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Joseph J, Ray JG. A critical review of soil algae as a crucial soil biological component of high ecological and economic significance. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:229-253. [PMID: 38502571 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Aero-terrestrial algae are ecologically and economically valuable bioresources contributing to carbon sequestration, sustenance of soil health, and fertility. Compared to aquatic algae, the literature on subaerial algae is minimal, including studies of distinctive habitats such as forest soils, agricultural fields, deserts, polar regions, specific subaerial zones, artificial structures, and tropical soils. The primary goal here was to identify the gaps and scope of research on such algae. Accordingly, the literature was analyzed per sub-themes, such as the "nature of current research data on terrestrial algae," "methodological approaches," "diversity," "environmental relationships," "ecological roles," and "economic significance." The review showed there is a high diversity of algae in soils, especially members belonging to the Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) and Chlorophyta. Algal distributions in terrestrial environments depend on the microhabitat conditions, and many species of soil algae are sensitive to specific soil conditions. The ecological significance of soil algae includes primary production, the release of biochemical stimulants and plant growth promoters into soils, nitrogen fixation, solubilization of minerals, and the enhancement and maintenance of soil fertility. Since aero-terrestrial habitats are generally stressed environments, algae of such environments can be rich in rare metabolites and natural products. For example, epilithic soil algae use wet adhesive molecules to fix them firmly on the substratum. Exploring the ecological roles and economic utility of soil and other subaerial algae could be helpful for the development of algae-based industries and for achieving sustainable soil management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebin Joseph
- Department of Botany, St Berchmans College, Changanacherry, Kerala, India
- Laboratory of Ecology and Plant Science, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Joseph George Ray
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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2
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Savaglia V, Lambrechts S, Tytgat B, Vanhellemont Q, Elster J, Willems A, Wilmotte A, Verleyen E, Vyverman W. Geology defines microbiome structure and composition in nunataks and valleys of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1316633. [PMID: 38380088 PMCID: PMC10877063 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1316633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relation between terrestrial microorganisms and edaphic factors in the Antarctic can provide insights into their potential response to environmental changes. Here we examined the composition of bacterial and micro-eukaryotic communities using amplicon sequencing of rRNA genes in 105 soil samples from the Sør Rondane Mountains (East Antarctica), differing in bedrock or substrate type and associated physicochemical conditions. Although the two most widespread taxa (Acidobacteriota and Chlorophyta) were relatively abundant in each sample, multivariate analysis and co-occurrence networks revealed pronounced differences in community structure depending on substrate type. In moraine substrates, Actinomycetota and Cercozoa were the most abundant bacterial and eukaryotic phyla, whereas on gneiss, granite and marble substrates, Cyanobacteriota and Metazoa were the dominant bacterial and eukaryotic taxa. However, at lower taxonomic level, a distinct differentiation was observed within the Cyanobacteriota phylum depending on substrate type, with granite being dominated by the Nostocaceae family and marble by the Chroococcidiopsaceae family. Surprisingly, metazoans were relatively abundant according to the 18S rRNA dataset, even in samples from the most arid sites, such as moraines in Austkampane and Widerøefjellet ("Dry Valley"). Overall, our study shows that different substrate types support distinct microbial communities, and that mineral soil diversity is a major determinant of terrestrial microbial diversity in inland Antarctic nunataks and valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Savaglia
- InBioS Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sam Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Tytgat
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Josef Elster
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia České Budějovice and Institute of Botany, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Anne Willems
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBioS Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Elie Verleyen
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Pushkareva E, Elster J, Kudoh S, Imura S, Becker B. Microbial community composition of terrestrial habitats in East Antarctica with a focus on microphototrophs. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1323148. [PMID: 38249463 PMCID: PMC10797080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1323148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic terrestrial environment harbors a diverse community of microorganisms, which have adapted to the extreme conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the composition of microbial communities in a diverse range of terrestrial environments (various biocrusts and soils, sands from ephemeral wetlands, biofilms, endolithic and hypolithic communities) in East Antarctica using both molecular and morphological approaches. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed the dominance of Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes, while sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene showed the prevalence of Alveolata, Chloroplastida, Metazoa, and Rhizaria. This study also provided a comprehensive assessment of the microphototrophic community revealing a diversity of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae in various Antarctic terrestrial samples. Filamentous cyanobacteria belonging to the orders Oscillatoriales and Pseudanabaenales dominated prokaryotic community, while members of Trebouxiophyceae were the most abundant representatives of eukaryotes. In addition, the co-occurrence analysis showed a prevalence of positive correlations with bacterial taxa frequently co-occurring together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pushkareva
