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Wu J, Pang T, Lin Z, Zhao M, Jin H. The key player in the pathogenesis of environmental influence of systemic lupus erythematosus: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:965941. [PMID: 36110860 PMCID: PMC9468923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.965941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor was previously known as an environmental receptor that modulates the cellular response to external environmental changes. In essence, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a cytoplasmic receptor and transcription factor that is activated by binding to the corresponding ligands, and they transmit relevant information by binding to DNA, thereby activating the transcription of various genes. Therefore, we can understand the development of certain diseases and discover new therapeutic targets by studying the regulation and function of AhR. Several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), have been connected to AhR in previous studies. SLE is a classic autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ damage and disruption of immune tolerance. We discuss here the homeostatic regulation of AhR and its ligands among various types of immune cells, pathophysiological roles, in addition to the roles of various related cytokines and signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of SLE.
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Sabuz Vidal O, Deepika D, Schuhmacher M, Kumar V. EDC-induced mechanisms of immunotoxicity: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:634-652. [PMID: 35015608 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2009438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) refer to a group of chemicals that cause adverse effects in human health, impairing hormone production and regulation, resulting in alteration of homeostasis, reproductive, and developmental, and immune system impairments. The immunotoxicity of EDCs involves many mechanisms altering gene expression that depend on the activation of nuclear receptors such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), the estrogen receptor (ER), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which also results in skin and intestinal disorders, microbiota alterations and inflammatory diseases. This systematic review aims to review different mechanisms of immunotoxicity and immunomodulation of T cells, focusing on T regulatory (Treg) and Th17 subsets, B cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) caused by specific EDCs such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), bisphenols (BPs) and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). To achieve this objective, a systematic study was conducted searching various databases including PubMed and Scopus to find in-vitro, in-vivo, and biomonitoring studies that examine EDC-dependent mechanisms of immunotoxicity. While doing the systematic review, we found species- and cell-specific outcomes and a translational gap between in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Finally, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework is proposed, which explains mechanistically toxicity endpoints emerging from different EDCs having similar key events and can help to improve our understanding of EDCs mechanisms of immunotoxicity. In conclusion, this review provides insights into the mechanisms of immunotoxicity mediated by EDCs and will help to improve human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Sabuz Vidal
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
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3
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Pal M, Bao W, Wang R, Liu Y, An X, Mitchell WB, Lobo CA, Minniti C, Shi PA, Manwani D, Yazdanbakhsh K, Zhong H. Hemolysis inhibits humoral B-cell responses and modulates alloimmunization risk in patients with sickle cell disease. Blood 2021; 137:269-280. [PMID: 33152749 PMCID: PMC7820872 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell alloimmunization remains a barrier for safe and effective transfusions in sickle cell disease (SCD), but the associated risk factors remain largely unknown. Intravascular hemolysis, a hallmark of SCD, results in the release of heme with potent immunomodulatory activity, although its effect on SCD humoral response, specifically alloimmunization, remains unclear. Here, we found that cell-free heme suppresses human B-cell plasmablast and plasma cell differentiation by inhibiting the DOCK8/STAT3 signaling pathway, which is critical for B-cell activation, as well as by upregulating heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) through its enzymatic byproducts, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. Whereas nonalloimmunized SCD B cells were inhibited by exogenous heme, B cells from the alloimmunized group were nonresponsive to heme inhibition and readily differentiated into plasma cells. Consistent with a differential B-cell response to hemolysis, we found elevated B-cell basal levels of DOCK8 and higher HO-1-mediated inhibition of activated B cells in nonalloimmunized compared with alloimmunized SCD patients. To overcome the alloimmunized B-cell heme insensitivity, we screened several heme-binding molecules and identified quinine as a potent inhibitor of B-cell activity, reversing the resistance to heme suppression in alloimmunized patients. B-cell inhibition by quinine occurred only in the presence of heme and through HO-1 induction. Altogether, these data suggest that hemolysis can dampen the humoral B-cell response and that B-cell heme responsiveness maybe a determinant of alloimmunization risk in SCD. By restoring B-cell heme sensitivity, quinine may have therapeutic potential to prevent and inhibit alloimmunization in SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiuli An
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - William B Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Health Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Caterina Minniti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Montefiore Health Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; and
