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Malik JA, Zafar MA, Singh S, Nanda S, Bashir H, Das DK, Lamba T, Khan MA, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. From Defense to Dysfunction: Autophagy's Dual Role in Disease Pathophysiology. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176856. [PMID: 39068979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental pillar of cellular resilience, indispensable for maintaining cellular health and vitality. It coordinates the meticulous breakdown of cytoplasmic macromolecules as a guardian of cell metabolism, genomic integrity, and survival. In the complex play of biological warfare, autophagy emerges as a firm defender, bravely confronting various pathogenic, infectious, and cancerous adversaries. Nevertheless, its role transcends mere defense, wielding both protective and harmful effects in the complex landscape of disease pathogenesis. From the onslaught of infectious outbreaks to the devious progression of chronic lifestyle disorders, autophagy emerges as a central protagonist, convolutedly shaping the trajectory of cellular health and disease progression. In this article, we embark on a journey into the complicated web of molecular and immunological mechanisms that govern autophagy's profound influence over disease. Our focus sharpens on dissecting the impact of various autophagy-associated proteins on the kaleidoscope of immune responses, spanning the spectrum from infectious outbreaks to chronic lifestyle ailments. Through this voyage of discovery, we unveil the vast potential of autophagy as a therapeutic linchpin, offering tantalizing prospects for targeted interventions and innovative treatment modalities that promise to transform the landscape of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar-140001
| | - Mohammad Adeel Zafar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar-140001; Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160016; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sidhanta Nanda
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar-140001
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160016
| | | | - Taruna Lamba
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar-140001
| | - Mohammad Affan Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar-140001
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology; Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab 140055, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar-140001.
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2
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Macías Á, Nevado RM, González-Gómez C, Gonzalo P, Andrés-Manzano MJ, Dorado B, Benedicto I, Andrés V. Coronary and carotid artery dysfunction and K V7 overexpression in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. GeroScience 2024; 46:867-884. [PMID: 37233881 PMCID: PMC10828489 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disease caused by expression of progerin, a lamin A variant that is also expressed at low levels in non-HGPS individuals. Although HGPS patients die predominantly from myocardial infarction and stroke, the mechanisms that provoke pathological alterations in the coronary and cerebral arteries in HGPS remain ill defined. Here, we assessed vascular function in the coronary arteries (CorAs) and carotid arteries (CarAs) of progerin-expressing LmnaG609G/G609G mice (G609G), both in resting conditions and after hypoxic stimulus. Wire myography, pharmacological screening, and gene expression studies demonstrated vascular atony and stenosis, as well as other functional alterations in progeroid CorAs and CarAs and aorta. These defects were associated with loss of vascular smooth muscle cells and overexpression of the KV7 family of voltage-dependent potassium channels. Compared with wild-type controls, G609G mice showed reduced median survival upon chronic isoproterenol exposure, a baseline state of chronic cardiac hypoxia characterized by overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and 3α genes, and increased cardiac vascularization. Our results shed light on the mechanisms underlying progerin-induced coronary and carotid artery disease and identify KV7 channels as a candidate target for the treatment of HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Macías
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Nevado
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Gómez
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Andrés-Manzano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Dorado
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Benedicto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Huang Y, Zhou B. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiac Diseases and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051500. [PMID: 37239170 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main site of intracellular synthesis of ATP, which provides energy for various physiological activities of the cell. Cardiomyocytes have a high density of mitochondria and mitochondrial damage is present in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we describe mitochondrial damage in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and drug-induced cardiotoxicity, in the context of the key roles of mitochondria in cardiac development and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the main current therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating mitochondrial impairment-related cardiac dysfunction, including pharmacological strategies, gene therapy, mitochondrial replacement therapy, and mitochondrial transplantation. It is hoped that this will provide new ideas for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Bingying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China
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4
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Yu Q, Liu JX, Zheng X, Yan X, Zhao P, Yin C, Li W, Song Z. Sox9 mediates autophagy-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and transplant arteriosclerosis. iScience 2022; 25:105161. [PMID: 36204267 PMCID: PMC9531173 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jin-Xin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xichuan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xueke Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chuanzheng Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Li
