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Sergeeva O, Akhmetova E, Dukova S, Beloglazkina E, Uspenskaya A, Machulkin A, Stetsenko D, Zatsepin T. Structure-activity relationship study of mesyl and busyl phosphoramidate antisense oligonucleotides for unaided and PSMA-mediated uptake into prostate cancer cells. Front Chem 2024; 12:1342178. [PMID: 38501046 PMCID: PMC10944894 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1342178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PS) group is a key component of a majority of FDA approved oligonucleotide drugs that increase stability to nucleases whilst maintaining interactions with many proteins, including RNase H in the case of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). At the same time, uniform PS modification increases nonspecific protein binding that can trigger toxicity and pro-inflammatory effects, so discovery and characterization of alternative phosphate mimics for RNA therapeutics is an actual task. Here we evaluated the effects of the introduction of several N-alkane sulfonyl phosphoramidate groups such as mesyl (methanesulfonyl) or busyl (1-butanesulfonyl) phosphoramidates into gapmer ASOs on the efficiency and pattern of RNase H cleavage, cellular uptake in vitro, and intracellular localization. Using Malat1 lncRNA as a target, we have identified patterns of mesyl or busyl modifications in the ASOs for optimal knockdown in vitro. Combination of the PSMA ligand-mediated delivery with optimized mesyl and busyl ASOs resulted in the efficient target depletion in the prostate cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that other N-alkanesulfonyl phosphoramidate groups apart from a known mesyl phosphoramidate can serve as an essential component of mixed backbone gapmer ASOs to reduce drawbacks of uniformly PS-modified gapmers, and deserve further investigation in RNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Sergeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. Akhmetova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. Dukova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Uspenskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Machulkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department for Biochemistry, People’s Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - D. Stetsenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T. Zatsepin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Zhang M, Ma X, Jin G, Han D, Xue J, Du Y, Chen X, Yang F, Zhao C, Zhang X. A Modified Method for Transient Transformation via Pollen Magnetofection in Lilium Germplasm. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15304. [PMID: 37894985 PMCID: PMC10607007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lily (Lilium spp.) is a popular ornamental plant. Traditional genetic transformation methods have low efficiency in lily, thus development of a high-efficiency genetic transformation system is important. In this study, a novel transient transformation method involving pollen magnetofection was established and optimized pollen viability, and exogenous gene expression in magnetofected pollen and that of different germplasm were assessed. The highest germination percentage of Lilium regale pollen was 85.73% in medium containing 100 g/L sucrose, 61.5 mg/L H3BO3, and 91.5 mg/L CaCl2. A 1:4 ratio of nanomagnetic beads to DNA plasmid and transformation time of 0.5 h realized the highest transformation efficiency (88.32%). The GFP activity in transformed pollen averaged 69.66%, while that of the control pollen was 0.00%. In contrast to the control, transgenic seedlings obtained by pollination with magnetofected pollen showed strong positive GUS activity with 56.34% transformation efficiency. Among the lily germplasm tested, 'Sweet Surrender' and L. leucanthum had the highest transformation efficiency (85.80% and 54.47%), whereas L. davidii var. willmottiae was not successfully transformed. Transformation efficiency was positively correlated with pollen equatorial diameter and negatively correlated with polar axis/equatorial diameter ratio. The results suggest that pollen magnetofection-mediated transformation can be applied in Lilium but might have species or cultivar specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xu Ma
- College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ge Jin
- College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dongyang Han
- College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chunli Zhao
- College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100097, China
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Yurchenko KA, Laikova KV, Golovkin IO, Novikov IA, Yurchenko AA, Makalish TP, Oberemok VV. Inhibitory Effect of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Complementary to G6PD mRNA on Murine Melanoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3180-3192. [PMID: 37185731 PMCID: PMC10137061 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In terms of the incidence among all tumors, skin cancer is on top, with the most deadly among them being melanoma. The search for new therapeutic agents to combat melanoma is very relevant. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) aimed at suppressing the genes responsible for their viability in cancer cells give hope for treatment, which makes it possible to eliminate cancer cells near the tumor site both before and after surgery. In this article, we describe how Skeen-11 phosphorothioate oligonucleotide significantly decreased the proliferative activity of murine melanoma cells. Injections of Skeen-11 also inhibited tumor growth in mice with inoculated melanoma. A toxicity study showed no side effects with dose adjustments. The results show that the use of ASO Skeen-11 in vivo reduced the tumor size within 7 days, reduced the number of mitoses in the tumor cells, and increased the amount of necrosis compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A Yurchenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Kateryna V Laikova
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Ilya O Golovkin
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Ilya A Novikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Alyona A Yurchenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Tatyana P Makalish
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Volodymyr V Oberemok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, Institute of Biochemical Technologies, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
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Saleh M, Abdel-Baki AAS, Dkhil MA, El-Matbouli M, Al-Quraishy S. Silencing of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90): Effect on development and infectivity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:62. [PMID: 36932404 PMCID: PMC10024447 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, an increasing number of ichthyophthiriasis outbreaks has been reported, leading to high economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. Although several strategies, including chemotherapeutics and immunoprophylaxis, have been implemented to control the parasite, no effective method is available. Hence, it is crucial to discover novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. For this reason, understanding the parasite stage biology, host-pathogen interactions, molecular factors, regulation of major aspects during the invasion, and signaling pathways of the parasite can promote further prospects for disease management. Unfortunately, functional studies have been hampered in this ciliate due to the lack of robust methods for efficient nucleic acid delivery and genetic manipulation. In the current study, we used antisense technology to investigate the effects of targeted gene knockdown on the development and infectivity of I. multifiliis. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and their gold nanoconjugates were used to silence the heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) of I. multifiliis. Parasite stages were monitored for motility and development. In addition, the ability of the treated parasites to infect fish and cause disease was evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrated that ASOs were rapidly internalized by I. multifiliis and distributed diffusely throughout the cytosol. Knocking down of I. multifiliis hsp90 dramatically limited the growth and development of the parasite. In vivo exposure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) showed reduced infectivity of ASO-treated theronts compared with the control group. No mortalities were recorded in the fish groups exposed to theronts pre-treated with ASOs compared with the 100% mortality observed in the non-treated control fish. CONCLUSION This study presents a gene regulation approach for investigating gene function in I. multifiliis in vitro. In addition, we provide genetic evidence for the crucial role of hsp90 in the growth and development of the parasite, suggesting hsp90 as a novel therapeutic target for successful disease management. Further, this study introduces a useful tool and provides a significant contribution to the assessing and understanding of gene function in I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | | | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
- Scchool of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nishina T, Fujita T, Yoshizuka N, Sugibayashi K, Murayama K, Kuboki Y. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and preliminary antitumour activity of an antisense oligonucleotide targeting STAT3 (danvatirsen) as monotherapy and in combination with durvalumab in Japanese patients with advanced solid malignancies: a phase 1 study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055718. [PMID: 36270753 PMCID: PMC9594513 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, preliminary antitumour activity and pharmacodynamics of danvatirsen, an antisense oligonucleotide targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), monotherapy and danvatirsen plus durvalumab, an antiprogrammed cell death ligand 1 monoclonal antibody, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. DESIGN Phase 1, open-label study with two cohorts. SETTING Two centres in Japan. PARTICIPANTS Japanese individuals aged ≥20 years, with histologically confirmed solid malignancies, except for hepatocellular carcinoma, refractory to standard therapy. INTERVENTIONS In cohort 1, patients received danvatirsen monotherapy; in cohort 2, patients received danvatirsen plus durvalumab combination therapy. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability based on adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoints were pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, antitumour activity and pharmacodynamics. RESULTS Eleven patients were assigned to treatment and included in the analysis. Danvatirsen dose reductions were only required in cohort 2 for hepatic function abnormal (alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/ aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT) increased), neutrophil count decreased and platelet count decreased. One patient experienced grade 3 ALT/AST increased and new appearance of eosinophilia as a dose-limiting toxicity. AEs were reported in 90.9% (10/11) patients. Commonly reported AEs causally related to the danvatirsen were platelet count decreased (60% (3/5)) and ALT/AST/γGT increased (50% (3/6)) in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively; none was causally related to durvalumab. One serious AE occurred in cohort 1 (pancreatitis; unrelated to study treatment). One case of ALT/AST/γGT increased occurred in cohort 2, leading to discontinuation. No AEs led to death. Danvatirsen did not accumulate in plasma after multiple dosing. In cohort 2, three patients had disease control at 12 weeks and one had unconfirmed partial response. STAT3 expression tended to decrease regardless of monotherapy or combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS Danvatirsen was well tolerated by Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours as monotherapy and combined with durvalumab. No new safety signals arose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03394144; ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishina
