine, whereas high numbers were found clustered in the submucosa of the rectum. Electron microscopy not only confirmed these observations, but also revealed the presence of lymphoid cells and macrophages within the intestinal epithelium. Acid phosphatase staining demonstrated more positive macrophage-like cells in the rectum than in the distal intestine. Antigen uptake studies showed a diffused absorption of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and LTB-GFP, whereas ferritin uptake could not be detected. Basal gene expression of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8 and IL-10) and immune relevant molecules (hepcidin and BPI/LPB) were compared in both the intestine and rectum and revealed approximately 2-9 times higher expression in the rectum, of which IL-1beta expression showed the most prominent difference. The present results clearly indicate that intestinal immunity is very prominent in the rectum of cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inami
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø University College, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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Lauzon H, Gudmundsdottir S, Pedersen M, Budde B, Gudmundsdottir B. Isolation of putative probionts from cod rearing environment. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:328-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gatesoupe FJ. Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: natural occurrence and probiotic treatments. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 14:107-14. [PMID: 17957117 DOI: 10.1159/000106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent papers have deepened the state of knowledge about lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fish gut. In spite of high variability in fish microbiota, LAB are sometimes abundant in the intestine, notably in freshwater fish. Several strains of Streptococcus are pathogenic to fish. Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae are major fish pathogens, against which commercial vaccines are available. Fortunately, most LAB are harmless, and some strains have been reported for beneficial effects on fish health. A major step forward in recent years was the converging evidence that LAB can stimulate the immune system in fish. An open question is whether viability can affect immunostimulation. The issue is crucial to commercialize live probiotics rather than inactivated preparations or extracts. There has been a regain of interest in allochthonous strains used as probiotics for terrestrial animals or humans, due to economical and regulatory constraints, but the short survival in sea water may limit application to marine fish. If viability is required, alternative treatments may include the incorporation of prebiotics in feed, and other dietary manipulations that could promote intestinal LAB. Antagonism to pathogens is the other main feature of candidate probiotics, and there are many reports concerning mainly carnobacteria and Enterococcus. Some bacteriocins were characterized which may be of interest not only for aquaculture, but also for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Joël Gatesoupe
- INRA-Ifremer, Joint Research Unit for Fish Nutrition, Aquaculture and Genomics, Plouzané, France.
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Leisner JJ, Laursen BG, Prévost H, Drider D, Dalgaard P. Carnobacterium: positive and negative effects in the environment and in foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:592-613. [PMID: 17696886 PMCID: PMC2040187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Carnobacterium contains nine species, but only C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are frequently isolated from natural environments and foods. They are tolerant to freezing/thawing and high pressure and able to grow at low temperatures, anaerobically and with increased CO2 concentrations. They metabolize arginine and various carbohydrates, including chitin, and this may improve their survival in the environment. Carnobacterium divergens and C. maltaromaticum have been extensively studied as protective cultures in order to inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes in fish and meat products. Several carnobacterial bacteriocins are known, and parameters that affect their production have been described. Currently, however, no isolates are commercially applied as protective cultures. Carnobacteria can spoil chilled foods, but spoilage activity shows intraspecies and interspecies variation. The responsible spoilage metabolites are not well characterized, but branched alcohols and aldehydes play a partial role. Their production of tyramine in foods is critical for susceptible individuals, but carnobacteria are not otherwise human pathogens. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum can be a fish pathogen, although carnobacteria are also suggested as probiotic cultures for use in aquaculture. Representative genome sequences are not yet available, but would be valuable to answer questions associated with fundamental and applied aspects of this important genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
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