| | - Patricia A Shi
- Sickle Cell Clinical Research Program, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Deepa Manwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Health Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Hui Zhong
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, and
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4
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Song JY, Casanova-Nakayama A, Möller AM, Kitamura SI, Nakayama K, Segner H. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Is Functional in Immune Cells of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6323. [PMID: 32878328 PMCID: PMC7503690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important signaling pathway in the immune system of mammals. In addition to its physiological functions, the receptor mediates the immunotoxic actions of a diverse range of environmental contaminants that bind to and activate the AhR, including planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs or dioxin-like compounds) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). AhR-binding xenobiotics are immunotoxic not only to mammals but to teleost fish as well. To date, however, it is unknown if the AhR pathway is active in the immune system of fish and thus may act as molecular initiating event in the immunotoxicity of AhR-binding xenobiotics to fish. The present study aims to examine the presence of functional AhR signaling in immune cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Focus is given to the toxicologically relevant AhR2 clade. By means of RT-qPCR and in situ hybdridization, we show that immune cells of rainbow trout express ahr 2α and ahr 2β mRNA; this applies for immune cells isolated from the head kidney and from the peripheral blood. Furthermore, we show that in vivo as well as in vitro exposure to the AhR ligand, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), causes upregulation of the AhR-regulated gene, cytochrome p4501a, in rainbow trout immune cells, and that this induction is inhibited by co-treatment with an AhR antagonist. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that functional AhR signaling exists in the immune cells of the teleost species, rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Song
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; (S.-I.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Ayako Casanova-Nakayama
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Anja-Maria Möller
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; (S.-I.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; (S.-I.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.-Y.S.); (A.C.-N.); (A.-M.M.)
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5
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Piper CJM, Rosser EC, Oleinika K, Nistala K, Krausgruber T, Rendeiro AF, Banos A, Drozdov I, Villa M, Thomson S, Xanthou G, Bock C, Stockinger B, Mauri C. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Contributes to the Transcriptional Program of IL-10-Producing Regulatory B Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1878-1892.e7. [PMID: 31722204 PMCID: PMC6856759 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play a critical role in the control of autoimmunity and inflammation. IL-10 production is the hallmark for the identification of Bregs. However, the molecular determinants that regulate the transcription of IL-10 and control the Breg developmental program remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates the differentiation and function of IL-10-producing CD19+CD21hiCD24hiBregs and limits their differentiation into B cells that contribute to inflammation. Chromatin profiling and transcriptome analyses show that loss of AhR in B cells reduces expression of IL-10 by skewing the differentiation of CD19+CD21hiCD24hiB cells into a pro-inflammatory program, under Breg-inducing conditions. B cell AhR-deficient mice develop exacerbated arthritis, show significant reductions in IL-10-producing Bregs and regulatory T cells, and show an increase in T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells compared with B cell AhR-sufficient mice. Thus, we identify AhR as a relevant contributor to the transcriptional regulation of Breg differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J M Piper
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Rosser
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; Versus Arthritis Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology at University College London, University College London Hospitals and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kristine Oleinika
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kiran Nistala
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André F Rendeiro
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aggelos Banos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Matteo Villa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Scott Thomson
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Lab, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Mauri
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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6
