1
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Chen X, Xiang W, Li L, Xu K. Copper Chaperone Atox1 Protected the Cochlea From Cisplatin by Regulating the Copper Transport Family and Cell Cycle. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:134-145. [PMID: 37859596 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231206665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant 1 copper chaperone (Atox1) may contribute to preventing DDP cochlear damage by regulating copper transport family and cell cycle proteins. A rat model of cochlear damage was developed by placing gelatin sponges treated with DDP in the cochlea. HEI-OC1 cells were treated with 133 μM DDP as a cell model. DDP-induced ototoxicity in rats was confirmed by immunofluorescence (IF) imaging. The damage of DDP to HEI-OC1 cells was assessed by using CCK-8, TUNEL, and flow cytometry. The relationship between Atox1, a member of the copper transport protein family, and the damage to in vivo/vitro models was explored by qRT-PCR, western blot, CCK-8, TUNEL, and flow cytometry. DDP had toxic and other side effects causing cochlear damage and promoted HEI-OC1 cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The over-expression of Atox1 (oe-Atox1) was accomplished by transfecting lentiviral vectors into in vitro/vivo models. We found that oe-Atox1 increased the levels of Atox1, copper transporter 1 (CTR1), and SOD3 in HEI-OC1 cells and decreased the expression levels of ATPase copper transporting α (ATP7A) and ATPase copper transporting β (ATP7B). In addition, the transfection of oe-Atox1 decreased cell apoptosis rate and the number of G2/M stage cells. Similarly, the expression of myosin VI and phalloidin of cochlea cells in vivo decreased. Atox1 ameliorated DDP-induced damage to HEI-OC1 cells or rats' cochlea by regulating the levels of members of the copper transport family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiren Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jiu Jiang No.1 People's Hospital, Jiujiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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2
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Huang X, Zhang M, Song Y, Sun B, Lin L, Song X, Li C. Integrated network pharmacology to investigate the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in the treatment of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3514-3525. [PMID: 37643320 PMCID: PMC10660626 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a natural drug for treating myocardial infarction (MI). However, the targets and mechanisms of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge in the treatment of MI are yet to be elucidated. Traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) data were used to screen out chemical constituents, and UniProt was used to predict relevant targets. Disease targets were obtained from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and GeneCards databases. We used the STRING platform to build a protein-protein interaction network and used Cytoscape_v3.8.1 software to make a Drug-Ingredients-Gene Symbols-Disease network map. The Metascape database was used to perform gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses for drug-disease overlapping gene symbols. The targets identified by network pharmacology were further verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Seventy-five active components of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge were obtained from the TCMSP database, while 370 disease targets and 29 cross-targets were obtained from the Genecards database. The KEGG pathway enrichment results suggested that the mechanism of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge in the treatment of MI was significantly related to the VEGF signalling pathway. In vitro and in vivo experiments were used to evaluate the reliability of some important active ingredients and targets. S. miltiorrhiza Bunge alleviated the damage to cardiac function, attenuated myocardial fibrosis and protected endothelial cell function by increasing the expression of TGF-β and VEGFA. S. miltiorrhiza Bunge showed the therapeutic effect of MI by promoting the expression of VEGFA signalling pathway, providing a reliable basis for exploring herbal treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- School of pharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Muxin Zhang
- First Clinical Medical CollegeShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Yu Song
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Bowen Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Lin Lin
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Xiaoli Song
- School of pharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
| | - Chao Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and PharmacyShandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinanChina
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3
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Guo J, Sun Y, Liu G. The mechanism of copper transporters in ovarian cancer cells and the prospect of cuproptosis. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112324. [PMID: 37481825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper transporters can not only carry copper (Cu) to maintain the homeostasis of Cu in cells but also transport platinum-based chemotherapy drugs. The effect of copper transporters on chemosensitivity has been demonstrated in a variety of malignancies. In addition, recent studies have reported that copper transporters can act as vectors to induce cuproptosis. Therefore, copper transporters can act on cells through different mechanisms to achieve different purposes. This review mainly describes the current research progress of the intracellular transport mechanism of copper transporters and cuproptosis, and prospects for the application of them in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.