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujita
- Research & Development, AstraZeneca K.K, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yasutoshi Kuboki
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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Thakur S, Sinhari A, Jain P, Jadhav HR. A perspective on oligonucleotide therapy: Approaches to patient customization. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1006304. [PMID: 36339619 PMCID: PMC9626821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1006304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that the human genome encodes 15% of proteins that are considered to be disease-modifying. Only 2% of these proteins possess a druggable site that the approved clinical candidates target. Due to this disparity, there is an immense need to develop therapeutics that may better mitigate the disease or disorders aroused by non-druggable and druggable proteins or enzymes. The recent surge in approved oligonucleotide therapeutics (OT) indicates the imminent potential of these therapies. Oligonucleotide-based therapeutics are of intermediate size with much-improved selectivity towards the target and fewer off-target effects than small molecules. The OTs include Antisense RNAs, MicroRNA (MIR), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and aptamers, which are currently being explored for their use in neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and even orphan diseases. The present review is a congregated effort to present the past and present of OTs and the current efforts to make OTs for plausible future therapeutics. The review provides updated literature on the challenges and bottlenecks of OT and recent advancements in OT drug delivery. Further, this review deliberates on a newly emerging approach to personalized treatment for patients with rare and fatal diseases with OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Thakur
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
| | - Apurba Sinhari
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
| | - Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemant R. Jadhav
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani, RJ, India
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Sarıkaya Uzan G, Paketçi C, Günay Ç, Edem P, Özsoy Ö, Hız Kurul S, Yiş U. The Effect of Nusinersen Therapy on Laboratory Parameters of Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Neuropediatrics 2022; 53:321-329. [PMID: 35871521 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the effect of nusinersen on clinical and laboratory parameters and presented its safety and effect on laboratory parameters. METHODS Two groups were formed from among patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) followed up between September 2017 and June 2021: group 1, SMA type 1; group 2, SMA type 2 and 3. The laboratory parameters were evaluated in groups 1 and 2 between doses. Motor scale tests were performed on patients before each dose of nusinersen. RESULTS Twenty seven patients (group 1; n = 13, group 2; n = 14) were included. The mean age (±standard deviation) at the onset of symptoms was 3 ± 1.21 (range, 1.5-6) months in group 1 and 12 ± 4.27 (range, 8-24) months in group 2. No significant laboratory treatment-related abnormalities and adverse effects were observed. The cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and the frequency of conventional LP were higher in group 1. Serum creatinine (Cr) levels were higher in group 1 before the first dose and higher in group 2 before the fifth dose (p < 0.05). With treatment, the Cr levels of group 1 decreased and group 2 remained constant or increased. We observed that the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expand scores increased as our patients received treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results support the safety and efficacy of nusinersen. However, changes in Cr levels according to the clinical type and treatment suggested that serum Cr could be a candidate marker for treatment follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Sarıkaya Uzan
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cem Paketçi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çağatay Günay
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Edem
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özsoy
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Hız Kurul
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Uluç Yiş
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Barresi V, Musmeci C, Rinaldi A, Condorelli DF. Transcript-Targeted Therapy Based on RNA Interference and Antisense Oligonucleotides: Current Applications and Novel Molecular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168875. [PMID: 36012138 PMCID: PMC9408055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel target therapies based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is growing in an exponential way, challenging the chance for the treatment of the genetic diseases and cancer by hitting selectively targeted RNA in a sequence-dependent manner. Multiple opportunities are taking shape, able to remove defective protein by silencing RNA (e.g., Inclisiran targets mRNA of protein PCSK9, permitting a longer half-life of LDL receptors in heterozygous familial hypercholesteremia), by arresting mRNA translation (i.e., Fomivirsen that binds to UL123-RNA and blocks the translation into IE2 protein in CMV-retinitis), or by reactivating modified functional protein (e.g., Eteplirsen able to restore a functional shorter dystrophin by skipping the exon 51 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy) or a not very functional protein. In this last case, the use of ASOs permits modifying the expression of specific proteins by modulating splicing of specific pre-RNAs (e.g., Nusinersen acts on the splicing of exon 7 in SMN2 mRNA normally not expressed; it is used for spinal muscular atrophy) or by downregulation of transcript levels (e.g., Inotersen acts on the transthryretin mRNA to reduce its expression; it is prescribed for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis) in order to restore the biochemical/physiological condition and ameliorate quality of life. In the era of precision medicine, recently, an experimental splice-modulating antisense oligonucleotide, Milasen, was designed and used to treat an 8-year-old girl affected by a rare, fatal, progressive form of neurodegenerative disease leading to death during adolescence. In this review, we summarize the main transcriptional therapeutic drugs approved to date for the treatment of genetic diseases by principal regulatory government agencies and recent clinical trials aimed at the treatment of cancer. Their mechanism of action, chemical structure, administration, and biomedical performance are predominantly discussed.
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Czechtizky W, Su W, Ripa L, Schiesser S, Höijer A, Cox RJ. Advances in the design of new types of inhaled medicines. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 61:93-162. [PMID: 35753716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of small molecule drugs has proven very efficacious for the treatment of respiratory diseases due to enhanced efficacy and a favourable therapeutic index compared with other dosing routes. It enables targeted delivery to the lung with rapid onset of therapeutic action, low systemic drug exposure, and thereby reduced systemic side effects. An increasing number of pharmaceutical companies and biotechs are investing in new modalities-for this review defined as therapeutic molecules with a molecular weight >800Da and therefore beyond usual inhaled small molecule drug-like space. However, our experience with inhaled administration of PROTACs, peptides, oligonucleotides (antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, miRs and antagomirs), diverse protein scaffolds, antibodies and antibody fragments is still limited. Investigating the retention and metabolism of these types of molecules in lung tissue and fluid will contribute to understanding which are best suited for inhalation. Nonetheless, the first such therapeutic molecules have already reached the clinic. This review will provide information on the physiology of healthy and diseased lungs and their capacity for drug metabolism. It will outline the stability, aggregation and immunogenicity aspects of new modalities, as well as recap on formulation and delivery aspects. It concludes by summarising clinical trial outcomes with inhaled new modalities based on information available at the end of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werngard Czechtizky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Wu Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lena Ripa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schiesser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andreas Höijer
- Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism CMC Projects, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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10
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Happi Mbakam C, Lamothe G, Tremblay JP. Therapeutic Strategies for Dystrophin Replacement in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:859930. [PMID: 35419381 PMCID: PMC8995704 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.859930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked hereditary disease characterized by progressive muscle wasting due to modifications in the DMD gene (exon deletions, nonsense mutations, intra-exonic insertions or deletions, exon duplications, splice site defects, and deep intronic mutations) that result in a lack of functional dystrophin expression. Many therapeutic approaches have so far been attempted to induce dystrophin expression and improve the patient phenotype. In this manuscript, we describe the relevant updates for some therapeutic strategies for DMD aiming to restore dystrophin expression. We also present and analyze in vitro and in vivo ongoing experimental approaches to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Happi Mbakam
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Lamothe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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11
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Liu X, Wang Y, Effah CY, Wu L, Yu F, Wei J, Mao G, Xiong Y, He L. Endocytosis and intracellular RNAs imaging of nanomaterials-based fluorescence probes. Talanta 2022; 243:123377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Delivery of Oligonucleotides: Efficiency with Lipid Conjugation and Clinical Outcome. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020342. [PMID: 35214074 PMCID: PMC8879684 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides have shifted drug discovery into a new paradigm due to their ability to silence the genes and inhibit protein translation. Importantly, they can drug the un-druggable targets from the conventional small-molecule perspective. Unfortunately, poor cellular permeability and susceptibility to nuclease degradation remain as major hurdles for the development of oligonucleotide therapeutic agents. Studies of safe and effective delivery technique with lipid bioconjugates gains attention to resolve these issues. Our review article summarizes the physicochemical effect of well-studied hydrophobic moieties to enhance the cellular entry of oligonucleotides. The structural impacts of fatty acids, cholesterol, tocopherol, and squalene on cellular internalization and membrane penetration in vitro and in vivo were discussed first. The crucial assays for delivery evaluation within this section were analyzed sequentially. Next, we provided a few successful examples of lipid-conjugated oligonucleotides advanced into clinical studies for treating patients with different medical backgrounds. Finally, we pinpointed current limitations and outlooks in this research field along with opportunities to explore new modifications and efficacy studies.