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Tsai CY, Sakakibara S, Yasui T, Minamitani T, Okuzaki D, Kikutani H. Bystander inhibition of humoral immune responses by Epstein-Barr virus LMP1. Int Immunol 2019; 30:579-590. [PMID: 30137504 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which mimics a constitutively active receptor, is required for viral transformation of primary B cells. LMP1 is expressed in EBV-infected germinal center (GC) B cells of immunocompetent individuals, suggesting that it may contribute to persistent EBV infection. In this study, we generated and analyzed mice that expressed LMP1 under the control of the CD19 or activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) promoter. Expression of LMP1 induced activation of B cells but severely inhibited their differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in vitro and GC B cells in vivo. LMP1-expressing (LMP1+) B cells not only suppressed the functions of wild-type (WT) B cells in in vitro co-culture, but also blocked differentiation of WT B cells into GC B cells and ASCs in immunized bone marrow chimeric mice. Microarray analysis revealed that the gene encoding indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a major enzyme involved in the tryptophan metabolic process, was highly induced by LMP1. Either inhibition of IDO1 activity by methyl-l-tryptophan or knockout of Ido1 in LMP1+ B cells could rescue WT B cells from such suppression. IDO1-induced tryptophan consumption and production of tryptophan metabolites appeared to be responsible for inhibition of B-cell function. We conclude that LMP1 expression in antigen-committed B cells not only directly impairs GC B-cell differentiation, but also indirectly inhibits the functions of neighboring B cells, resulting in suppression of humoral immune responses. Such bystander inhibition by LMP1+ B cells may contribute to immune evasion by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yuan Tsai
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yasui
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Minamitani
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Tkachenko A, Bermudez M, Irmer-Stooff S, Genkinger D, Henkler-Stephani F, Wolber G, Luch A. Nuclear transport of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor and subsequent gene induction relies on its residue histidine 291. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1151-1160. [PMID: 29164305 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in the metabolism of physiological substances and xenobiotics, representing an interesting target in both toxicology and pharmacology. In this study, we investigated the ligand-dependent conjunction of nuclear import of the human AHR in living cells and target gene induction. Our findings strengthen the theory that the AHR triggers a precisely defined and rapid reaction upon binding to endogenous ligands, while the xenobiotic β-naphthoflavone only induces rather unspecific and slow effects. To better illuminate the ligand-mediated responses of the human AHR, we applied site-directed mutagenesis and identified histidine 291 as key residue for AHR functionality, essential for both nuclear import and target gene induction. Contrary, replacing histidine at position 291 by alanine did not affect nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, showing that permanent endogenous import and ligand-induced import of the AHR into the nucleus are two independent and differently regulated processes. Combining these observations with our structural investigations using a homology model of the AHR-PAS B domain, we suggest a dual role of histidine 291: (1) a major role for shaping the ligand binding site including direct interactions with ligands and, (2) an essential role for the conformational dynamics of a PAS B loop, which most likely influences the association of the AHR with the AHR nuclear translocator through interference with their protein-protein interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tkachenko
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - M Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Irmer-Stooff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Genkinger
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Henkler-Stephani
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Ehrlich AK, Pennington JM, Tilton S, Wang X, Marshall NB, Rohlman D, Funatake C, Punj S, O’Donnell E, Yu Z, Kolluri SK, Kerkvliet NI. AhR activation increases IL-2 production by alloreactive CD4 + T cells initiating the differentiation of mucosal-homing Tim3 + Lag3 + Tr1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1989-2001. [PMID: 28833046 PMCID: PMC5927372 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by immunosuppressive ligands promotes the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although AhR-induced Foxp3+ Treg cells have been well studied, much less is known about the development and fate of AhR-induced Type 1 Treg (AhR-Tr1) cells. In the current study, we identified the unique transcriptional and functional changes in murine CD4+ T cells that accompany the differentiation of AhR-Tr1 cells during the CD4+ T-cell-dependent phase of an allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (allo-CTL) response. AhR activation increased the expression of genes involved in T-cell activation, immune regulation and chemotaxis, as well as a global downregulation of genes involved in cell cycling. Increased IL-2 production was responsible for the early AhR-Tr1 activation phenotype previously characterized as CD25+ CTLA4+ GITR+ on day 2. The AhR-Tr1 phenotype was further defined by the coexpression of the immunoregulatory receptors Lag3 and Tim3 and non-overlapping expression of CCR4 and CCR9. Consistent with the increased expression of CCR9, real-time imaging showed enhanced migration of AhR-Tr1 cells to the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon. The discovery of mucosal imprinting of AhR-Tr1 cells provides an additional mechanism by which therapeutic AhR ligands can control immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Jamie M. Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Susan Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Nikki B. Marshall
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Castle Funatake
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Sumit Punj
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Edmond O’Donnell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Siva K. Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
| | - Nancy I. Kerkvliet
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331
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9