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4
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Yang D, Xiao P, Qiu B, Yu HF, Teng CB. Copper chaperone antioxidant 1: multiple roles and a potential therapeutic target. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:527-542. [PMID: 37017692 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) was recently demonstrated to play a critical role in cellular physiological and biochemical processes, including energy production and maintenance, antioxidation and enzymatic activity, and signal transduction. Antioxidant 1 (ATOX1), a chaperone of Cu previously named human ATX1 homologue (HAH1), has been found to play an indispensable role in maintaining cellular Cu homeostasis, antioxidative stress, and transcriptional regulation. In the past decade, it has also been found to be involved in a variety of diseases, including numerous neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and metabolic diseases. Recently, increasing evidence has revealed that ATOX1 is involved in the regulation of cell migration, proliferation, autophagy, DNA damage repair (DDR), and death, as well as in organism development and reproduction. This review summarizes recent advances in the research on the diverse physiological and cytological functions of ATOX1 and the underlying mechanisms of its action in human health and diseases. The potential of ATOX1 as a therapeutic target is also discussed. This review aims to pose unanswered questions related to ATOX1 biology and explore the potential use of ATOX1 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Yang
- Animal Development Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Xiao
- Animal Development Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Botao Qiu
- Animal Development Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Fan Yu
- Animal Development Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- Animal Development Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Ogra Y, Tanaka YK, Suzuki N. Recent advances in copper analyses by inorganic mass spectrometry. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:2-6. [PMID: 35903601 PMCID: PMC9309087 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) participates in the biological redox reaction in the body, and its deficiency is fatal to the body. At the same time, Cu is extremely toxic when it exists in excess. Thus, the body has to tightly and spatiotemporally regulate the concentration of Cu within a physiological range by several groups of Cu-regulating proteins. However, entire mechanisms underlying the maintenance of Cu homeostasis in body and cells have not fully understood. It is necessary to analyze Cu itself in a body and in a cell to reveal the Cu homeostasis. In this review, recent advances in the analytical techniques to understand the Cu metabolism such as speciation, imaging and single-cell analysis of Cu were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Yu-ki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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6
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Wang M, Ma J, Wang X, Wang Z, Tang L, Chen H, Li Z. Detoxification of Cu(II) by the red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: from extracellular to intracellular. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10181-10190. [PMID: 33043391 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The red yeast (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: Rho) has abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and intracellular vesicles (Ves). This study explored the mechanisms of Rho to resist Cu toxicity from extracellular to intracellular, i.e., EPS, membrane, and Ves. The Cu2+ concentrations were set from 0 to 200 mg/L. In contrast to other heavy metals (e.g., Pb2+), low Cu2+ stress has no evident stimulation to EPS production. In particular, GSH content in EPS did not show significant changes. The Cu removal was decreased from ~ 35 to ~ 0% as Cu stress raised from 0 to 200 mg/L, which confirmed the low binding of Cu cations to EPS. Moreover, redox peaks at - 0.35 V (reduction) and - 0.02 V (oxidation) in EPS were observed based on electrochemical analysis. Subsequently, the potential Haber-Weiss reaction in EPS lowered fungal ability to shield against the Cu toxicity. Then, the contrast of Cu concentration between the extracellular and intracellular regions was enlarged. Moreover, the thickness of cell membrane decreased from 450 to 116 nm during the elevation of Cu stress. These accelerated the transport of Cu cations into intracellular, but the redox reaction in both cell membrane and intracellular region was limited. Under transmission electron microscopy, the intracellular Ves showed evident sorption of Cu cations (100 mg/L). However, the Ves started to deform and gradually lost their activity at 200 mg/L. Therefore, this study successfully elucidated the correlated extracellular and intracellular mechanisms of metal detoxification by yeast. KEY POINTS: •This study provides a comprehensive explanation for the invasion of Cu2+ into fungal (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) cells based on microbial physiological and biochemical analysis, electrochemical analysis, and transmitted electron microscopy. •Cu nanoparticles are involved in redox reactions in the EPS, thus greatly reducing the prophase protection for fungal cells by EPS. •At 200 mg/L Cu2+ stress, deformation of cell membrane intensifies the contrast of Cu concentrations between extra- and intracellular regions. This further suppresses the transportation of Cu2+ by intracellular vesicles. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingxuan Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyi Tang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoming Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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7
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In-silico analysis of novel p.(Gly14Ser) variant of ATOX1 gene: plausible role in modulating ATOX1-ATP7B interaction. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3307-3313. [PMID: 30980273 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical heterogeneity is commonly observed in Wilson disease (WD), including cases with identical ATP7B mutations. It is thought to be an outcome of impairment in other genes involved in cellular copper homeostasis in addition to the mutations in the ATP7B gene. ATOX1, a copper chaperone that delivers copper to ATP7B, is a potential genetic modifier of WD. In the present study, we analyzed the genetic variations in the ATOX1 gene in 50 WD patients and 60 controls. We identified four novel variants, of which, the coding region variant c.40G > A, p.(Gly14Ser) was observed in 2% alleles. Interestingly, p.(Gly14Ser) was seen with an early onset age, reduced serum ceruloplasmin level and manifestations of liver and brain in a WD patient unlike the other having identical ATP7B mutation but normal ATOX1 alleles. Further, computational analysis predicted that p.(Gly14Ser) substitution, in the critical copper binding motif (MXCXG14C) of the protein, affects the protein-protein interaction involved in copper sharing and transfer between ATOX1 and ATP7B-MBD4. Our findings suggest that p.(Gly14Ser) variant of ATOX1 might play a role as a genetic modifier leading to phenotypic variation in WD.