- Department of Biology, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef Elster
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Třeboň, Czechia
- Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Sakae Kudoh
- Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Japan
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imura
- Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Japan
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Burkhard Becker
- Department of Biology, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Pessi IS, Popin RV, Durieu B, Lara Y, Tytgat B, Savaglia V, Roncero-Ramos B, Hultman J, Verleyen E, Vyverman W, Wilmotte A. Novel diversity of polar Cyanobacteria revealed by genome-resolved metagenomics. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001056. [PMID: 37417735 PMCID: PMC10438808 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic microbial mats dominated by Cyanobacteria are important features of polar lakes. Although culture-independent studies have provided important insights into the diversity of polar Cyanobacteria, only a handful of genomes have been sequenced to date. Here, we applied a genome-resolved metagenomics approach to data obtained from Arctic, sub-Antarctic and Antarctic microbial mats. We recovered 37 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Cyanobacteria representing 17 distinct species, most of which are only distantly related to genomes that have been sequenced so far. These include (i) lineages that are common in polar microbial mats such as the filamentous taxa Pseudanabaena, Leptolyngbya, Microcoleus/Tychonema and Phormidium; (ii) the less common taxa Crinalium and Chamaesiphon; (iii) an enigmatic Chroococcales lineage only distantly related to Microcystis; and (iv) an early branching lineage in the order Gloeobacterales that is distributed across the cold biosphere, for which we propose the name Candidatus Sivonenia alaskensis. Our results show that genome-resolved metagenomics is a powerful tool for expanding our understanding of the diversity of Cyanobacteria, especially in understudied remote and extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S. Pessi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafael V. Popin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benoit Durieu
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yannick Lara
- Early Life Traces & Evolution-Astrobiology, UR-Astrobiology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Tytgat
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentina Savaglia
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Roncero-Ramos
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jenni Hultman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elie Verleyen
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBioS – Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Santos A, Gómez-Espinoza O, Núñez-Montero K, Zárate A, Andreote FD, Pylro VS, Bravo L, Barrientos L. Measuring the effect of climate change in Antarctic microbial communities: toward novel experimental approaches. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102918. [PMID: 36972633 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic continent is undergoing a rapid warming, affecting microbial communities throughout its ecosystems. This continent is a natural laboratory for studying the effect of climate change, however, assessing the microbial communities' responses to environmental changes is challenging from a methodological point of view. We suggest novel experimental designs, including multivariable assessments that apply multiomics methods in combination with continuous environmental data recording and new warming simulation systems. Moreover, we propose that climate change studies in Antarctica should consider three main objectives, including descriptive studies, short-term temporary adaptation studies, and long-term adaptive evolution studies. This will help us to understand and manage the effects of climate change on the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Santos
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Olman Gómez-Espinoza
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Kattia Núñez-Montero
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biology, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Ana Zárate
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| | - Fernando D Andreote
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor S Pylro
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - León Bravo
- Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Leticia Barrientos
- Extreme Environments Biotechnology Lab, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, Temuco 4810296, Chile; Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