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Petriello MC, Hoffman JB, Morris AJ, Hennig B. Emerging roles of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes in metabolic diseases. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 32:105-110. [PMID: 27837601 PMCID: PMC5604474 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian systems have developed extensive molecular mechanisms to protect against the toxicity of many exogenous xenobiotic compounds. Interestingly, many detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450s and flavin-containing monooxygenases, and their associated transcriptional activators [e.g. the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)], have now been shown to have endogenous roles in normal physiology and the pathology of metabolic diseases. This mini-review will focus on two such instances: the role of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in the formation of the cardiometabolic disease biomarker trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and the role of AhR as a sensor of endogenous ligands such as those generated by the gut microbiota. Understanding the roles of xenobiotic sensing pathways in endogenous metabolism will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of how exposure to environmental pollutants can perturb these physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Petriello
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Jessie B Hoffman
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington Kentucky, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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10
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Vaidyanathan B, Chaudhry A, Yewdell WT, Angeletti D, Yen WF, Wheatley AK, Bradfield CA, McDermott AB, Yewdell JW, Rudensky AY, Chaudhuri J. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor controls cell-fate decisions in B cells. J Exp Med 2016; 214:197-208. [PMID: 28011866 PMCID: PMC5206498 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaidyanathan et al. report that the environmental sensor aryl hydrocarbon receptor is inducibly expressed in B cells downstream of BCR signaling and that it controls B cell fates by negatively modulating class switching and plasma cell differentiation via aicda and prdm1, respectively. Generation of cellular heterogeneity is an essential feature of the adaptive immune system. This is best exemplified during humoral immune response when an expanding B cell clone assumes multiple cell fates, including class-switched B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. Although each cell type is essential for immunity, their generation must be exquisitely controlled because a class-switched B cell cannot revert back to the parent isotype, and a terminally differentiated plasma cell cannot contribute to the memory pool. In this study, we show that an environmental sensor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is highly induced upon B cell activation and serves a critical role in regulating activation-induced cell fate outcomes. We find that AhR negatively regulates class-switch recombination ex vivo by altering activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression. We further demonstrate that AhR suppresses class switching in vivo after influenza virus infection and immunization with model antigens. In addition, by regulating Blimp-1 expression via Bach2, AhR represses differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts ex vivo and antibody-secreting plasma cells in vivo. These experiments suggest that AhR serves as a molecular rheostat in B cells to brake the effector response, possibly to facilitate optimal recall responses. Thus, AhR might represent a novel molecular target for manipulation of B cell responses during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Vaidyanathan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ashutosh Chaudhry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - William T Yewdell
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 .,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065
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11
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Kovalova N, Nault R, Crawford R, Zacharewski TR, Kaminski NE. Comparative analysis of TCDD-induced AhR-mediated gene expression in human, mouse and rat primary B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 316:95-106. [PMID: 27913140 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental pollutant that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) resulting in altered gene expression. In vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies have demonstrated that B cells are directly impaired by TCDD, and are a sensitive target as evidenced by suppression of antibody responses. The window of sensitivity to TCDD-induced suppression of IgM secretion among mouse, rat and human B cells is similar. Specifically, TCDD must be present within the initial 12h post B cell stimulation, indicating that TCDD disrupts early signaling network(s) necessary for B lymphocyte activation and differentiation. Therefore, we hypothesized that TCDD treatment across three different species (mouse, rat and human) triggers a conserved, B cell-specific mechanism that is involved in TCDD-induced immunosuppression. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to identify B cell-specific orthologous genes that are differentially expressed in response to TCDD in primary mouse, rat and human B cells. Time course studies identified TCDD-elicited differential expression of 515 human, 2371 mouse and 712 rat orthologous genes over the 24-h period. 28 orthologs were differentially expressed in response to TCDD in all three species. Overrepresented pathways enriched in all three species included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and pathways in cancer. Differentially expressed genes functionally associated with cell-cell signaling in humans, immune response in mice, and oxidation reduction in rats. Overall, these results suggest that despite the conservation of the AhR and its signaling mechanism, TCDD elicits species-specific gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kovalova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Rance Nault