- Departments of Gerontology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zifang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Corresponding author
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5
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Tripathi M, Singh BK, Liehn EA, Lim SY, Tikno K, Castano-Mayan D, Rattanasopa C, Nilcham P, Abdul Ghani SAB, Wu Z, Azhar SH, Zhou J, Hernández-Resèndiz S, Crespo-Avilan GE, Sinha RA, Farah BL, Moe KT, De Silva DA, Angeli V, Singh MK, Singaraja RR, Hausenloy DJ, Yen PM. Caffeine prevents restenosis and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through the induction of autophagy. Autophagy 2022; 18:2150-2160. [PMID: 35012409 PMCID: PMC9466618 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2021494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is among the most highly consumed substances worldwide, and it has been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk. Although caffeine has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that caffeine decreased VSMC proliferation and induced macroautophagy/autophagy in an in vivo vascular injury model of restenosis. Furthermore, we studied the effects of caffeine in primary human and mouse aortic VSMCs and immortalized mouse aortic VSMCs. Caffeine decreased cell proliferation, and induced autophagy flux via inhibition of MTOR signaling in these cells. Genetic deletion of the key autophagy gene Atg5, and the Sqstm1/p62 gene encoding a receptor protein, showed that the anti-proliferative effect by caffeine was dependent upon autophagy. Interestingly, caffeine also decreased WNT-signaling and the expression of two WNT target genes, Axin2 and Ccnd1 (cyclin D1). This effect was mediated by autophagic degradation of a key member of the WNT signaling cascade, DVL2, by caffeine to decrease WNT signaling and cell proliferation. SQSTM1/p62, MAP1LC3B-II and DVL2 were also shown to interact with each other, and the overexpression of DVL2 counteracted the inhibition of cell proliferation by caffeine. Taken together, our in vivo and in vitro findings demonstrated that caffeine reduced VSMC proliferation by inhibiting WNT signaling via stimulation of autophagy, thus reducing the vascular restenosis. Our findings suggest that caffeine and other autophagy-inducing drugs may represent novel cardiovascular therapeutic tools to protect against restenosis after angioplasty and/or stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Tripathi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,Contact Madhulika Tripathi Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore169857
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Elisa A. Liehn
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-,Insitute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, J.B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5230, Odense, Denmark,Department for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sheau Yng Lim
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore- 117456
| | - Keziah Tikno
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - David Castano-Mayan
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chutima Rattanasopa
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pakhwan Nilcham
- Department for Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Zihao Wu
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syaza Hazwany Azhar
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore- 117456
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Sauri Hernández-Resèndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-
| | - Gustavo E. Crespo-Avilan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Benjamin Livingston Farah
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Moe
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Newcastle University, 79200 Gelang Patah, Johor,Malaysia
| | - Deidre Anne De Silva
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore- 117456
| | - Manvendra K. Singh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-
| | - Roshni R. Singaraja
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, A*star Institute, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University, Singapore-117597
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center, Singapore, Singapore-,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 7 Chenies Mews, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom,Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, 500 Liufeng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung City, Taiwan,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857, Singapore,Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Division, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Paul M. Yen Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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6
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Zheng X, Yu Q, Shang D, Yin C, Xie D, Huang T, Du X, Wang W, Yan X, Zhang C, Li W, Song Z. TAK1 accelerates transplant arteriosclerosis in rat aortic allografts by inducing autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2022; 343:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Treadwell T, Shillingford JM, Lee A, Abe A, Tesmer JJG, Shayman JA. Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase A2 predicts drug-induced phospholipidosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100089. [PMID: 34087196 PMCID: PMC8243516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipidosis, the excessive accumulation of phospholipids within lysosomes, is a pathological response observed following exposure to many drugs across multiple therapeutic groups. A clear mechanistic understanding of the causes and implications of this form of drug toxicity has remained elusive. We previously reported the discovery and characterization of a lysosome-specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15) and later reported that amiodarone, a known cause of drug-induced phospholipidosis, inhibits this enzyme. Here, we assayed a library of 163 drugs for inhibition of PLA2G15 to determine whether this phospholipase was the cellular target for therapeutics other than amiodarone that cause phospholipidosis. We observed that 144 compounds inhibited PLA2G15 activity. Thirty-six compounds not previously reported to cause phospholipidosis inhibited PLA2G15 with IC50 values less than 1 mM and were confirmed to cause phospholipidosis in an in vitro assay. Within this group, fosinopril was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 0.18 μM). Additional characterization of the inhibition of PLA2G15 by fosinopril was consistent with interference of PLA2G15 binding to liposomes. PLA2G15 inhibition was more accurate in predicting phospholipidosis compared with in silico models based on pKa and ClogP, measures of protonation, and transport-independent distribution in the lysosome, respectively. In summary, PLA2G15 is a primary target for cationic amphiphilic drugs that cause phospholipidosis, and PLA2G15 inhibition by cationic amphiphilic compounds provides a potentially robust screening platform for potential toxicity during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Hinkovska-Galcheva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taylour Treadwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan M Shillingford