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8
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Hatori Y, Inouye S, Akagi R. Thiol-based copper handling by the copper chaperone Atox1. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:246-254. [PMID: 28294521 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) plays a crucial role in cellular copper homeostasis. Atox1 captures cytosolic copper for subsequent transfer to copper pumps in trans Golgi network, thereby facilitating copper supply to various copper-dependent oxidereductases matured within the secretory vesicles. Atox1 and other copper chaperones handle cytosolic copper using Cys thiols which are ideal ligands for coordinating Cu(I). Recent studies demonstrated reversible oxidation of these Cys residues in copper chaperones, linking cellular redox state to copper homeostasis. Highlighted in this review are unique redox properties of Atox1 and other copper chaperones. Also, summarized are the redox nodes in the cytosol which potentially play dominant roles in the redox regulation of copper chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):246-254, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hatori
- Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sachiye Inouye
- Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Reiko Akagi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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9
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Ackerman CM, Lee S, Chang CJ. Analytical Methods for Imaging Metals in Biology: From Transition Metal Metabolism to Transition Metal Signaling. Anal Chem 2017; 89:22-41. [PMID: 27976855 PMCID: PMC5827935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M. Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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The Role of Copper Chaperone Atox1 in Coupling Redox Homeostasis to Intracellular Copper Distribution. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5030025. [PMID: 27472369 PMCID: PMC5039574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) is a small cytosolic protein with an essential role in copper homeostasis. Atox1 functions as a copper carrier facilitating copper transfer to the secretory pathway. This process is required for activation of copper dependent enzymes involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis, iron efflux, neovascularization, wound healing, and regulation of blood pressure. Recently, new cellular roles for Atox1 have emerged. Changing levels of Atox1 were shown to modulate response to cancer therapies, contribute to inflammatory response, and protect cells against various oxidative stresses. It has also become apparent that the activity of Atox1 is tightly linked to the cellular redox status. In this review, we summarize biochemical information related to a dual role of Atox1 as a copper chaperone and an antioxidant. We discuss how these two activities could be linked and contribute to establishing the intracellular copper balance and functional identity of cells during differentiation.
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11
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Kambe T, Takeda TA, Nishito Y. Activation of zinc-requiring ectoenzymes by ZnT transporters during the secretory process: Biochemical and molecular aspects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:37-42. [PMID: 27046342 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, about 1000 enzymes are estimated to bind zinc. In most of these enzymes, zinc is present at the active site; thus, these enzymes are functional as "zinc-requiring enzymes". Of these zinc-requiring enzymes, zinc-requiring ectoenzymes (defined as secretory, membrane-bound, and organelle-resident enzymes) have received much attention because of their important physiological functions, involvement in a number of diseases, and potential applications as therapeutic targets for diseases. Zinc-requiring ectoenzymes may become active by coordinating zinc at their active site during the secretory process, which requires elaborate control of zinc mobilization from the extracellular milieu to the cytosol and then lumen in the early secretory pathway. Therefore, zinc transporters should properly maintain the process at systemic, cellular, and subcellular levels by mobilizing zinc across biological membranes. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying this process. In this review, current knowledge of the activation process of zinc-requiring ectoenzymes by ZnT zinc transporters in the early secretory pathway is briefly reviewed at the molecular level, with a focus on tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, we also discuss whether zinc-chaperone proteins function during the activation of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Taka-Aki Takeda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukina Nishito
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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12
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Kimura T, Kambe T. The Functions of Metallothionein and ZIP and ZnT Transporters: An Overview and Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:336. [PMID: 26959009 PMCID: PMC4813198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 3000 proteins are thought to bind zinc in vivo, which corresponds to ~10% of the human proteome. Zinc plays a pivotal role as a structural, catalytic, and signaling component that functions in numerous physiological processes. It is more widely used as a structural element in proteins than any other transition metal ion, is a catalytic component of many enzymes, and acts as a cellular signaling mediator. Thus, it is expected that zinc metabolism and homeostasis have sophisticated regulation, and elucidating the underlying molecular basis of this is essential to understanding zinc functions in cellular physiology and pathogenesis. In recent decades, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered critical roles of a number of proteins in zinc metabolism and homeostasis through influxing, chelating, sequestrating, coordinating, releasing, and effluxing zinc. Metallothioneins (MT) and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP) and Zn transporters (ZnT) are the proteins primarily involved in these processes, and their malfunction has been implicated in a number of inherited diseases such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. The present review updates our current understanding of the biological functions of MTs and ZIP and ZnT transporters from several new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan.