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Chen Q, Yan N, Xiong K, Zhao J. Cyanobacterial diversity of biological soil crusts and soil properties in karst desertification area. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113707. [PMID: 36992925 PMCID: PMC10040852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As important components of the biological soil crusts (BSCs) and of the primary stage of crust succession, cyanobacterial communities occupy an important ecological niche and play an important ecological role in desertification areas. In this study, we focused on the karst desertification area, which also belongs to the same category of desertification, and selected three study areas, Guanling-Zhenfeng Huajiang (HJ), Bijie Salaxi (SLX), and Shibing (SB), in the Guizhou Plateau, which represents the overall ecological environment of South China karst, to conduct surveys on the diversity of BSC species and soil properties. Analysis of the cyanobacterial communities and physicochemical properties using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, principal component analysis, and redundancy analysis revealed that: (1) The three study areas had common cyanobacterial species, with a total of 200 species distributed across 22 genera, 2 classes, 5 orders, and 6 families belonging to the Oscillatoriales (39%), Scytonematales (24.5%), Chroococcales (23%), Nostocales (11.5%), and Rivulariales (2%), (2) The number of species increased with the intensity of karst desertification—while Oscillatoriaceae was the dominant family in HJ and moderate–severe desertification areas, Chroococcaceae and Scytonemataceae were dominant in the mild and potential desertification areas SLX and SB, (3) The Shannon-Wiener diversity indices followed the trend: SLX (3.56) > SB (3.08) > HJ (3.01), indicating that the species were more evenly distributed in mild desertification, (4) In the carbonate background, shrubland harbored the largest number of cyanobacterial species compared to grassland, bare land, and arbor woodland; however, the highest number was documented in arbor woodland in dolomite karst, (5) The soil is weathered limestone or yellow soil in all three areas, with pH ranging from 5.73 to 6.85, fine sand dominated, and soil nutrients increased with the intensity of desertification, and (6) Redundancy analysis showed that organic carbon, soil moisture content (0–5 cm), and total nitrogen substantially influenced cyanobacterial diversity. These results reveal that differences in soil nutrient content play an important role in regulating the cyanobacterial diversity and composition, thereby establishing a foundation for further research and application of soil ecological restoration of cyanobacteria in BSCs of karst desertification areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Kangning Xiong,
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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Oliveira MF, Maciel-Silva AS. Biological soil crusts and how they might colonize other worlds: insights from these Brazilian ecosystem engineers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4362-4379. [PMID: 35522077 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When bryophytes, lichens, eukaryotic algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, and fungi live interacting intimately with the most superficial particles of the soil, they form a complex community of organisms called the biological soil crust (BSC or biocrust). These biocrusts occur predominantly in drylands, where they provide important ecological services such as soil aggregation, moisture retention, and nitrogen fixation. Unfortunately, many BSC communities remain poorly explored, especially in the tropics. This review summarizes studies about BSCs in Brazil, a tropical megadiverse country, and shows the importance of ecological, physiological, and taxonomic knowledge of biocrusts. We also compare Brazilian BSC communities with others around the world, describe why BSCs can be considered ecosystem engineers, and propose their use in the colonization of other worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Fernandes Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adaíses Simone Maciel-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Courtier A, Potheret D, Giannoni P. Environmental bacteria as triggers to brain disease: Possible mechanisms of toxicity and associated human risk. Life Sci 2022; 304:120689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Salty Twins: Salt-Tolerance of Terrestrial Cyanocohniella Strains (Cyanobacteria) and Description of C. rudolphia sp. nov. Point towards a Marine Origin of the Genus and Terrestrial Long Distance Dispersal Patterns. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050968. [PMID: 35630411 PMCID: PMC9144741 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to wide ranges of environmental conditions coupled with their long evolution has allowed cyanobacteria to colonize almost every habitat on Earth. Modern taxonomy tries to track not only this diversification process but also to assign individual cyanobacteria to specific niches. It was our aim to work out a potential niche concept for the genus Cyanocohniella in terms of salt tolerance. We used a strain based on the description of C. rudolphia sp. nov. isolated from a potash tailing pile (Germany) and for comparison C. crotaloides that was isolated from sandy beaches (The Netherlands). The taxonomic position of C. rudolphia sp. nov. was evaluated by phylogenetic analysis and morphological descriptions of its life cycle. Salt tolerance of C. rudolphia sp. nov. and C. crotaloides was monitored with cultivation assays in liquid medium and on sand under salt concentrations ranging from 0% to 12% (1500 mM) NaCl. Optimum growth conditions were detected for both strains at 4% (500 mM) NaCl based on morpho-anatomical and physiological criteria such as photosynthetic yield by chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Taking into consideration that all known strains of this genus colonize salty habitats supports our assumption that the genus might have a marine origin but also expands colonization to salty terrestrial habitats. This aspect is further discussed, including the ecological and biotechnological relevance of the data presented.