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Akira Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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8
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Henderson JM, Weber C, Santovito D. Beyond Self-Recycling: Cell-Specific Role of Autophagy in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030625. [PMID: 33799835 PMCID: PMC7998923 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall and underlies the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. As such, atherosclerosis stands as the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and intensive scientific efforts are made to investigate its complex pathophysiology, which involves the deregulation of crucial intracellular pathways and intricate interactions between diverse cell types. A growing body of evidence, including in vitro and in vivo studies involving cell-specific deletion of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), has unveiled the mechanistic relevance of cell-specific (endothelial, smooth-muscle, and myeloid cells) defective autophagy in the processes of atherogenesis. In this review, we underscore the recent insights on autophagy's cell-type-dependent role in atherosclerosis development and progression, featuring the relevance of canonical catabolic functions and emerging noncanonical mechanisms, and highlighting the potential therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Henderson
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS of Milan, National Research Council, I-09042 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
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9
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Drug Development and Treatment of Autophagy in Other Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32671786 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In addition to tumors and aging that are associated with autophagy, many other diseases are also regulated by autophagy, including liver disease, myopathy, immune pathogen infection, cardiovascular disease, and so on. This chapter will detail the relationship between autophagy and these diseases and their underlying molecular mechanisms. We summarized the current research status of autophagy as a target for the treatment of related diseases, and prospected the development of related drugs and therapeutic strategies. We hope to provide new ideas for finding new therapeutic targets through the autophagic signaling pathways.
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10
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Kinnear C, Agrawal R, Loo C, Pahnke A, Rodrigues DC, Thompson T, Akinrinade O, Ahadian S, Keeley F, Radisic M, Mital S, Ellis J. Everolimus Rescues the Phenotype of Elastin Insufficiency in Patient Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1325-1339. [PMID: 32212852 PMCID: PMC7176340 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Elastin gene deletion or mutation leads to arterial stenoses due to vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Human induced pluripotent stem cells–derived SMCs can model the elastin insufficiency phenotype in vitro but show only partial rescue with rapamycin. Our objective was to identify drug candidates with superior efficacy in rescuing the SMC phenotype in elastin insufficiency patients. Approach and Results: SMCs generated from induced pluripotent stem cells from 5 elastin insufficiency patients with severe recurrent vascular stenoses (3 Williams syndrome and 2 elastin mutations) were phenotypically immature, hyperproliferative, poorly responsive to endothelin, and exerted reduced tension in 3-dimensional smooth muscle biowires. Elastin mRNA and protein were reduced in SMCs from patients compared to healthy control SMCs. Fourteen drug candidates were tested on patient SMCs. Of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors studied, everolimus restored differentiation, rescued proliferation, and improved endothelin-induced calcium flux in all patient SMCs except one Williams syndrome. Of the calcium channel blockers, verapamil increased SMC differentiation and reduced proliferation in Williams syndrome patient cells but not in elastin mutation patients and had no effect on endothelin response. Combination treatment with everolimus and verapamil was not superior to everolimus alone. Other drug candidates had limited efficacy. Conclusions: Everolimus caused the most consistent improvement in SMC differentiation, proliferation and in SMC function in patients with both syndromic and nonsyndromic elastin insufficiency, and offers the best candidate for drug repurposing for treatment of elastin insufficiency associated vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kinnear
- From the Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.K., R.A., O.A., S.M.)
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- From the Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.K., R.A., O.A., S.M.)
| | - Caitlin Loo
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.L., D.C.R., T.T., J.E.).,Department of Molecular Genetics (C.L., J.E.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aric Pahnke
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (A.P., S.A., M.R.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (A.P., S.A., M.R.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deivid Carvalho Rodrigues
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.L., D.C.R., T.T., J.E.)
| | - Tadeo Thompson
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.L., D.C.R., T.T., J.E.)