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Barkau CL, O'Reilly D, Eddington SB, Damha MJ, Gagnon KT. Small nucleic acids and the path to the clinic for anti-CRISPR. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114492. [PMID: 33647260 PMCID: PMC8725204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-based therapeutics have entered clinical trials but no methods to inhibit Cas enzymes have been demonstrated in a clinical setting. The ability to inhibit CRISPR-based gene editing or gene targeting drugs should be considered a critical step in establishing safety standards for many CRISPR-Cas therapeutics. Inhibitors can act as a failsafe or as an adjuvant to reduce off-target effects in patients. In this review we discuss the need for clinical inhibition of CRISPR-Cas systems and three existing inhibitor technologies: anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins, small molecule Cas inhibitors, and small nucleic acid-based CRISPR inhibitors, CRISPR SNuBs. Due to their unique properties and the recent successes of other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, CRISPR SNuBs appear poised for clinical application in the near-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Barkau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Daniel O'Reilly
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Seth B Eddington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Keith T Gagnon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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14
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Isom LL, Knupp KG. Dravet Syndrome: Novel Approaches for the Most Common Genetic Epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1524-1534. [PMID: 34378168 PMCID: PMC8608987 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that is mainly associated with variants in SCN1A. While drug-resistant epilepsy is the most notable feature of this syndrome, numerous symptoms are present that have significant impact on patients' quality of life. In spite of novel, third-generation anti-seizure treatment options becoming available over the last several years, seizure freedom is often not attained and non-seizure symptoms remain. Precision medicine now offers realistic hope for seizure freedom in DS patients, with several approaches demonstrating preclinical success. Therapeutic approaches such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivered gene modulation have expanded the potential treatment options for DS, with some of these approaches now transitioning to clinical trials. Several of these treatments may risk the exacerbation of gain-of-function variants and may not be reversible, therefore emphasizing the need for functional testing of new pathogenic variants. The current absence of treatments that address the overall disease, in addition to seizures, exposes the urgent need for reliable, valid measures of the entire complement of symptoms as outcome measures to truly know the impact of treatments on DS. Additionally, with so many treatment options on the horizon, there will be a need to understand how to select appropriate patients for each treatment, whether treatments are complementary or adverse to each other, and long-term risks of the treatment. Nevertheless, precision therapeutics hold tremendous potential to provide long-lasting seizure freedom and even complete cures for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5632, USA.
| | - Kelly G Knupp
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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15
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Hammond SM, Sergeeva OV, Melnikov PA, Goli L, Stoodley J, Zatsepin TS, Stetsenko DA, Wood MJA. Mesyl Phosphoramidate Oligonucleotides as Potential Splice-Switching Agents: Impact of Backbone Structure on Activity and Intracellular Localization. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:190-200. [PMID: 33989066 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2'-deoxy and novel 2'-O-methyl and 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE) oligonucleotides with internucleotide methanesulfonyl (mesyl, μ) or 1-butanesulfonyl (busyl, β) phosphoramidate groups has been synthesized for evaluation as potential splice-switching oligonucleotides. Evaluation of their splice-switching activity in spinal muscular atrophy patient-derived fibroblasts revealed no significant difference in splice-switching efficacy between 2'-MOE mesyl oligonucleotide and the corresponding phosphorothioate (nusinersen). Yet, a survival study with model neonatal mice has shown the antisense 2'-MOE mesyl oligonucleotide to be inferior to nusinersen at the highest dose of 40 mg/kg. A reason for their lower activity in vivo as ascertained by cellular uptake study by fluorescent confocal microscopy in HEK293 cell line could possibly be ascribed to compromised endosomal release and/or nuclear uptake of the 2'-OMe or 2'-MOE μ- and β-oligonucleotides compared to their phosphorothioate analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan M Hammond
- Department of Paediatrics and Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olga V Sergeeva
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Melnikov
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa Goli
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Stoodley
- Department of Paediatrics and Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timofei S Zatsepin
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Stetsenko
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics and Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Lee E, Cines DB, Gernsheimer T, Kessler C, Michel M, Tarantino MD, Semple JW, Arnold DM, Godeau B, Lambert MP, Bussel JB. Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:534-537. [PMID: 33606296 PMCID: PMC8014568 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Ju Lee
- Division of Hematology New York Presbyterian Hospital – Weill Cornell New York New York
| | - Douglas B. Cines
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | | | - Craig Kessler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Washington District of Columbia
| | - Marc Michel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri‐Mondor Université Paris Est Creteil Creteil France
| | - Michael D. Tarantino
- The Bleeding and Clotting Disorders Institute University of Illinois College of Medicine‐Peoria Peoria Illinois
| | - John W. Semple
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Donald M. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Bertrand Godeau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri‐Mondor Université Paris Est Creteil Creteil France
| | - Michele P. Lambert
- Division of Hematology Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - James B. Bussel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology New York Presbyterian Hospital – Weill Cornell New York New York
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17
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Stolte B, Nonnemacher M, Kizina K, Bolz S, Totzeck A, Thimm A, Wagner B, Deuschl C, Kleinschnitz C, Hagenacker T. Nusinersen treatment in adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy: a safety analysis of laboratory parameters. J Neurol 2021; 268:4667-4679. [PMID: 33899154 PMCID: PMC8563549 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Nusinersen is an intrathecally administered antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that improves motor function in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In addition to efficacy, the safety of a therapy is the decisive factor for the success of the treatment. For some ASOs, various organ toxicities have been described, such as thrombocytopenia, renal and liver impairment, or coagulation abnormalities. However, systematic data on laboratory parameters under treatment with nusinersen are mainly available from studies in infants and children. Therefore, our aim was to assess the safety of nusinersen therapy in adult SMA patients. Methods Laboratory data from 404 nusinersen injections performed in 50 adult patients with SMA type 2 and type 3 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The total observation period was 76.9 patient-years, and patients received up to 12 injections. Our data provides no new safety concerns. In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the mean white blood cell count and lactate remained stable over time. Total CSF protein increased by 2.9 mg/dL. No change in mean platelet count was observed under therapy. Only one patient showed sporadic mild thrombocytopenia. Coagulation parameters and inflammatory markers were stable. The mean creatinine level decreased by 0.09 mg/dL. Analysis of mean liver enzyme levels revealed no relevant changes during treatment. Conclusion Our data demonstrate a favorable safety profile of nusinersen therapy in adult SMA patients under longer-term “real-world” conditions. In particular, we found no evidence of clinically relevant platelet declines, coagulopathies, or renal or hepatic organ toxicities, which are common concerns with the use of ASOs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-021-10569-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stolte
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Nonnemacher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kizina
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Saskia Bolz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Totzeck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Thimm
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Deuschl
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Hagenacker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany. .,Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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18
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Makalish TP, Golovkin IO, Oberemok VV, Laikova KV, Temirova ZZ, Serdyukova OA, Novikov IA, Rosovskyi RA, Gordienko AI, Zyablitskaya EY, Gafarova EA, Yurchenko KA, Fomochkina II, Kubyshkin AV. Anti-Rheumatic Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide Cytos-11 Targeting TNF-α Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031022. [PMID: 33498456 PMCID: PMC7864158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgency of the search for inexpensive and effective drugs with localized action for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis continues unabated. In this study, for the first time we investigated the Cytos-11 antisense oligonucleotide suppression of TNF-α gene expression in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. Cytos-11 has been shown to effectively reduce peripheral blood concentrations of TNF-α, reduce joint inflammation, and reduce pannus development. The results achieved following treatment with the antisense oligonucleotide Cytos-11 were similar to those of adalimumab (Humira®); they also compared favorably with those results, which provides evidence of the promise of drugs based on antisense technologies in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana P. Makalish
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Ilya O. Golovkin
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
- Correspondence: (I.O.G); (V.V.O.); Tel.: +7-978-814-68-66 (V.V.O.)