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Barresi V, Spampinato G, Musso N, Trovato Salinaro A, Rizzarelli E, Condorelli DF. ATOX1 gene silencing increases susceptibility to anticancer therapy based on copper ionophores or chelating drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 156:145-52. [PMID: 26784148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a catalytic cofactor required for the normal function of many enzymes involved in fundamental biological processes but highly cytotoxic when in excess. Therefore its homeostasis and distribution is strictly regulated by a network of transporters and intracellular chaperones. ATOX1 (antioxidant protein 1) is a copper chaperone that plays a role in copper homeostasis by binding and transporting cytosolic copper to ATPase proteins in the trans-Golgi network. In the present study the Caco-2 cell line, a colon carcinoma cell line, was used as an in vitro model to evaluate if ATOX1 deficiency could affect sensitivity to experimentally induced copper dyshomeostasis. Silencing of ATOX1 increased toxicity of a short treatment with a high concentration of Cu(2+). Copper ionophores, such as 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, induced a copper-dependent cell toxicity which was significantly potentiated after ATOX1 silencing. The copper chelator TPEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine) produced a form of cell toxicity that was reversed by the addition of Cu(2+). ATOX1 silencing increased Caco-2 cell sensitivity to TPEN toxicity. Our results suggest the possibility of a therapy with copper-chelating or ionophore drugs in subtypes of tumors showing specific alterations in ATOX1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Council of Research, UOS Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Italy.
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14
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Hare DJ, New EJ. On the outside looking in: redefining the role of analytical chemistry in the biosciences. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8918-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry has much to offer to an improved understanding of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility
- University of Technology Sydney
- Broadway
- Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
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15
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Malinouski M, Hasan NM, Zhang Y, Seravalli J, Lin J, Avanesov A, Lutsenko S, Gladyshev VN. Genome-wide RNAi ionomics screen reveals new genes and regulation of human trace element metabolism. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3301. [PMID: 24522796 PMCID: PMC5578452 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements are essential for human metabolism and dysregulation of their homoeostasis is associated with numerous disorders. Here we characterize mechanisms that regulate trace elements in human cells by designing and performing a genome-wide high-throughput siRNA/ionomics screen, and examining top hits in cellular and biochemical assays. The screen reveals high stability of the ionomes, especially the zinc ionome, and yields known regulators and novel candidates. We further uncover fundamental differences in the regulation of different trace elements. Specifically, selenium levels are controlled through the selenocysteine machinery and expression of abundant selenoproteins; copper balance is affected by lipid metabolism and requires machinery involved in protein trafficking and post-translational modifications; and the iron levels are influenced by iron import and expression of the iron/haeme-containing enzymes. Our approach can be applied to a variety of disease models and/or nutritional conditions, and the generated data set opens new directions for studies of human trace element metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalai Malinouski
- 1] Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Nesrin M Hasan
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- 1] Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Jie Lin
- 1] Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China [2] Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Andrei Avanesov
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Hong-Hermesdorf A, Miethke M, Gallaher SD, Kropat J, Dodani SC, Chan J, Barupala D, Domaille DW, Shirasaki DI, Loo JA, Weber PK, Pett-Ridge J, Stemmler TL, Chang CJ, Merchant SS. Subcellular metal imaging identifies dynamic sites of Cu accumulation in Chlamydomonas. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:1034-42. [PMID: 25344811 PMCID: PMC4232477 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We identified a Cu-accumulating structure with a dynamic role in intracellular Cu homeostasis. During Zn limitation, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hyperaccumulates Cu, a process dependent on the nutritional Cu sensor CRR1, but it is functionally Cu deficient. Visualization of intracellular Cu revealed major Cu accumulation sites coincident with electron-dense structures that stained positive for low pH and polyphosphate, suggesting that they are lysosome-related organelles. Nano-secondary ion MS showed colocalization of Ca and Cu, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy was consistent with Cu(+) accumulation in an ordered structure. Zn resupply restored Cu homeostasis concomitant with reduced abundance of these structures. Cu isotope labeling demonstrated that sequestered Cu(+) became bioavailable for the synthesis of plastocyanin, and transcriptome profiling indicated that mobilized Cu became visible to CRR1. Cu trafficking to intracellular accumulation sites may be a strategy for preventing protein mismetallation during Zn deficiency and enabling efficient cuproprotein metallation or remetallation upon Zn resupply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hong-Hermesdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marcus Miethke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean D Gallaher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Janette Kropat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sheel C Dodani