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- From the Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.K., R.A., O.A., S.M.)
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (A.P., S.A., M.R.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (A.P., S.A., M.R.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fred Keeley
- Department of Biochemistry (F.K.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (F.K.)
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (A.P., S.A., M.R.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (A.P., S.A., M.R.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seema Mital
- From the Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.K., R.A., O.A., S.M.).,Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children (S.M.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.L., D.C.R., T.T., J.E.).,Department of Molecular Genetics (C.L., J.E.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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De Munck DG, De Meyer GR, Martinet W. Autophagy as an emerging therapeutic target for age-related vascular pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:131-145. [PMID: 31985292 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1723079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The incidence of age-related vascular diseases such as arterial stiffness, hypertension and atherosclerosis, is rising dramatically and is substantially impacting healthcare systems. Mounting evidence suggests that there is an important role for autophagy in maintaining (cardio)vascular health. Impaired vascular autophagy has been linked to arterial aging and the initiation of vascular disease.Areas covered: The function and implications of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells are discussed in healthy blood vessels and arterial disease. Furthermore, we discuss current treatment options for vascular disease and their links with autophagy. A literature search was conducted in PubMed up to October 2019.Expert opinion: Although the therapeutic potential of inducing autophagy in age-related vascular pathologies is considerable, several issues should be addressed before autophagy induction can be clinically used to treat vascular disease. These issues include uncertainty regarding the most effective drug target as well as the lack of potency and selectivity of autophagy inducing drugs. Moreover, drug tolerance or autophagy mediated cell death have been reported as possible adverse effects. Special attention is required for determining the cause of autophagy deficiency to optimize the treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien G De Munck
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Ry De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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12
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Application of Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1207:265-270. [PMID: 32671754 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is closely related to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Autophagy may be a therapeutic target for many cardiovascular diseases. In this chapter, we will summarize autophagy activators and inhibitors as potential drugs for cardiovascular diseases.
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13
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Sun X, Wu A, Kwan Law BY, Liu C, Zeng W, Ling Qiu AC, Han Y, He Y, Wai Wong VK. The active components derived from Penthorum chinensePursh protect against oxidative-stress-induced vascular injury via autophagy induction. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:160-180. [PMID: 31689485 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced damage has been proposed as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is a pathogenic feature of atherosclerosis. Although autophagy was reported to have a protective effect against atherosclerosis, its mechanism for reducing oxidative stress remains un-elucidated. In this study, we have identified 4 novel autophagic compounds from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), which activated the AMPK mediated autophagy pathway for the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In this study, 4 compounds (TA, PG, TB and PG1) identified from Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) were demonstrated for the first time to possess binding affinity to HUVECs cell membranes via cell membrane chromatography (CMC) accompanied by UHPLC-TOF-MS analysis, and the 4 identified compounds induce autophagy in HUVECs. Among the 4 autophagic activators identified from PCP, TA (Thonningianin A, Pinocembrin dihydrochalcone-7-O-[3″-O-galloyl-4″,6″-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-glucoside) is the major chemcial component in PCP, which possesses the most potent autophagy effect via a Ca2+/AMPK-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways. Moreover, TA efficiently reduced the level of ROS in HUVECs induced by H2O2. Additionally, the expression of pro- and cleaved-IL-1β in the aortic artery of ApoE-KO mice were also alleviated at the transcription and post-transcription levels after the administration of TA, which might be correlated to the reduction of oxidative-stress induced inflammasome-related Nod-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) in the aortic arteries of ApoE-KO mice. This study has pinpointed the novel autophagic role of TA in alleviating the oxidative stress of HUVECs and aortic artery of ApoE-KO mice, and provided insight into the therapeutic application of TA in treatment of atherosclerosis or other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Vascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Anguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Chaolin Liu
- Vascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Alena Cong Ling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Yanzheng He
- Vascular Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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14