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Robert Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Timothy R Zacharewski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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12
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SHP-1 is directly activated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and regulates BCL-6 in the presence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:41-50. [PMID: 27546522 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which is a strong AHR agonist, causes significant suppression of human B cell activation and differentiation. The current studies describe the identification of Src homology phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) encoded by the gene PTPN6 as a putative regulator of TCDD-mediated suppression of B cell activation. Shp-1 was initially identified through a genome-wide analysis of AHR binding in mouse B cells in the presence of TCDD. The binding of AHR to the PTPN6 promoter was further confirmed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays in which, specific binding of AHR was detected at four putative DRE sites within PTPN6 promoter. Time-course measurements performed in human B cells highlighted a significant increase in SHP-1 mRNA and protein levels in the presence of TCDD. The changes in the protein levels of SHP-1 were also observed in a TCDD concentration-dependent manner. The increase in SHP-1 levels was also seen to occur due to a change in early signaling events in the presence of TCDD. We have shown that BCL-6 regulates B cell activation by repressing activation marker CD80 in the presence of TCDD. TCDD-treatment led to a significant increase in the double positive (SHP-1hi BCL-6hi) population. Interestingly, treatment of naïve human B cells with SHP-1 inhibitor decreased BCL-6 protein levels suggesting possible regulation of BCL-6 by SHP-1 for the first time. Collectively, these results suggest that SHP-1 is regulated by AHR in the presence of TCDD and may, in part through BCL-6, regulate TCDD-mediated suppression of human B cell activation.
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13
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Feng Y, Tian J, Krylova I, Xu T, Xie HQ, Guo TL, Zhao B. Chronic TCDD exposure results in the dysregulation of gene expression in splenic B-lymphocytes and in the impairments in T-cell and B-cell differentiation in mouse model. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 39:218-227. [PMID: 26899660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in humans is associated with marked immune suppressions and increased incidence of lymphoblastic diseases. To elucidate mechanisms of impairments in humoral immune responses, we used a murine model. Following a 20-week administration of low doses of TCDD, we observed severely reduced antibody titers, dramatically decreased number of splenic Th1 and Th2 cells and an increase in CD19(+) B cells. Transcriptional profiling of CD19(+) B cells showed that markers of pre-B cells were significantly elevated, indicating delayed B cell maturation. These changes in B cells were accompanied by decreases of T helper cell numbers and reduced IgM and IgG titers. A transcriptome analysis of splenic B cells followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed a set of differentially expressed genes known to play roles in tumorigenesis, cell-proliferation and cell-migration. The most up-regulated transcript gene was Eph receptor A2 (EphA2), a known oncogene, and the most down-regulated transcript was ZBTB16 that codes for a negative transcriptional regulator important in epigenetic chromatin remodeling. IPA identified cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM) and cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) as top upstream regulators. Consistently, a MAPPER promoter database analysis showed that all top dysregulated genes had CREM and/or CREB1 binding sites in their promoter regions. In summary, our data showed that chronic TCDD exposure in mice caused suppressed humoral immunity accompanied with profound dysregulation of gene expression in splenic B-lymphocytes, likely through cAMP-dependent pathways. This dysregulation resulted in impairments in T-cell and B-cell differentiation and activation of the tumorigenic transcription program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jijing Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | - Tuan Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Tian J, Feng Y, Fu H, Xie HQ, Jiang JX, Zhao B. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: A Key Bridging Molecule of External and Internal Chemical Signals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9518-31. [PMID: 26079192 PMCID: PMC4696777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a highly evolutionary conserved, ligand-activated transcription factor that is best known to mediate the toxicities of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Phenotype of AhR-null mice, together with the recent discovery of a variety of endogenous and plant-derived ligands, point to the integral roles of AhR in normal cell physiology, in addition to its roles in sensing the environmental chemicals. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about AhR signaling pathways, its ligands and AhR-mediated effects on cell specialization, host defense and detoxification. AhR-mediated health effects particularly in liver, immune, and nervous systems, as well as in tumorgenesis are discussed. Dioxin-initiated embryotoxicity and immunosuppressive effects in fish and birds are reviewed. Recent data demonstrate that AhR is a convergence point of multiple signaling pathways that inform the cell of its external and internal environments. As such, AhR pathway is a promising potential target for therapeutics targeting nervous, liver, and autoimmune diseases through AhR ligand-mediated interventions and other perturbations of AhR signaling. Additionally, using available laboratory data obtained on animal models, AhR-centered adverse outcome pathway analysis is useful in reexamining known and potential adverse outcomes of specific or mixed compounds on wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Tian