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Dulmini Barupala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Dyna I Shirasaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peter K Weber
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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17
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Scheiber IF, Mercer JF, Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of copper in brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:33-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Roles of Atox1 and p53 in the trafficking of copper-64 to tumor cell nuclei: implications for cancer therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:427-38. [PMID: 24445997 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its cytotoxicity, free copper is chelated by protein side chains and does not exist in vivo. Several chaperones transport copper to various cell compartments, but none have been identified that traffic copper to the nucleus. Copper-64 decays by β (+) and β (-) emission, allowing positron emission tomography and targeted radionuclide therapy for cancer. Because the delivery of (64)Cu to the cell nucleus may enhance the therapeutic effect of copper radiopharmaceuticals, elucidation of the pathway(s) involved in transporting copper to the tumor cell nucleus is important for optimizing treatment. We identified Atox1 as one of the proteins that binds copper in the nucleus. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, positive and negative for Atox1, were used to determine the role of Atox1 in (64)Cu transport to the nucleus. Mouse embryonic fibroblast Atox1(+/+) cells accumulated more (64)Cu in the nucleus than did Atox1(-/-) cells. HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells expressing p53 (+/+) and not expressing p53 (-/-) were used to evaluate the role of this tumor suppressor protein in (64)Cu transport. In cells treated with cisplatin, the uptake of (64)Cu in the nucleus of HCT 116 p53(+/+) cells was greater than that in HCT 116 p53(-/-) cells. Atox1 expression increased in HCT 116 p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) cells treated with cisplatin; however, Atox1 localized to the nuclei of p53(+/+) cells more than in the p53(-/-) cells. The data presented here indicate that Atox1 is involved in copper transport to the nucleus, and cisplatin affects nuclear transport of (64)Cu in HCT 116 cells by upregulating the expression and the nuclear localization of Atox1.
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19
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Fujimoto S, Itsumura N, Tsuji T, Anan Y, Tsuji N, Ogra Y, Kimura T, Miyamae Y, Masuda S, Nagao M, Kambe T. Cooperative functions of ZnT1, metallothionein and ZnT4 in the cytoplasm are required for full activation of TNAP in the early secretory pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77445. [PMID: 24204829 PMCID: PMC3799634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation process of secretory or membrane-bound zinc enzymes is thought to be a highly coordinated process involving zinc transport, trafficking, transfer and coordination. We have previously shown that secretory and membrane-bound zinc enzymes are activated in the early secretory pathway (ESP) via zinc-loading by the zinc transporter 5 (ZnT5)-ZnT6 hetero-complex and ZnT7 homo-complex (zinc transport complexes). However, how other proteins conducting zinc metabolism affect the activation of these enzymes remains unknown. Here, we investigated this issue by disruption and re-expression of genes known to be involved in cytoplasmic zinc metabolism, using a zinc enzyme, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), as a reporter. We found that TNAP activity was significantly reduced in cells deficient in ZnT1, Metallothionein (MT) and ZnT4 genes (ZnT1(-/-) MT(-/-) ZnT4(-/-) cells), in spite of increased cytosolic zinc levels. The reduced TNAP activity in ZnT1(-/-) MT(-/-) ZnT4(-/-) cells was not restored when cytosolic zinc levels were normalized to levels comparable with those of wild-type cells, but was reversely restored by extreme zinc supplementation via zinc-loading by the zinc transport complexes. Moreover, the reduced TNAP activity was adequately restored by re-expression of mammalian counterparts of ZnT1, MT and ZnT4, but not by zinc transport-incompetent mutants of ZnT1 and ZnT4. In ZnT1(-/-) MT(-/-) ZnT4(-/-) cells, the secretory pathway normally operates. These findings suggest that cooperative zinc handling of ZnT1, MT and ZnT4 in the cytoplasm is required for full activation of TNAP in the ESP, and present clear evidence that the activation process of zinc enzymes is elaborately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Fujimoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumi Anan
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
- High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Miyamae
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Nagao
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hatori Y, Lutsenko S. An expanding range of functions for the copper chaperone/antioxidant protein Atox1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:945-57. [PMID: 23249252 PMCID: PMC3763234 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1 in human cells) is a copper chaperone for the copper export pathway with an essential role in cellular copper distribution. In vitro, Atox1 binds and transfers copper to the copper-transporting ATPases, stimulating their catalytic activity. Inactivation of Atox1 in cells inhibits maturation of secreted cuproenzymes as well as copper export from cells. RECENT ADVANCES Accumulating data suggest that cellular functions of Atox1 are not limited to its copper-trafficking role and may include storage of labile copper, modulation of transcription, and antioxidant defense. The conserved metal binding site of Atox1, CxGC, differs from the metal-binding sites of copper-transporting ATPases and has a physiologically relevant redox potential that equilibrates with the GSH:GSSG pair. CRITICAL ISSUES Tight relationship appears to exist between intracellular copper levels and glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. The biochemical properties of Atox1 place it at the intersection of cellular networks that regulate copper distribution and cellular redox balance. Mechanisms through which Atox1 facilitates copper export and contributes to oxidative defense are not fully understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The current picture of cellular redox homeostasis and copper physiology will be enhanced by further mechanistic studies of functional interactions between the GSH:GSSG pair and copper-trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hatori