| | - Volodymyr V. Oberemok
- Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Av. 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia; (K.V.L.); (O.A.S.); (I.A.N.); (R.A.R.)
- Nikita Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Centre Russian Academy of Sciences, 298648, Simferopol, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.O.G); (V.V.O.); Tel.: +7-978-814-68-66 (V.V.O.)
| | - Kateryna V. Laikova
- Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Av. 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia; (K.V.L.); (O.A.S.); (I.A.N.); (R.A.R.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, 295005 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Zenure Z. Temirova
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Olesya A. Serdyukova
- Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Av. 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia; (K.V.L.); (O.A.S.); (I.A.N.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Ilya A. Novikov
- Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Av. 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia; (K.V.L.); (O.A.S.); (I.A.N.); (R.A.R.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, 295005 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Roman A. Rosovskyi
- Taurida Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Vernadsky Av. 4, 295007 Simferopol, Russia; (K.V.L.); (O.A.S.); (I.A.N.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Andrey I. Gordienko
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Yu. Zyablitskaya
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Elvina A. Gafarova
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Kseniya A. Yurchenko
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Iryna I. Fomochkina
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Anatoly V. Kubyshkin
- Medical Academy Named after S.I. Georgievsky, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Lenin Boulevard 5/7, 295051 Simferopol, Russia; (T.P.M.); (Z.Z.T.); (A.I.G.); (E.Y.Z.); (E.A.G.); (K.A.Y.); (I.I.F.); (A.V.K.)
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19
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Zaslavsky A, Adams M, Cao X, Yamaguchi A, Henderson J, Busch-Østergren P, Udager A, Pitchiaya S, Tourdot B, Kasputis T, Church SJ, Lee SK, Ohl S, Patel S, Morgan TM, Alva A, Wakefield TW, Reichert Z, Holinstat M, Palapattu GS. Antisense oligonucleotides and nucleic acids generate hypersensitive platelets. Thromb Res 2021; 200:64-71. [PMID: 33540294 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the great promise for therapies using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), their adverse effects, which include pro-inflammatory effects and thrombocytopenia, have limited their use. Previously, these effects have been linked to the phosphorothioate (PS) backbone necessary to prevent rapid ASO degradation in plasma. The main aim of this study was to assess the impact of the nucleic acid portion of an ASO-type drug on platelets and determine if it may contribute to thrombosis or thrombocytopenia. METHODS Platelets were isolated from healthy donors and men with advanced prostate cancer. Effects of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), oligonucleotides, gDNA, and microRNA on platelet activation and aggregation were evaluated. A mouse model of lung thrombosis was used to confirm the effects of PS-modified oligonucleotides in vivo. RESULTS Platelet exposure to gDNA, miRNA, and oligonucleotides longer than 16-mer at a concentration above 8 mM resulted in the formation of hypersensitive platelets, characterized by an increased sensitivity to low-dose thrombin (0.1 nM) and increase in p-Selectin expression (6-8 fold greater than control; p < 0.001). The observed nucleic acid (NA) effects on platelets were toll-like receptor (TLR) -7 subfamily dependent. Injection of a p-Selectin inhibitor significantly (p = 0.02) reduced the formation of oligonucleotide-associated pulmonary microthrombosis in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that platelet exposure to nucleic acids independent of the presence of a PS modification leads to a generation of hypersensitive platelets and requires TLR-7 subfamily receptors. ASO studies conducted in cancer patients may benefit from testing the ASO effects on platelets ex vivo before initiation of patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zaslavsky
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Mackenzie Adams
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiu Cao
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adriana Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James Henderson
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Aaron Udager
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Tourdot
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tadas Kasputis
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel J Church
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samantha K Lee
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sydney Ohl
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shivam Patel
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ajjai Alva
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas W Wakefield
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Conrad Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachery Reichert
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ganesh S Palapattu
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Gheibi-Hayat SM, Jamialahmadi K. Antisense Oligonucleotide (AS-ODN) Technology: Principle, Mechanism and Challenges. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:1086-1094. [PMID: 32964539 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there is a hopefully tremendous interest in antisense therapeutics for clinical purposes. Single-stranded synthetic antisense oligonucleotides (As-ODNs) with monomers of chemically modified 18-21 deoxynucleotides complement the mRNA sequence in target gene. The target gene expression can be blocked because of created cleavage or disability of the mRNA by binding the As-ODNs to cognate mRNA sequences via sequence-specific hybridization. The idea of antisense therapy has become particular concerning that any sequence longer than a minimal number of nucleotides (17 for DNA and 13 for RNA) can be observed only once within the human genome. The mRNA is omnipresent more probably to manipulate compared to DNA, which results in multiple in vitro and in vivo applications for As-ODNs in the field of regulatory mechanisms of biological processes, cancer, viral infections and hereditary impairments. Although, there are uncertain clinical outcomes on the ability of this approach in treatment procedures despite achieving promising findings based on previous investigations. Accordingly, the efficacy, off-target effects, delivery are issues that should be investigated to obtain satisfactory results. In this review, we will explain the mechanism of action of As-ODNs and various types of modifications and their therapeutic purposes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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Bosgra S, Sipkens J, de Kimpe S, den Besten C, Datson N, van Deutekom J. The Pharmacokinetics of 2'- O-Methyl Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotides: Experiences from Developing Exon Skipping Therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:305-322. [PMID: 31429628 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery to the target site and adversities related to off-target exposure have made the road to clinical success and approval of antisense oligonucleotide (AON) therapies challenging. Various classes of AONs have distinct chemical features and pharmacological properties. Understanding the similarities and differences in pharmacokinetics (PKs) among AON classes is important to make future development more efficient and may facilitate regulatory guidance of AON development programs. For the class of 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate (2OMe PS) RNA AONs, most nonclinical and clinical PK data available today are derived from development of exon skipping therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). While some publications have featured PK aspects of these AONs, no comprehensive overview is available to date. This article presents a detailed review of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of 2OMe PS AONs, compiled from publicly available data and previously unpublished internal data on drisapersen and related exon skipping candidates in preclinical species and DMD patients. Considerations regarding drug-drug interactions, toxicokinetics, and pharmacodynamics are also discussed. From the data presented, the picture emerges of consistent PK properties within the 2OMe PS class, predictable behavior across species, and a considerable overlap with other single-stranded PS AONs. A level of detail on muscle as a target tissue is provided, which was not previously available. Furthermore, muscle biopsy samples taken in DMD clinical trials allowed confirmation of the applicability of interspecies scaling approaches commonly applied in the absence of clinical target tissue data.