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Cheng W, Yang S, Li X, Liang F, Zhou R, Wang H, Feng Y, Wang Y. Low doses of BPA induced abnormal mitochondrial fission and hypertrophy in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via the calcineurin-DRP1 signaling pathway: A comparison between XX and XY cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 388:114850. [PMID: 31830493 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans are inevitably exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) via multiple exposure ways. Thus, attention should be raised to the possible adverse effects related to low doses of BPA. Epidemiological studies have outlined BPA exposure and the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (such as cardiac hypertrophy), which has been confirmed to be sex-specific in rodent animals and present in few in vitro studies, although the molecular mechanism is still unclear. However, whether BPA at low doses equivalent to human internal exposure level could induce cardiac hypertrophy via the calcineurin-DRP1 signaling pathway by disrupting calcium homeostasis is unknown. To address this, human embryonic stem cell (H1, XY karyotype and H9, XX karyotype)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) were purified and applied to study the low-dose effects of BPA on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In our study, when H1- and H9-CM were exposed to noncytotoxic BPA (8 ng/ml), markedly elevated hypertrophic-related mRNA expression levels (such as NPPA and NPPB), enhanced cellular area and reduced ATP supplementation, demonstrated the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro. The excessive fission produced by BPA was promoted by CnAβ-mediated dephosphorylation of DRP1. At the molecular level, the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels by low doses of BPA could discriminate between H1- and H9-CM, which may suggest a potential sex-specific hypertrophic risk in cardiomyocytes in terms of abnormal mitochondrial fission and ATP production by impairing CnAβ-DRP1 signaling. In CnAβ-knockdown cardiomyocytes, these changes were highly presented in XX-karyotyped cells, rather than in XY-karyotyped cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Shoufei Yang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Fan Liang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Ren Zhou
- The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China; The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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15
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Wang YT, Li X, Chen J, McConnell BK, Chen L, Li PL, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Activation of TFEB ameliorates dedifferentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells and neointima formation in mice with high-fat diet. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31515484 PMCID: PMC6742653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is recently implicated in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of autophagy signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of TFEB in SMC homeostasis have not been elucidated. Here, we surveyed the ability of TFEB to regulate autophagy pathway in SMCs, and whether pharmacological activation of TFEB favors SMC homeostasis preventing dedifferentiation and pathogenic vascular remodeling. In primary cultured SMCs, TFEB activator trehalose induced nuclear translocation of TFEB and upregulation of TFEB-controlled autophagy genes leading to enhanced autophagy signaling. Moreover, trehalose suppressed serum-induced SMC dedifferentiation to synthetic phenotypes as characterized by inhibited proliferation and migration. These effects of trehalose were mimicked by ectopic upregulation of TFEB and inhibited by TFEB gene silencing. In animal experiments, partial ligation of carotid arteries induced downregulation of TFEB pathway in the media layer of these arteries. Such TFEB suppression was correlated with increased SMC dedifferentiation and aggravated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced neointima formation. Treatment of mice with trehalose reversed this TFEB pathway suppression, and prevented SMC dedifferentiation and HFD-induced neointima formation. In conclusion, our findings have identified TFEB as a novel positive regulator for autophagy pathway and cellular homeostasis in SMCs. Our data suggest that suppression of TFEB may be an initiating mechanism that promotes SMC dedifferentiation leading to accelerated neointima formation in vascular disorders associated with metabolic stress, whereas trehalose reverses these changes. These findings warrant further evaluation of trehalose in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiajie Chen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bradley K McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Ou H, Liu C, Feng W, Xiao X, Tang S, Mo Z. Role of AMPK in atherosclerosis via autophagy regulation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1212-1221. [PMID: 29656339 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and deposition of fibrous elements in the vascular wall, which is the primary cause of cardiovascular diseases. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor of energy metabolism that regulates multiple physiological processes, including lipid and glucose metabolism and the normalization of energy imbalances. Overwhelming evidence indicates that AMPK activation markedly attenuates atherosclerosis development. Autophagy inhibits cell apoptosis and inflammation and promotes cholesterol efflux and efferocytosis. Physiological autophagy is essential for maintaining normal cardiovascular function. Increasing evidence demonstrates that autophagy occurs in developing atherosclerotic plaques. Emerging evidence indicates that AMPK regulates autophagy via a downstream signaling pathway. The complex relationship between AMPK and autophagy has attracted the attention of many researchers because of this close relationship to atherosclerosis development. This review demonstrates the role of AMPK and autophagy in atherosclerosis. An improved understanding of this interrelationship will create novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Ou
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Chuhao Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,2016 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Wenjie Feng
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,2015 Grade Medical Imaging Class of Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xinwen Xiao
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,2015 Grade Medical Imaging Class of Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China. .,Center for Life Science, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, 418000, China.