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yu Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hualing Fu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Joy Xiaosong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Corresponding Authors: (J.X.J) Phone: 1-916-7340329; fax: 1-916-7347908; . (B.Z.) Phone: 86-010-62842867; fax: 86-010-62842867;
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Corresponding Authors: (J.X.J) Phone: 1-916-7340329; fax: 1-916-7347908; . (B.Z.) Phone: 86-010-62842867; fax: 86-010-62842867;
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15
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Wang H, Wei Y, Yu D. Control of lymphocyte homeostasis and effector function by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:818-24. [PMID: 25907242 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system, composed of lymphocytes, recognizes diversified antigens and generates immunological memory. According to the canonical model, it is the innate immune system that captures pathogens and senses environment to activate adaptive lymphocytes through antigen presentation, costimulatory signals and cytokine milieu. Emerging evidence indicates that environmental cues can be directly conveyed to lymphocytes by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor that widely expresses in many immune cell lineages and recognizes a broad range of ligands including endogenous and dietary metabolites, microbial derivatives and xenobiotics. This review will focus on the regulatory role of AhR in not only adaptive but also innate lymphocytes including recently discovered innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Molecular Immunomodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yunbo Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Di Yu
- Molecular Immunomodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
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16
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Nguyen NT, Nakahama T, Le DH, Van Son L, Chu HH, Kishimoto T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and kynurenine: recent advances in autoimmune disease research. Front Immunol 2014; 5:551. [PMID: 25400638 PMCID: PMC4212680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is thought to be a crucial factor in the regulation of immune responses. Many AHR-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms have been discovered, and this knowledge may enhance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory syndromes such as collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and experimental colitis. Recent findings have elucidated the critical link between AHR and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the development of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, which are key factors in a variety of human autoimmune diseases. Induction of IDO and IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism, together with its downstream products such as kynurenine, is an important immunoregulatory mechanism underlying immunosuppression, tolerance, and immunity. Recent studies revealed that induction of IDO depends on AHR expression. This review summarizes the most current findings regarding the functions of AHR and IDO in immune cells as they relate to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in response to various stimuli. We also discuss the potential link between AHR and IDO/tryptophan metabolites, and the involvement of several novel related factors (such as microRNA) in the development of autoimmune diseases. These novel factors represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Duc Hoang Le
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Le Van Son
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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Sherr DH, Monti S. The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in normal and malignant B cell development. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:705-16. [PMID: 23942720 PMCID: PMC3824572 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor historically studied for its role in environmental chemical-mediated toxicity and carcinogenicity. In the last 5 years, however, it has become clear that the AhR, presumably activated by endogenous ligand(s), plays an important role in immune system development and function. Other articles in this edition summarize AhR function during T cell and antigen-presenting cell development and function, including the effects of AhR activation on dendritic cell function, T cell skewing, inflammation, and autoimmune disease. Here, we focus on AhR expression and function during B cell differentiation. Studies exploiting immunosuppressive environmental chemicals to probe the role of the AhR in humoral immunity are also reviewed to illustrate the multiple levels at which a “nominally activated” AhR could control B cell differentiation from the hematopoietic stem cell through the pro-B cell, mature B cell, and antibody-secreting plasma cell stages. Finally, a putative role for the AhR in the basic biology of B cell malignancies, many of which have been associated with exposure to environmental AhR ligands, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Sherr
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 72 East Concord Street (R-408), Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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18