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22
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Lipid gene nanocarriers for the treatment of skin diseases: Current state-of-the-art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 137:95-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Designer nucleases are versatile tools for genome modification and therapy development and have gained widespread accessibility with the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) technology. Prokaryotic RNA-guided nucleases of CRISPR/Cas type, since first being adopted as editing tools in eukaryotic cells, have experienced rapid uptake and development. Diverse modes of delivery by viral and non-viral vectors and ongoing discovery and engineering of new CRISPR/Cas-type tools with alternative target site requirements, cleavage patterns and DNA- or RNA-specific action continue to expand the versatility of this family of nucleases. CRISPR/Cas-based molecules may also act without double-strand breaks as DNA base editors or even without single-stranded cleavage, be it as epigenetic regulators, transcription factors or RNA base editors, with further scope for discovery and development. For many potential therapeutic applications of CRISPR/Cas-type molecules and their derivatives, efficiencies still need to be improved and safety issues addressed, including those of preexisting immunity against Cas molecules, off-target activity and recombination and sequence alterations relating to double-strand-break events. This review gives a concise overview of current CRISPR/Cas tools, applications, concerns and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Patsali
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Carsten W Lederer
- Department of Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 6 International Airport Avenue, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Abstract
Systemic amyloidosis can be hereditary or acquired with autosomal dominant mutations in the transthyretin gene (TTR) being the most common cause of hereditary amyloidosis. ATTRm amyloidosis is a multi-system disorder with cardiovascular, peripheral and autonomic nerve involvement that can be difficult to diagnose due to phenotypic heterogeneity. This review will focus on the neuropathic manifestations of ATTRm, the genotype-phenotype variability, the diagnostic approach and the recent therapeutic advances in this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Kapoor
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Alexander M. Rossor
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Matilde Laura
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mary M. Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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An Integrated Safety Analysis of Infants and Children with Symptomatic Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Treated with Nusinersen in Seven Clinical Trials. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:919-932. [PMID: 31420846 PMCID: PMC6776494 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with nusinersen has demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful benefits in clinical trials in infants and children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to characterize the safety of nusinersen across the clinical trial program in infants and children with symptomatic SMA. METHODS An integrated safety analysis evaluated end of study data from seven completed clinical trials that enrolled infants and children with symptomatic SMA who were treated with intrathecal nusinersen or underwent sham procedures. Two of the studies were conducted in symptomatic infants with infantile-onset SMA (most likely to develop SMA type I or II) and the remaining five in symptomatic children and adolescents with later-onset SMA (have or are most likely to develop SMA type II or III). Safety assessments included incidence of adverse events (AEs), physical and neurological examinations, vital signs, clinical laboratory tests (serum chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), and electrocardiograms. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 323 infants and children, including 240 treated with nusinersen (100 with infantile-onset SMA and 140 with later-onset SMA) and 83 who underwent sham procedures (41 infantile-onset, 42 later-onset). Median (range) exposure to nusinersen was 449.0 (6-1538) days (375.9 participant-years). The most common AEs with nusinersen were pyrexia, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, vomiting, headache, and constipation. The incidence of serious AEs was lower with nusinersen than with the sham procedure (41% vs. 61%). The overall incidence of respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal AEs was higher in participants with symptomatic infantile-onset SMA than those with symptomatic later-onset SMA and similar in nusinersen- versus sham procedure-treated participants. Rates of post-lumbar puncture syndrome and related events were higher with nusinersen versus sham procedure in later-onset SMA participants. No abnormal patterns or trends in laboratory test results were observed. CONCLUSIONS Nusinersen demonstrated a favorable safety profile in children with symptomatic infantile- and later-onset SMA. Most reported AEs and serious AEs were consistent with the nature and frequency of events typically seen with SMA or in the context of lumbar puncture procedures. REGISTRATION NCT01494701, NCT01703988, NCT01839656, NCT02193074, NCT02292537, NCT01780246, NCT02052791.
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Cai Y, Makarova AM, Wengel J, Howard KA. Palmitoylated phosphodiester gapmer designs with albumin binding capacity and maintained in vitro gene silencing activity. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3025. [PMID: 29800498 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antisense gapmer oligonucleotide drugs require delivery and biodistribution enabling technologies to increase in vivo efficacy. An attractive approach is their binding and consequent transport by the endogenous human serum albumin pool as mediated by fatty acid incorporation into the gapmer design. METHODS The present study investigated the effect of palmitoyl modification and position on albumin-binding, cellular uptake and in vitro gene silencing of gapmers with either a phosphorothioate (PS) or phosphodiester (PO) backbone. RESULTS Two palmitoyls positioned exclusively at the 5' end, or a single palmitoyl at both the 3' and 5' positions, showed similar binding to human serum albumin as demonstrated by a gel-shift assay. Decreased cellular uptake determined by flow cytometry (27% compared to nonpalmitoyl gapmers) was observed for palmitoylated Cy5.5 labelled gapmers. However, HER3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3) gene silencing was exhibited by the palmitoylated gapmers with transfection agent in PC-3 and Caco-2 cells (68% and 62%, respectively), which was comparable to nonpalmitoyl gapmers (68% and 82%, respectively). Importantly, PO gapmers with a single palmitoyl positioned at both the 3' and 5' positions showed high silencing efficiencies (68% and 66% in PC-3 and Caco-2 cells, respectively) similar to those of PS nonpalmitoylated gapmers (67% and 66% in PC-3 and Caco-2 cells, respectively) in the absence of a transfection agent. CONCLUSIONS The present study defines phosphodiester gapmer design criteria exhibiting high gene silencing activity and albumin binding that may be utilized with potentially less in vivo toxicity that can be associated with phosphorothioate gapmer designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cai
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Wengel
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Zanardi TA, Kim TW, Shen L, Serota D, Papagiannis C, Park SY, Kim Y, Henry SP. Chronic Toxicity Assessment of 2'-O-Methoxyethyl Antisense Oligonucleotides in Mice. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:233-241. [PMID: 29708844 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) chemistry and screening have enabled the design and selection of molecules that are optimized for a particular therapeutic application in terms of both potency and tolerability. The most-well studied of the chemically modified ASOs are single-stranded antisense inhibitors with phosphorothioate backbones and 2'-O-methoxyethyl modifications (2'-MOE ASO). The 2'-MOE chemical modification in the design of the ASO has conferred increased hybridization affinity, increased stability, and/or enhanced tissue residence time, resulting in better potency and pharmacokinetics. Compound screening and selection are also important in optimizing the tolerability of intended therapeutic antisense inhibitors. In this study, we report the chronic toxicity of multiple 2'-MOE ASOs in mice for several representative compounds that have progressed to later phases of clinical development. The results show that these 2'-MOE ASOs selected for development have consistent behavior between sequences, have tolerability profiles suitable for chronic administration, and exhibit a relative lack of progression of findings observed in subchronic studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Zanardi
- 1 Department of Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals , Carlsbad, California
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- 1 Department of Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals , Carlsbad, California
| | - Lijiang Shen
- 1 Department of Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals , Carlsbad, California
| | - David Serota
- 2 7th Inning Stretch Consulting LLC , Mattawan, Michigan
| | - Chris Papagiannis
- 3 Department of General Toxicology, MPI Research , Mattawan, Michigan
| | - Shin-Young Park
- 4 Department of General Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunlip Kim
- 4 Department of General Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott P Henry
- 1 Department of Nonclinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals , Carlsbad, California