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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21
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Kodama H, Fujisawa C, Bhadhprasit W. Inherited copper transport disorders: biochemical mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 13:237-50. [PMID: 21838703 PMCID: PMC3290776 DOI: 10.2174/138920012799320455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element required by all living organisms. Excess amounts of copper, however, results in cellular damage. Disruptions to normal copper homeostasis are hallmarks of three genetic disorders: Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome, and Wilson's disease. Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome are characterized by copper deficiency. Typical features of Menkes disease result from low copper-dependent enzyme activity. Standard treatment involves parenteral administration of copper-histidine. If treatment is initiated before 2 months of age, neurodegeneration can be prevented, while delayed treatment is utterly ineffective. Thus, neonatal mass screening should be implemented. Meanwhile, connective tissue disorders cannot be improved by copper-histidine treatment. Combination therapy with copper-histidine injections and oral administration of disulfiram is being investigated. Occipital horn syndrome characterized by connective tissue abnormalities is the mildest form of Menkes disease. Treatment has not been conducted for this syndrome. Wilson's disease is characterized by copper toxicity that typically affects the hepatic and nervous systems severely. Various other symptoms are observed as well, yet its early diagnosis is sometimes difficult. Chelating agents and zinc are effective treatments, but are inefficient in most patients with fulminant hepatic failure. In addition, some patients with neurological Wilson's disease worsen or show poor response to chelating agents. Since early treatment is critical, a screening system for Wilson's disease should be implemented in infants. Patients with Wilson's disease may be at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding the link between Wilson's disease and hepatocellular carcinoma will be beneficial for disease treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kodama
- Department of health Dietetics, Teikyo Heisei University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo.
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22
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Hatori Y, Clasen S, Hasan NM, Barry AN, Lutsenko S. Functional partnership of the copper export machinery and glutathione balance in human cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26678-87. [PMID: 22648419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.381178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells use the redox properties of copper in numerous physiologic processes, including antioxidant defense, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, and angiogenesis. Copper delivery to the secretory pathway is an essential step in copper utilization and homeostatic maintenance. We demonstrate that the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) pair controls the copper transport pathway by regulating the redox state of a copper chaperone Atox1. GSSG oxidizes copper-coordinating cysteines of Atox1 with the formation of an intramolecular disulfide. GSH alone is sufficient to reduce the disulfide, restoring the ability of Atox1 to bind copper; glutaredoxin 1 facilitates this reaction when GSH is low. In cells, high GSH both reduces Atox1 and is required for cell viability in the absence of Atox1. In turn, Atox1, which has a redox potential similar to that of glutaredoxin, becomes essential for cell survival when GSH levels decrease. Atox1(+/+) cells resist short term glutathione depletion, whereas Atox1(-/-) cells under the same conditions are not viable. We conclude that GSH balance and copper homeostasis are functionally linked and jointly maintain conditions for copper secretion and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hatori
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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23
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Miyayama T, Arai Y, Hirano S. [Environmental exposure to silver and its health effects]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2012; 67:383-389. [PMID: 22781012 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.67.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) possesses a well-known antibacterial activity and has been used for medical treatment and cosmetics such as wound dressing and deodorant powders. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) proposed that the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for both metallic and most soluble Ag compounds should be 0.01 mg/m3. Argyria and argyrosis are known to be caused by deposition of insoluble Ag in the dermis and cornea/conjunctiva. However, the metabolic behavior and biological roles of Ag have not been well characterized in mammals. Ag can be absorbed into the systemic circulation from drinking water, and also through parenteral routes such as inhalation and dermal exposure. Experimental studies have demonstrated that Ag+ induces and binds to metallothionein I and II (MTs), which are cysteine-rich proteins, in cells. MTs are major cytoplasmic metal binding proteins and thereby reduce cellular damage caused by toxic heavy metals including Ag. Profiles of Ag distribution in MTs and other Ag-binding proteins can be determined using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). This technique directly provides information on the intracellular behavior of Ag, which is important for elucidating the mechanism underlying Ag toxicity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are also commercially used mainly as antimicrobial agents. Despite the widespread use of AgNPs, relatively few studies have been undertaken to evaluate the health effects of AgNP exposure. In the present paper, we discuss the absorption, toxicodynamics, and metabolism of both Ag and AgNPs in mammals and their health effects.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu OGRA