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Severgnini M, Canini F, Consolandi C, Camboni T, Paolo D'Acqui L, Mascalchi C, Ventura S, Zucconi L. Highly differentiated soil bacterial communities in Victoria Land macro-areas (Antarctica). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6307020. [PMID: 34151349 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice-free areas of Victoria Land, in Antarctica, are characterized by different terrestrial ecosystems, that are dominated by microorganisms supporting highly adapted communities. Despite the unique conditions of these ecosystems, reports on their bacterial diversity are still fragmentary. From this perspective, 60 samples from 14 localities were analyzed. These localities were distributed in coastal sites with differently developed biological soil crusts, inner sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys with soils lacking of plant coverage, and a site called Icarus Camp, with a crust developed on a thin locally weathered substrate of the underlying parent granitic-rock. Bacterial diversity was studied through 16S rRNA metabarcoding sequencing. Communities diversity, composition and the abundance and composition of different taxonomic groups were correlated to soil physicochemical characteristics. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria dominated these communities. Most phyla were mainly driven by soil granulometry, an often disregarded parameter and other abiotic parameters. Bacterial composition differed greatly among the three macrohabitats, each having a distinct bacterial profile. Communities within the two main habitats (coastal and inner ones) were well differentiated from each other as well, therefore depending on site-specific physicochemical characteristics. A core community of the whole samples was observed, mainly represented by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via f.lli Cervi, 93, 20054, Segrate, Italy
| | - Fabiana Canini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via f.lli Cervi, 93, 20054, Segrate, Italy
| | - Tania Camboni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via f.lli Cervi, 93, 20054, Segrate, Italy
| | - Luigi Paolo D'Acqui
- Terrestria Ecosystems Research Institute, National Research Council (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cristina Mascalchi
- Terrestria Ecosystems Research Institute, National Research Council (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Ventura
- Terrestria Ecosystems Research Institute, National Research Council (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,The Italian Embassy in Israel, Trade Tower, 25 Hamered Street, 68125, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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Canini F, Geml J, Buzzini P, Turchetti B, Onofri S, D’Acqui LP, Ripa C, Zucconi L. Growth Forms and Functional Guilds Distribution of Soil Fungi in Coastal Versus Inland Sites of Victoria Land, Antarctica. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040320. [PMID: 33920495 PMCID: PMC8070035 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Victoria Land, Antarctica, ice-free areas are restricted to coastal regions and dominate the landscape of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. These two environments are subjected to different pressures that determine the establishment of highly adapted fungal communities. Within the kingdom of fungi, filamentous, yeasts and meristematic/microcolonial growth forms on one side and different lifestyles on the other side may be considered adaptive strategies of particular interest in the frame of Antarctic constraints. In this optic, soil fungal communities from both coastal and Dry Valleys sites, already characterized thorough ITS1 metabarcoding sequencing, have been compared to determine the different distribution of phyla, growth forms, and lifestyles. Though we did not find significant differences in the richness between the two environments, the communities were highly differentiated and Dry Valleys sites had a higher evenness compared to coastal ones. Additionally, the distribution of different growth forms and lifestyles were well differentiated, and their diversity and composition were likely influenced by soil abiotic parameters, among which soil granulometry, pH, P, and C contents were the potential main determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Canini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.O.); (C.R.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0761357138
| | - József Geml
- Biodiversity Dynamics Research Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- MTA-EKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly University, H-3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (P.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (P.B.); (B.T.)
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.O.); (C.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luigi Paolo D’Acqui
- Research Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Caterina Ripa
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.O.); (C.R.); (L.Z.)
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.O.); (C.R.); (L.Z.)
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Pushkareva E, Sommer V, Barrantes I, Karsten U. Diversity of Microorganisms in Biocrusts Surrounding Highly Saline Potash Tailing Piles in Germany. Microorganisms 2021; 9:714. [PMID: 33808463 PMCID: PMC8066527 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Potash tailing piles located in Germany represent extremely hypersaline locations that negatively affect neighbouring environments and limit the development of higher vegetation. However, biocrusts, as cryptogamic covers, inhabit some of these areas and provide essential ecological functions, but, nevertheless, they remain poorly described. Here, we applied high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and targeted four groups of microorganisms: bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi and other eukaryotes. The sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed the dominance of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria. Additionally, we applied yanobacteria-specific primers for a detailed assessment of the cyanobacterial community, which was dominated by members of the filamentous orders Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales. Furthermore, the majority of reads in the studied biocrusts obtained by sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene belonged to eukaryotic microalgae. In addition, sequencing of the internal rDNA transcribed spacer region (ITS) showed the dominance of Ascomycota within the fungal community. Overall, these molecular data provided the first detailed overview of microorganisms associated with biocrusts inhabiting highly saline potash tailing piles and showed the dissimilarities in microbial diversity among the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pushkareva
- Department of Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (U.K.)
- Department of Biology, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronika Sommer
- Department of Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Israel Barrantes
- Research Group Translational Bioinformatics, Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Department of Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (U.K.)