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Arriaga-Canon C, De La Rosa-Velázquez IA, González-Barrios R, Montiel-Manríquez R, Oliva-Rico D, Jiménez-Trejo F, Cortés-González C, Herrera LA. The use of long non-coding RNAs as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20872-20890. [PMID: 29755696 PMCID: PMC5945524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The most used biomarker to detect prostate cancer is Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), whose levels are measured in serum. However, it has been recently established that molecular markers of cancer should not be based solely on genes and proteins but should also reflect other genomic traits; long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve this purpose. lncRNAs are transcripts of >200 bases that do not encode proteins and that have been shown to display abnormal expression profiles in different types of cancer. Experimental studies have highlighted lncRNAs as potential biomarkers for prognoses and treatments in patients with different types of cancer, including prostate cancer, where the PCA3 lncRNA is currently used as a diagnostic tool and management strategy. With the development of genomic technologies, particularly next-generation sequencing (NGS), several other lncRNAs have been linked to prostate cancer and are currently under validation for their medical use. In this review, we will discuss different strategies for the discovery of novel lncRNAs that can be evaluated as prognostic biomarkers, the clinical impact of these lncRNAs and how lncRNAs can be used as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inti Alberto De La Rosa-Velázquez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Laboratorio de Genómica, CIC-Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, INCMNSZ, Colonia Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan C.P.14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Tlalpan. C.P. 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Montiel-Manríquez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Tlalpan. C.P. 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Diego Oliva-Rico
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Tlalpan. C.P. 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Carlo Cortés-González
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Tlalpan. C.P. 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Tlalpan. C.P. 14080, CDMX, Mexico
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Krizkova S, Kepinska M, Emri G, Eckschlager T, Stiborova M, Pokorna P, Heger Z, Adam V. An insight into the complex roles of metallothioneins in malignant diseases with emphasis on (sub)isoforms/isoforms and epigenetics phenomena. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 183:90-117. [PMID: 28987322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) belong to a group of small cysteine-rich proteins that are ubiquitous throughout all kingdoms. The main function of MTs is scavenging of free radicals and detoxification and homeostating of heavy metals. In humans, 16 genes localized on chromosome 16 have been identified to encode four MT isoforms labelled by numbers (MT-1-MT-4). MT-2, MT-3 and MT-4 proteins are encoded by a single gene. MT-1 comprises many (sub)isoforms. The known active MT-1 genes are MT-1A, -1B, -1E, -1F, -1G, -1H, -1M and -1X. The rest of the MT-1 genes (MT-1C, -1D, -1I, -1J and -1L) are pseudogenes. The expression and localization of individual MT (sub)isoforms and pseudogenes vary at intra-cellular level and in individual tissues. Changes in MT expression are associated with the process of carcinogenesis of various types of human malignancies, or with a more aggressive phenotype and therapeutic resistance. Hence, MT (sub)isoform profiling status could be utilized for diagnostics and therapy of tumour diseases. This review aims on a comprehensive summary of methods for analysis of MTs at (sub)isoforms levels, their expression in single tumour diseases and strategies how this knowledge can be utilized in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pokorna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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The role of antisense oligonucleotide therapy against apolipoprotein-CIII in hypertriglyceridemia. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2017; 30:19-27. [PMID: 29096837 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased triglyceride levels (higher than ∼1000 mg/dL) are associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis. Apolipoprotein-CIII (apo-CIII) plays a key role in the metabolism of triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. While loss of function mutations in the gene encoding apo-CIII (APOC3) are associated with low triglyceride levels and a decreased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), overexpression of APOC3 is associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Although many drugs such as fibrates, statins and omega-3 fatty acids modestly decrease triglyceride levels (and apo-CIII concentrations), there are many patients who still have severe hypertriglyceridemia and are at risk for pancreatitis and potentially CVD. The antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against APOC3 mRNA volanesorsen (previously called ISIS 304801, ISIS-ApoCIIIRx and IONIS-ApoCIIIRx) robustly decreases both, apo-CIII production and triglyceride concentrations and is being currently evaluated in phase 3 trials. In this narrative review we present the currently available clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of volanesorsen for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.
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Migault M, Donnou-Fournet E, Galibert MD, Gilot D. Definition and identification of small RNA sponges: Focus on miRNA sequestration. Methods 2016; 117:35-47. [PMID: 27876678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting RNAs appears as an important opportunity to modulate biological processes. Here, we overviewed critical parameters implied in RNAs competition to bind small RNAs. These competitions influence small RNA availability and thereby gene expression and cell fate. We focused on the ability of RNAs to sequester small RNA, mainly the microRNAs (miRNAs) and proposed experimental workflows to demonstrate the existence and activity of RNA-sponge. From this basic science, we detailed tailored oligonucleotides, developed to challenge the binding of small RNA. In vitro and in vivo, these tailored oligonucleotides efficiently restore small RNA activity by preventing their sequestration on RNA-sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Migault
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Cancer Research Association (ARC) Labelled Team, France
| | - Emmanuelle Donnou-Fournet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Cancer Research Association (ARC) Labelled Team, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Cancer Research Association (ARC) Labelled Team, France; Department of Medical Genomic, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.
| | - David Gilot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Cancer Research Association (ARC) Labelled Team, France.
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Wan J, Bauman JA, Graziewicz MA, Sazani P, Kole R. Oligonucleotide therapeutics in cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 158:213-33. [PMID: 24222360 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in pre-mRNA splicing can have profound effects on gene expression and lead to cellular transformation. Oligonucleotide therapeutics are drugs that manipulate gene expression and improve the disease state. Antisense oligonucleotides hybridize with a target mRNA to downregulate gene expression via an RNase H-dependent mechanism. Additionally, RNase H-independent splice switching oligonucleotides (SSO) modulate alternative or aberrant splicing, to favor the therapeutically relevant splicing product. This chapter summarizes the progress made in the application of these oligonucleotide drugs in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- AVI Biopharma, 3450 Monte Villa Parkway, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
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Juliano RL. The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6518-48. [PMID: 27084936 PMCID: PMC5001581 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligonucleotide therapeutics field has seen remarkable progress over the last few years with the approval of the first antisense drug and with promising developments in late stage clinical trials using siRNA or splice switching oligonucleotides. However, effective delivery of oligonucleotides to their intracellular sites of action remains a major issue. This review will describe the biological basis of oligonucleotide delivery including the nature of various tissue barriers and the mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides. It will then examine a variety of current approaches for enhancing the delivery of oligonucleotides. This includes molecular scale targeted ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, antibody conjugates and small molecules that improve oligonucleotide delivery. The merits and liabilities of these approaches will be discussed in the context of the underlying basic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph L Juliano
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy and UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Immunological and hematological toxicities challenging clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1023-48. [PMID: 26017628 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1014794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleic acid-based therapeutics (NATs) are proven agents in correcting disorders caused by gene mutations, as treatments against cancer, microbes and viruses, and as vaccine adjuvants. Although many traditional small molecule NATs have been approved for clinical use, commercialization of macromolecular NATs has been considerably slower, and only a few have successfully reached the market. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of macromolecular NATs has revealed many assorted challenges in immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, pharmacokinetics (PKs), toxicology and formulation. Extensive review has been given to the PK and toxicological concerns of NATs including approaches designed to overcome these issues. Immunological and hematological issues are a commonly reported side effect of NAT treatment; however, literature exploring the mechanistic background of these effects is sparse. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the immunomodulatory properties of various types of therapeutic nucleic acid concepts. The most commonly observed immunological and hematological toxicities are described for various NAT classes, with citations of how to circumvent these toxicities. EXPERT OPINION Although some success with overcoming immunological and hematological toxicities of NATs has been achieved in recent years, immunostimulation remains the main dose-limiting factor challenging clinical translation of these promising therapies. Novel delivery vehicles should be considered to overcome this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program , P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 , USA +1 301 846 6939 ; +1 301 846 6399 ;
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35