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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25
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Abstract
The importance of transition metals in biological processes has been well established. Copper (Cu) is a transition metal that can exist in oxidised and reduced states. This allows it to participate in redox and catalytic chemistry, making it a suitable cofactor for a diverse range of enzymes and molecules. Cu deficiency or toxicity is implicated in a variety of pathological conditions; therefore inorganic complexes of Cu have been investigated for their therapeutic and diagnostic potential. These Cu complexes have been shown to be effective in cancer treatment due to their cytotoxic action on tumour cells. Alternatively, Cu complexes can also modulate Cu homeostasis in the brain, resulting in protective effects in several models of neurodegeneration. In other diseases such as coronary heart disease and skin disease, the success of Cu complexes as potential therapeutics will most likely be due to their ability to increase SOD activity, leading to relief of oxidative stress. This review seeks to provide a broad insight into some of the diverse actions of Cu complexes and demonstrate the strong future for these compounds as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Duncan
- Centre for Neuroscience & Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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26
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Hozumi I, Hasegawa T, Honda A, Ozawa K, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto K, Yamada M, Koumura A, Sakurai T, Kimura A, Tanaka Y, Satoh M, Inuzuka T. Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurol Sci 2011; 303:95-9. [PMID: 21292280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We measured the levels of some biological metals: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (52 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)), 21 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 20 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The diagnoses were additionally supported by neuroimaging techniques for AD and PD. In ALS, the levels of Mg (p<0.01 significant difference), Fe, Cu (p<0.05), and Zn (p<0.10) in CSF were higher than those in controls. Some patients showed very high levels of Cu and Zn before the critical deterioration of the disease. In AD, the levels of Cu and Zn in CSF were significantly higher in patients with late-onset AD (p<0.01). In PD, we found significantly increased levels of especially Cu and Zn in particular (p<0.01) and Mn (p<0.05) in CSF. A multiple comparison test suggested that the increased level of Mg in ALS and that of Mn in PD were the pathognomonic features. These findings suggest that Cu and Zn in particular play important roles in the onset and/or progression of ALS, AD, and PD. Therefore, Cu-chelating agents and modulators of Cu and Zn such as metallothionein (MT) can be new candidates for the treatment of ALS, AD, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Hozumi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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27
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Miyayama T, Ishizuka Y, Iijima T, Hiraoka D, Ogra Y. Roles of copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase 1 and metallothionein in copper homeostasis. Metallomics 2011; 3:693-701. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Chemical Toxicology and Environmental Health and High Technology Research Center, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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29
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Fitsanakis VA, Zhang N, Garcia S, Aschner M. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe): interdependency of transport and regulation. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:124-31. [PMID: 19921534 PMCID: PMC7909719 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are transition metals that are crucial to the appropriate growth, development, function, and maintenance of biological organisms. Because of their chemical similarity, in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals they share and compete for many protein transporters, such as the divalent metal transporter-1. As such, during conditions of low Fe, abnormal Mn accumulation occurs. Conversely, when Mn concentrations are altered, the homeostasis and deposition of Fe and other transition metals are disrupted. Our lab has undertaken a series of studies in rats involving pregnant dams, neo- and perinatal pups, and adult animals. Animals were exposed to various concentrations of dietary Fe and/or Mn, and protein transporter expression, blood Mn and Fe concentrations, brain transition metal concentrations, and temporal brain deposition patterns were examined. As a result, we have demonstrated the importance of the interdependence of the transport of Mn and Fe, and established brain metal concentrations in several longitudinal studies. The purpose of this review is to examine these studies in their entirety and highlight the importance of monitoring the deposition and accumulation of both Mn and Fe when designing future studies related to either dietary or environmental changes in transition metal levels. Finally, this review will provide information about various transport proteins currently under investigation in the research community related to Fe and Mn regulation and transport.