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Wang J, Zhang P, Bao JT, Zhao JC, Song G, Yang HT, Huang L, He MZ, Li XR. Comparison of cyanobacterial communities in temperate deserts: A cue for artificial inoculation of biological soil crusts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140970. [PMID: 32731072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The topsoil cyanobacteria in biological soil crusts (BSCs) play a vital role in stabilizing soil surface of disturbed habitats in water and nutrient-poor ecosystems. Currently, artificial inoculation of BSCs is considered as an effective approach to restore habitats and accelerate ecosystem regeneration. Understanding the character of cyanobacterial communities is the necessary prerequisite to explore the artificial inoculation of BSCs. For this reason, cyanobacterial communities in BSCs were compared between two mid-latitute temperate deserts with distinct precipitation patterns. The results showed that Oscillatoriales and Nostocales dominated crusts in the Tengger desert with majority of rainfall in summer and early autumn while Oscillatoriales dominated crusts in the Kyzyl kum desert with more rainfall in winter and early spring. Moreover, filamentous Microcoleus vaginatus overwhelmingly dominated all the crusts in both deserts with Mastigocladopsis sp. and Chroococcidiopsis spp. as the dominant heterocystous cyanobacteria. Of note, genus Wilmottia kept a relative stable and high abundance in both deserts. The top two abundantly shared cyanobacteria (> 1% of total sequences) were M. vaginatus and Mastigocladopsis sp. in both deserts, while 16 genera with significant variances were found between the two deserts (P <0.05). Total variations of cyanobacterial communities across the deserts were largely explained by a combination of biotic factors (microbial biomass C and N) and abiotic factors (soil pH, soil water content, soil water holding capacity, and soil available potassium). Compared to better-developed crusts, cyanobacterial abundance was higher in cyanobacterial crusts. BSC type and/or geographic location significantly affected cyanobacterial Shannon diversity without significantly influencing species richness. Our data suggest that the basic and major groups (e.g. M. vaginatus, Wilmottia spp., Mastigocladopsis sp., and Chroococcidiopsis spp.), and the abundantly shared phylotypes which showed significant difference in cyanobacterial communities between deserts, should be focused on to further explore the artificial inoculation of BSCs in temperate drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing-Ting Bao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie-Cai Zhao
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guang Song
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Tian Yang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ming-Zhu He
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin-Rong Li
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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14
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Trout-Haney JV, Heindel RC, Virginia RA. Picocyanobacterial cells in near-surface air above terrestrial and freshwater substrates in Greenland and Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:296-305. [PMID: 32134187 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols are an important component of the total atmospheric aerosol load, with implications for human health, climate feedbacks and the distribution and dispersal of microbial taxa. Bioaerosols are sourced from marine, freshwater and terrestrial surfaces, with different mechanisms potentially responsible for releasing biological particles from these substrates. Little is known about the production of freshwater and terrestrial bioaerosols in polar regions. We used portable collection devices to test for the presence of picocyanobacterial aerosols above freshwater and soil substrates in the southwestern Greenland tundra and the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. We show that picocyanobacterial cells are present in the near-surface air at concentrations ranging from 2,431 to 28,355 cells m-3 of air, with no significant differences among substrates or between polar regions. Our concentrations are lower than those measured using the same methods in temperate ecosystems. We suggest that aerosolization is an important process linking terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in these polar environments, and that future work is needed to explore aerosolization mechanisms and taxon-specific aerosolization rates. Our study is a first step toward understanding the production of bioaerosols in extreme environments dominated by microbial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica V Trout-Haney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755
| | - Ruth C Heindel
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Ross A Virginia
- Environmental Studies Program and Institute of Arctic Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755
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15
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Canini F, Geml J, D'Acqui LP, Selbmann L, Onofri S, Ventura S, Zucconi L. Exchangeable cations and pH drive diversity and functionality of fungal communities in biological soil crusts from coastal sites of Victoria Land, Antarctica. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Rego A, Sousa AGG, Santos JP, Pascoal F, Canário J, Leão PN, Magalhães C. Diversity of Bacterial Biosynthetic Genes in Maritime Antarctica. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020279. [PMID: 32085500 PMCID: PMC7074882 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial natural products (NPs) are still a major source of new drug leads. Polyketides (PKs) and non-ribosomal peptides (NRP) are two pharmaceutically important families of NPs and recent studies have revealed Antarctica to harbor endemic polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, likely to be involved in the production of novel metabolites. Despite this, the diversity of secondary metabolites genes in Antarctica is still poorly explored. In this study, a computational bioprospection approach was employed to study the diversity and identity of PKS and NRPS genes to one of the most biodiverse areas in maritime Antarctica—Maxwell Bay. Amplicon sequencing of soil samples targeting ketosynthase (KS) and adenylation (AD) domains of PKS and NRPS genes, respectively, revealed abundant and unexplored chemical diversity in this peninsula. About 20% of AD domain sequences were only distantly related to characterized biosynthetic genes. Several PKS and NRPS genes were found to be closely associated to recently described metabolites including those from uncultured and candidate phyla. The combination of new approaches in computational biology and new culture-dependent and -independent strategies is thus critical for the recovery of the potential novel chemistry encoded in Antarctica microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rego
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António G. G. Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
| | - João P. Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Institute F.-A. Forel, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Pascoal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
| | - João Canário
- Centro de Química Estrutural at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Pedro N. Leão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (P.N.L); (C.M.)
| | - Catarina Magalhães
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (A.R.); (A.G.G.S.); (J.P.S.); (F.P.)