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Phase I clinical study of the toll-like receptor 9 agonist MGN1703 in patients with metastatic solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:146-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Huo S, Jin S, Ma X, Xue X, Yang K, Kumar A, Wang PC, Zhang J, Hu Z, Liang XJ. Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles as carriers for nucleus-based gene therapy due to size-dependent nuclear entry. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5852-62. [PMID: 24824865 PMCID: PMC4076024 DOI: 10.1021/nn5008572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the size-dependent penetration ability of gold nanoparticles and the potential application of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles for intranucleus delivery and therapy. We synthesized gold nanoparticles with diameters of 2, 6, 10, and 16 nm and compared their intracellular distribution in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Nanoparticles smaller than 10 nm (2 and 6 nm) could enter the nucleus, whereas larger ones (10 and 16 nm) were found only in the cytoplasm. We then investigated the possibility of using ultrasmall 2 nm nanoparticles as carriers for nuclear delivery of a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) that binds to the c-myc promoter. Compared to free TFO, the nanoparticle-conjugated TFO was more effective at reducing c-myc RNA and c-myc protein, which resulted in reduced cell viability. Our result demonstrated that the entry of gold nanoparticles into the cell nucleus is critically dependent on the size of the nanoparticles. We developed a strategy for regulating gene expression, by directly delivering TFOs into the nucleus using ultrasmall gold nanoparticles. More importantly, guidelines were provided to choose appropriate nanocarriers for different biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100049
| | - Shubin Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100049
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100049
| | - Xiangdong Xue
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100049
| | - Keni Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
| | - Anil Kumar
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
| | - Paul C. Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20060, United States
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhongbo Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100049
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No.11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, China 100190
- Address correspondence to ,
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Fey RA, Templin MV, McDonald JD, Yu RZ, Hutt JA, Gigliotti AP, Henry SP, Reed MD. Local and systemic tolerability of a 2'O-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide targeting interleukin-4 receptor-α delivery by inhalation in mouse and monkey. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:452-63. [PMID: 24932560 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.907587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) bind and facilitate degradation of RNA and inhibit protein expression in pathways not easily targeted with small molecules or antibodies. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 potentiate signaling through the shared IL-4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) subunit of their receptors. ASO targeting of IL-4Rα mRNA in a mouse model of asthma led to attenuation of airway hyperactivity, demonstrating potential benefit in asthma patients. This study focused on tolerability of inhaled IL-4Rα-targeting ASOs. Toxicity studies were performed with mouse- (ISIS 23189) and human-specific (ISIS 369645) sequences administered by inhalation. Four week (monkey) or 13 week (mouse) repeat doses at levels of up to 15 mg/kg/exposure (exp) and 50 mg/kg/exp, respectively, demonstrated dose-dependent effects limited to increases in macrophage size and number in lung and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The changes were largely non-specific, reflecting adaptive responses that occur during active exposure and deposition of ASO and other material in the lung. Reversibility was observed at a rate consistent with the kinetics of tissue clearance of ASO. Systemic bioavailability was minimal, and no systemic toxicity was observed at exposure levels appreciably above pharmacological doses and doses proposed for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Fey
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, CA , USA and
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Prado-Gotor R, López-Pérez G, Martín M, Cabrera-Escribano F, Franconetti A. Use of gold nanoparticles as crosslink agent to form chitosan nanocapsules: Study of the direct interaction in aqueous solutions. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 135:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sharma VK, Rungta P, Prasad AK. Nucleic acid therapeutics: basic concepts and recent developments. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Kim TW, Kim KS, Seo JW, Park SY, Henry SP. Antisense oligonucleotides on neurobehavior, respiratory, and cardiovascular function, and hERG channel current studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 69:49-60. [PMID: 24211663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Safety Pharmacology studies were conducted in mouse, rat, and non-human primate to determine in vivo effects of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) on the central nervous system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system. Effects on the hERG potassium channel current was evaluated in vitro. METHODS ASOs contained terminal 2'-O-methoxyethyl nucleotides, central deoxy nucleotides, and a phosphorothioate backbone. Neurobehavior was evaluated by Functional Observatory Battery in rodents. Respiratory function was directly measured in rodents by plethysmograph; respiratory rate and blood gases were measured in monkey. Basic cardiovascular endpoints were measured in rat; cardiovascular evaluation in monkey involved implanted telemetry units. In single and repeat dose studies ASOs were administered by subcutaneous injection at up to 300 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg in mouse, rat, or monkey, respectively. Assays were performed in HEK293 or CHO-K1 cells, stably transfected with hERG cDNA, at ASO concentrations of up to 300 μM. RESULTS No apparent effects were noted for respiratory or CNS function. Continuous monitoring of the cardiovascular system in monkey demonstrated no ASO-related changes in blood pressures, heart rate, or ECG and associated parameters (i.e., QRS duration). Specific assessment of the hERG potassium channel indicated no potential for actions on ventricular repolarization or modest effects only at excessive concentrations. DISCUSSION The absence of direct actions on neurobehavior and respiratory function associated with the administration of ASOs in safety pharmacology core battery studies is consistent with published toxicology studies. The combination of in vitro hERG studies and in vivo studies in rat and monkey are consistent with no direct actions by ASOs on cardiac cell function or electrical conduction at relevant concentrations and dose levels. Taken as a whole, dedicated studies focused on the safety pharmacology of specific organ systems do not appear to add significant data for interpretation of potential adverse effects. The need for dedicated studies for future ASOs in the same class is questionable, as a more encompassing data set can be collected in repeat dose and longer-term toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA.
| | - Ki-Suk Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott P Henry
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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Abstract
Adequate therapies are lacking for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other neurodegenerative diseases. The ability to use antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target disease-associated genes by means of RNA may offer a potent approach for the treatment of these, and other, neurodegenerative disorders. In modifying the basic backbone chemistry, chemical groups, and target sequence, ASOs can act through numerous mechanisms to decrease or increase total protein levels, preferentially shift splicing patterns, and inhibit microRNAs, all at the level of the RNA molecule. Here, we discuss many of the more commonly used ASO chemistries, as well as the different mechanisms of action that can result from these specific chemical modifications. When applied to multiple neurodegenerative mouse models, ASOs that specifically target the detrimental transgenes have been shown to rescue disease associated phenotypes in vivo. These supporting mouse model data have moved the ASOs from the bench to the clinic, with two neuro-focused human clinical trials now underway and several more being proposed. Although still early in development, translating ASOs into human patients for neurodegeneration appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. DeVos
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Turowska A, Librizzi D, Baumgartl N, Kuhlmann J, Dicke T, Merkel O, Homburg U, Höffken H, Renz H, Garn H. Biodistribution of the GATA-3-specific DNAzyme hgd40 after inhalative exposure in mice, rats and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:365-72. [PMID: 23820074 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The DNAzyme hgd40 was shown to effectively reduce expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 RNA which plays an important role in the regulation of Th2-mediated immune mechanisms such as in allergic bronchial asthma. However, uptake, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of hgd40 have not been investigated yet. We examined local and systemic distribution of hgd40 in naive mice and mice suffering from experimental asthma. Furthermore, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics as a function of dose following single and repeated administration in rats and dogs. Using intranasal administration of fluorescently labeled hgd40 we demonstrated that the DNAzyme was evenly distributed in inflamed asthmatic mouse lungs within minutes after single dose application. Systemic distribution was investigated in mice using radioactive labeled hgd40. After intratracheal application, highest amounts of hgd40 were detected in the lungs. High amounts were also detected in the bladder indicating urinary excretion as a major elimination pathway. In serum, low systemic hgd40 levels were detected already at 5 min post application (p.a.), subsequently decreasing over time to non-detectable levels at 2h p.a. As revealed by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, trace amounts of hgd40 were detectable in lungs up to 7 days p.a. Also in the toxicologically relevant rats and dogs, hgd40 was detectable in blood only shortly after inhalative application. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile was dose and time dependent. Repeated administration did not lead to drug accumulation in plasma of dogs and rats. These pharmacokinetic of hgd40 provide guidance for clinical development, and support an infrequent and convenient dose administration regimen.