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30
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Roles of COMM-domain-containing 1 in stability and recruitment of the copper-transporting ATPase in a mouse hepatoma cell line. Biochem J 2010; 429:53-61. [PMID: 20433422 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel function of COMMD1 {COMM [copper metabolism MURR1 (mouse U2af1-rs1 region 1)]-domain-containing 1}, a protein relevant to canine copper toxicosis, was examined in the mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa 1-6 with multi-disciplinary techniques consisting of molecular and cellular biological techniques, speciation and elemental imaging. To clarify the function of COMMD1, COMMD1-knockdown was accomplished by introducing siRNA (small interfering RNA) into the cells. Although COMMD1-knockdown did not affect copper incorporation, it inhibited copper excretion, resulting in copper accumulation, which predominantly existed in the form bound to MT (metallothionein). It is known that the liver copper transporter Atp7b (ATP-dependent copper transporter 7beta), localizes on the trans-Golgi network membrane under basal copper conditions and translocates to cytoplasmic vesicles to excrete copper when its concentration exceeds a certain threshold, with the vesicles dispersing in the periphery of the cell. COMMD1-knockdown reduced the expression of Atp7b, and abolished the relocation of Atp7b back from the periphery to the trans-Golgi network membrane when the copper concentration was reduced by treatment with a Cu(I) chelator. The same phenomena were observed during COMMD1-knockdown when another Atp7b substrate, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, and its sequestrator, glutathione ethylester, were applied. These results suggest that COMMD1 maintains the amount of Atp7b and facilitates recruitment of Atp7b from cytoplasmic vesicles to the trans-Golgi network membrane, i.e. COMMD1 is required to shuttle Atp7b when the intracellular copper level returns below the threshold.
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31
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Lutsenko S. Human copper homeostasis: a network of interconnected pathways. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:211-7. [PMID: 20117961 PMCID: PMC6365103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper plays an essential role in normal human physiology. Copper misbalance affects heart development, CNS and liver function, influences lipid metabolism, inflammation, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies yielded new information on the structure, function, and regulation of human copper transporters, uncovered unanticipated functions for copper chaperones, and established connections between copper homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. It has become apparent that the copper trafficking machinery is regulated at several levels and that the cross-talk between cell compartments contributes to the intracellular copper balance. The human copper regulon is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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32
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Blair BG, Larson CA, Adams PL, Abada PB, Safaei R, Howell SB. Regulation of copper transporter 2 expression by copper and cisplatin in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:912-21. [PMID: 20194531 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of copper transporter 1 (CTR1) reduces uptake and sensitivity, whereas down-regulation of CTR2 enhances both. Cisplatin (DDP) triggers the rapid degradation of CTR1 and thus limits its own accumulation. We sought to determine the effect of DDP and copper on the expression of CTR2. Changes in CTR1 and CTR2 mRNA and protein levels in human ovarian carcinoma 2008 cells and ATOX1(+/+) and ATOX1(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts in response to exposure to DDP and copper were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and deconvolution microscopy. DDP triggered rapid degradation of CTR1 in 2008 human ovarian cancer cells. However, it increased the expression of CTR2 mRNA and protein levels. Expression of CTR2 was heavily modulated by changes in intracellular copper concentration; copper depletion produced rapid disappearance of CTR2, whereas excess copper increased the level of CTR2 protein. This increase was associated with an increase in CTR2 mRNA and prolongation of the CTR2 half-life. Consistent with prior observations that short hairpin RNA interference-mediated knockdown of CTR2 enhanced DDP uptake and tumor cell kill, reduction of CTR2 by copper starvation also enhanced DDP uptake and cytotoxicity. Comparison of the ability of copper and DDP to modulate the expression of CTR1 in ATOX1(+/+) and ATOX1(-/-) indicated that ATOX1 participates in the regulation of CTR2 expression. Unlike CTR1, the expression of CTR2 is increased rather than decreased by DDP. Therefore, these two copper transporters have opposite effects on DDP sensitivity. CTR2 expression is regulated by copper availability via the copper-dependent regulator ATOX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Blair
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
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33
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Lutsenko S, Bhattacharjee A, Hubbard AL. Copper handling machinery of the brain. Metallomics 2010; 2:596-608. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McRae R, Lai B, Fahrni CJ. Copper redistribution in Atox1-deficient mouse fibroblast cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:99-105. [PMID: 19865834 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) imaging of adherent mouse fibroblast cells deficient in antioxidant-1 (Atox1), a metallochaperone protein responsible for delivering Cu to cuproenzymes in the trans-Golgi network, revealed striking differences in the subcellular Cu distribution compared with wild-type cells. Whereas the latter showed a pronounced perinuclear localization of Cu, the Atox1-deficient cells displayed a mostly unstructured and diffuse distribution throughout the entire cell body. Comparison of the SXRF elemental maps for Zn and Fe of the same samples showed no marked differences between the two cell lines. The data underscore the importance of Atox1, not only as a metallochaperone for delivering Cu to cuproenzymes, but also as a key player in maintaining the proper distribution and organization of Cu at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan McRae
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, USA
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