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-179 Porto, Portugal
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (P.N.L); (C.M.)
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17
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Lambrechts S, Willems A, Tahon G. Uncovering the Uncultivated Majority in Antarctic Soils: Toward a Synergistic Approach. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:242. [PMID: 30828325 PMCID: PMC6385771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Antarctica was once believed to be a sterile environment, it is now clear that the microbial communities inhabiting the Antarctic continent are surprisingly diverse. Until the beginning of the new millennium, little was known about the most abundant inhabitants of the continent: prokaryotes. From then on, however, the rising use of deep sequencing techniques has led to a better understanding of the Antarctic prokaryote diversity and provided insights in the composition of prokaryotic communities in different Antarctic environments. Although these cultivation-independent approaches can produce millions of sequences, linking these data to organisms is hindered by several problems. The largest difficulty is the lack of biological information on large parts of the microbial tree of life, arising from the fact that most microbial diversity on Earth has never been characterized in laboratory cultures. These unknown prokaryotes, also known as microbial dark matter, have been dominantly detected in all major environments on our planet. Laboratory cultures provide access to the complete genome and the means to experimentally verify genomic predictions and metabolic functions and to provide evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Without such well-documented reference data, microbial dark matter will remain a major blind spot in deep sequencing studies. Here, we review our current understanding of prokaryotic communities in Antarctic ice-free soils based on cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent approaches. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and how these strategies may be combined synergistically to strengthen each other and allow a more profound understanding of prokaryotic life on the frozen continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Guillaume Tahon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Pessi IS, Pushkareva E, Lara Y, Borderie F, Wilmotte A, Elster J. Marked Succession of Cyanobacterial Communities Following Glacier Retreat in the High Arctic. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:136-147. [PMID: 29796758 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are important colonizers of recently deglaciated proglacial soil but an in-depth investigation of cyanobacterial succession following glacier retreat has not yet been carried out. Here, we report on the successional trajectories of cyanobacterial communities in biological soil crusts (BSCs) along a 100-year deglaciation gradient in three glacier forefields in central Svalbard, High Arctic. Distance from the glacier terminus was used as a proxy for soil age (years since deglaciation), and cyanobacterial abundance and community composition were evaluated by epifluorescence microscopy and pyrosequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, respectively. Succession was characterized by a decrease in phylotype richness and a marked shift in community structure, resulting in a clear separation between early (10-20 years since deglaciation), mid (30-50 years), and late (80-100 years) communities. Changes in cyanobacterial community structure were mainly connected with soil age and associated shifts in soil chemical composition (mainly moisture, SOC, SMN, K, and Na concentrations). Phylotypes associated with early communities were related either to potentially novel lineages (< 97.5% similar to sequences currently available in GenBank) or lineages predominantly restricted to polar and alpine biotopes, suggesting that the initial colonization of proglacial soil is accomplished by cyanobacteria transported from nearby glacial environments. Late communities, on the other hand, included more widely distributed genotypes, which appear to establish only after the microenvironment has been modified by the pioneering taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Pessi
- InBioS - Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ekaterina Pushkareva
- Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté Stoce 3, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Yannick Lara
- InBioS - Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- UR Geology - Palaeobiogeology-Palaeobotany-Palaeopalynology, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août14, B18, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabien Borderie
- InBioS - Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté UsC INRA, Campus La Bouloie, Route de Gray 16, 25030, Besançon, France
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBioS - Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Josef Elster
- Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlaté Stoce 3, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, 37982, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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19
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Pessi IS, Lara Y, Durieu B, Maalouf PDC, Verleyen E, Wilmotte A. Community structure and distribution of benthic cyanobacteria in Antarctic lacustrine microbial mats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4935156. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Pessi
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Yannick Lara
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Durieu
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pedro de C Maalouf
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Elie Verleyen
- Research Group Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Allée du Six Août 13, B6a, Quartier Agora, Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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