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Dorato MA, Buckley LA. Toxicology testing in drug discovery and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 19:Unit19.1. [PMID: 23045141 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.tx1901s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of toxicology studies in the drug discovery process is to evaluate the safety of potential drug candidates. This is accomplished using relevant animal models and validated procedures. The ultimate goal is to translate the animal responses into an understanding of the risk for human subjects. To this end the toxicologist must be aware of the international guidelines for safety evaluation as well as traditional and nontraditional toxicology models. As described in this unit, the typical toxicology profile consists of safety pharmacology, genetic toxicology, acute and subchronic toxicology, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and an evaluation of carcinogenic potential.
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Dirin M, Winkler J. Influence of diverse chemical modifications on the ADME characteristics and toxicology of antisense oligonucleotides. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:875-88. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.774366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Dirin
- University of Vienna, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ;
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Toxicity profile of the GATA-3-specific DNAzyme hgd40 after inhalation exposure. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:281-9. [PMID: 23266273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNAzymes are single-stranded catalytic DNA molecules that bind and cleave specific sequences in a target mRNA molecule. Their potential as novel therapeutic agents has been demonstrated in a variety of disease models. However, no studies have yet addressed their toxicology and safety pharmacology profiles in detail. Here we describe a detailed toxicological analysis of inhaled hgd40, a GATA-3-specific DNAzyme designed for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma. Subacute toxicity, immunotoxicity, and respiratory, cardiovascular, and CNS safety pharmacology were analyzed in rodents and non-rodents, and genotoxicity was assessed in human peripheral blood. Overall, hgd40 was very well tolerated when delivered by aerosol inhalation or slow intravenous infusion. Only marginal reversible histopathological changes were observed in the lungs of rats receiving the highest dose of inhaled hgd40. The changes consisted of slight mononuclear cell infiltration and alveolar histiocytosis, and moderate hyperplasia of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. No local or systemic adverse effects were observed in dogs. No compound-related respiratory, cardiovascular, or CNS adverse events were observed. The only relevant immunological findings were very slight dose-dependent changes in interleukin-10 and interferon-γ levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Taken together, these results support direct delivery of a DNAzyme via inhalation for the treatment of respiratory disease.
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Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Hrabeta J, Adam V, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Metallothioneins and zinc in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:287-301. [PMID: 23050852 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.725414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are involved in protection against oxidative stress (OS) and toxic metals and they participate in zinc metabolism and its homeostasis. Disturbing of zinc homeostasis can lead to formation of reactive oxygen species, which can result in OS causing alterations in immunity, aging, and civilization diseases, but also in cancer development. It is not surprising that altered zinc metabolism and expression of MTs are of great interest in the case of studying of oncogenesis and cancer prognosis. The role of MTs and zinc in cancer development is tightly connected, and the structure and function of MTs are strongly dependent on Zn²⁺ redox state and its binding to proteins. Antiapoptic effects of MTs and their interactions with proteins nuclear factor kappa B, protein kinase C, esophageal cancer-related gene, and p53 as well as the role of MTs in their proliferation, immunomodulation, enzyme activation, and interaction with nitric oxide are reviewed. Utilization of MTs in cancer diagnosis and therapy is summarized and their importance for chemoresistance is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Beaulieu CL, Samuels ME, Ekins S, McMaster CR, Edwards AM, Krainer AR, Hicks GG, Frey BJ, Boycott KM, Mackenzie AE. A generalizable pre-clinical research approach for orphan disease therapy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:39. [PMID: 22704758 PMCID: PMC3458970 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of next-generation DNA sequencing, the pace of inherited orphan disease gene identification has increased dramatically, a situation that will continue for at least the next several years. At present, the numbers of such identified disease genes significantly outstrips the number of laboratories available to investigate a given disorder, an asymmetry that will only increase over time. The hope for any genetic disorder is, where possible and in addition to accurate diagnostic test formulation, the development of therapeutic approaches. To this end, we propose here the development of a strategic toolbox and preclinical research pathway for inherited orphan disease. Taking much of what has been learned from rare genetic disease research over the past two decades, we propose generalizable methods utilizing transcriptomic, system-wide chemical biology datasets combined with chemical informatics and, where possible, repurposing of FDA approved drugs for pre-clinical orphan disease therapies. It is hoped that this approach may be of utility for the broader orphan disease research community and provide funding organizations and patient advocacy groups with suggestions for the optimal path forward. In addition to enabling academic pre-clinical research, strategies such as this may also aid in seeding startup companies, as well as further engaging the pharmaceutical industry in the treatment of rare genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandree L Beaulieu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Taib N, Aimé A, Houmadi S, Castano S, Barthélémy P, Laguerre M, Bestel I. Chemical details on nucleolipid supramolecular architecture: molecular modeling and physicochemical studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7452-7460. [PMID: 22482866 DOI: 10.1021/la300744x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolipids are currently under investigation as vectors for oligonucleotides (ON) delivery thanks to their supramolecular organization properties and their ability to develop specific interactions (i.e., stacking and potential Watson and Crick hydrogen bonds) for lipoplexes formation. To investigate the factors that govern the interaction events at a molecular level and optimize nucleolipid chemical structures, physicochemical experiments (tensiometry, AFM, BAM, and ellipsometry) combined with molecular dynamics simulation were performed on a series of zwitterionic nucleolipids (PUPC, DPUPC, PAPC) featuring a phosphocholine chain (PC). After construction and initial equilibration, simulations of pure nucleolipid bilayers were run for 100 ns at constant temperature and pressure, and their properties were compared to experimental data and to natural dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. Nucleolipid-based membranes are significantly more ordered and compact than DPPC bilayers mainly due to the presence of many intermolecular interactions between nucleoside polar heads. The hydrophilic phosphocholine moieties connected to the 5' hydroxyls are located above the bilayers, penalizing nucleic bases accessibility for further interactions with ON. Hence, a neutral nucleolipid (PUOH) without hydrophilic phosphocholine was inserted in the membranes. Simulations and experimental analysis of nucleolipid membranes in interaction with a single strand RNA structure indicate that PUOH interacts with ON in the subphase. This study demonstrates that molecular modeling can be used to determine the interactions between oligonucleotide and nucleolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Taib
- Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, F-33076, France
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Burel SA, Machemer T, Ragone FL, Kato H, Cauntay P, Greenlee S, Salim A, Gaarde WA, Hung G, Peralta R, Freier SM, Henry SP. Unique O-methoxyethyl ribose-DNA chimeric oligonucleotide induces an atypical melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-dependent induction of type I interferon response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:150-62. [PMID: 22505629 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.193789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) containing 2'-O-methoxyethyl ribose (2'-MOE) modifications have been shown to possess both excellent pharmacokinetic properties and robust pharmacological activity in several animal models of human disease. 2'-MOE ASOs are generally well tolerated, displaying minimal to mild proinflammatory effect at doses far exceeding therapeutic doses. Although the vast majority of 2'-MOE ASOs are safe and well tolerated, a small subset of ASOs inducing acute inflammation in mice has been identified. The mechanism for these findings is not clear at this point, but the effects are clearly sequence-specific. One of those ASOs, ISIS 147420, causes a severe inflammatory response atypical of this class of oligonucleotides characterized by induction in interferon-β (IFN-β) at 48 h followed by acute transaminitis and extensive hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis at 72 h. A large number of interferon-stimulated genes were significantly up-regulated in liver as early as 24 h. We speculated that a specific sequence motif might cause ISIS 147420 to be mistaken for viral RNA or DNA, thus triggering an acute innate immune response. ISIS 147420 toxicity was independent of Toll-like receptors, because there was no decrease in IFN-β in Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β or Myd88-deficient mice. The involvement of cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like pattern recognition receptors was also investigated. Pretreatment of mice with melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 ASOs, but not RIG-I or laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2) ASOs, prevented the increase in IFN-β and alanine aminotransferase induced by ISIS 147420. These results revealed a novel mechanism of oligonucleotide-mediated toxicity requiring both MDA5 and IPS-1 and resulting in the activation of the innate immune response.
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