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Murugaiyan J, Rockstroh M, Wagner J, Baumann S, Schorsch K, Trump S, Lehmann I, Bergen MV, Tomm JM. Benzo[a]pyrene affects Jurkat T cells in the activated state via the antioxidant response element dependent Nrf2 pathway leading to decreased IL-2 secretion and redirecting glutamine metabolism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:307-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Nguyen NT, Hanieh H, Nakahama T, Kishimoto T. The roles of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immune responses. Int Immunol 2013; 25:335-43. [PMID: 23580432 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have examined the functions of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) in the immune system. Also known as dioxin receptor, Ahr is a ligand-activated transcription factor that serves as a receptor for various environmental toxins. The functions of Ahr in T cells depend on the specific ligand bound to the receptor. For instance, binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to Ahr suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by promoting the development of Foxp3(+) Treg cells, whereas 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole enhances EAE by inducing the differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Furthermore, specifically deleting Ahr in T cells inhibits collagen-induced arthritis in mice. In macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), Ahr is anti-inflammatory. In response to LPS, Ahr-deficient macrophages show increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and Ahr-deficient DCs produce less of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In this review, we discuss the roles of Ahr in macrophages and T cells. Moreover, studies examining Ahr activation in other cell types have revealed additional contributions to B cell and osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation. We also briefly summarize the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying Ahr activation in various cells and discuss the potential clinical implications of cell-specific targeting of Ahr in pathologic conditions of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Zhang Q, Kline DE, Bhattacharya S, Crawford RB, Conolly RB, Thomas RS, Andersen ME, Kaminski NE. All-or-none suppression of B cell terminal differentiation by environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:17-26. [PMID: 23357550 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many environmental contaminants can disrupt the adaptive immune response. Exposure to the ubiquitous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other agonists suppresses the antibody response. The underlying pathway mechanism by which TCDD alters B cell function is not well understood. The present study investigated the mechanism of AhR-mediated pathways and mode of suppression by which TCDD perturbs terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and thereby impairs antibody production. An integrated approach combining computational pathway modeling and in vitro assays with primary mouse B cells activated by lipopolysaccharide was employed. We demonstrated that suppression of the IgM response by TCDD occurs in an all-or-none (binary) rather than graded mode: i.e., it reduces the number of IgM-secreting cells in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting the IgM content in individual plasma cells. The mathematical model of the gene regulatory circuit underpinning B cell differentiation revealed that two previously identified AhR-regulated pathways, inhibition of signaling protein AP-1 and activation of transcription factor Bach2, could account for the all-or-none mode of suppression. Both pathways disrupt the operation of a bistable-switch circuit that contains transcription factors Bcl6, Prdm1, Pax5, and Bach2 and regulates B cell fate. The model further predicted that by transcriptionally activating Bach2, TCDD might delay B cell differentiation and increase the likelihood of isotype switching, thereby altering the antibody repertoire. In conclusion, the present study revealed the mode and specific pathway mechanisms by which the environmental immunosuppressant TCDD suppresses B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, NC 27709, USA.
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21
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Black MB, Budinsky RA, Dombkowski A, Cukovic D, LeCluyse EL, Ferguson SS, Thomas RS, Rowlands JC. Cross-species comparisons of transcriptomic alterations in human and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:199-215. [PMID: 22298810 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxicogenomics approach was used to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the gene expression changes in human and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Hepatocytes from five individual rats and five individual humans were exposed for 24 h to 11 concentrations of TCDD ranging from 0.00001 to 100nM and a vehicle control. Gene expression changes were analyzed using whole-genome microarrays containing 13,002 orthologs. Significant changes in expression of individual orthologs at any concentration (fold change [FC] ± 1.5 and false discovery rate < 0.05) were higher in the rat (1547) compared with human hepatocytes (475). Only 158 differentially expressed orthologs were common between rats and humans. Enrichment analysis was performed on the differentially expressed orthologs in each species with 49 and 34 enriched human and rat pathways, respectively. Only 12 enriched pathways were shared between the two species. The results demonstrate significant cross-species differences in expression at both the gene and pathway level. Benchmark dose analysis of gene expression changes showed an average 18-fold cross-species difference in potency among differentially expressed orthologs with the rat more sensitive than the human. Similar cross-species differences in potency were observed for signaling pathways. Using the maximum FC in gene expression as a measure of efficacy, the human hepatocytes showed on average a 20% lower efficacy among the individual orthologs showing differential expression. The results provide evidence for divergent cross-species gene expression changes in response to TCDD and are consistent with epidemiological and clinical evidence showing humans to be less sensitive to TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Black
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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