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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17
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Wu H, Song A, Hu W, Dai M. The Anti-atherosclerotic Effect of Paeonol against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Up-regulation of Autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:948. [PMID: 29354055 PMCID: PMC5758604 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Paeonol (2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone), isolated from moutan cortex, is an active component and has been shown to have anti-atherosclerotic and anti-proliferation effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the possible role of Paeonol in protecting against VSMC proliferation as related to autophagy has yet to be elucidated. Materials and Methods: The athero-protective effects of Paeonol were evaluated in apoE-/- mice. The effects of Paeonol on VSMC proliferation and autophagy were examined by staining α-SMA and LC3II spots in the media layer of apoE-/- mice, respectively. CCK8 and BrdU assays were used to investigate the effects of Paeonol on cell proliferation in vitro. The autophagic levels in VSMCs were evaluated by detecting LC3II accumulation and p62 degradation by immunoblot analysis. To investigate if Paeonol could prevent VSMCs proliferation through autophagy induction, we tested the change in autophagy and cell proliferation by inhibition of autophagy. The levels of the AMPK/mTOR pathway in autophagy regulation were detected by immunoblot analysis. An AMPK inhibitor and si-AMPK transfection in VSMCs was used to confirm whether AMPK activity plays a key role in autophagy regulation of Paeonol. Results:In vivo experiments confirmed that Paeonol restricted atherosclerosis development and decreased the amount of VSMCs in the media layer of apoE-/- mice. Paeonol increased protein levels of LC3II and the presence of autophagosomes in the media layer of arteries, which implies that Paeonol may induce VSMCs autophagy in vivo. Paeonol showed potential in inhibiting ox-LDL-induced proliferation in vitro experiments. Paeonol dose-dependently enhanced the formation of acidic vesicular organelles and autophagosmomes, up-regulated the expression of LC3II and increased p62 degradation. The autophagy inhibitor CQ obviously attenuated Paeonol-induced autophagy and the anti-proliferation effect in VSMCs. In addition, Paeonol induced phosphorylation of AMPK and reduced phosphorylation of mTOR. An AMPK inhibitor reversed the Paeonol-induced p-mTOR/mTOR decrease. Paeonol induced LC3II conversion, increased p62 degradation and inhibited cell proliferation in VSMCs, the effects of which were abolished by si-AMPK. Conclusion: These results imply that Paeonol inhibits proliferation of VSMCs by up-regulating autophagy, and activating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, providing new insights into the anti-atherosclerosis activity of Paeonol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Aiwei Song
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Min Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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18
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Delbridge LMD, Mellor KM, Taylor DJ, Gottlieb RA. Myocardial stress and autophagy: mechanisms and potential therapies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:412-425. [PMID: 28361977 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous cellular catabolic process responsive to energy stress. Research over the past decade has revealed that cardiomyocyte autophagy is a prominent homeostatic pathway, important in adaptation to altered myocardial metabolic demand. The cellular machinery of autophagy involves targeted direction of macromolecules and organelles for lysosomal degradation. Activation of autophagy has been identified as cardioprotective in some settings (that is, ischaemia and ischaemic preconditioning). In other situations, sustained autophagy has been linked with cardiopathology (for example, sustained pressure overload and heart failure). Perturbation of autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy has also been observed and is associated with both adaptive and maladaptive responses to stress. Emerging research findings indicate that various forms of selective autophagy operate in parallel to manage various types of catabolic cellular cargo including mitochondria, large proteins, glycogen, and stored lipids. In this Review, induction of autophagy associated with cardiac benefit or detriment is considered. The various static and dynamic approaches used to measure autophagy are critiqued, and current inconsistencies in the understanding of autophagy regulation in the heart are highlighted. The prospects for pharmacological intervention to achieve therapeutic manipulation of autophagic processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M D Delbridge
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Mellor
- Department of Physiology, Medical &Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - David J Taylor
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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19
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Juárez E, Carranza C, Sánchez G, González M, Chávez J, Sarabia C, Torres M, Sada E. Loperamide Restricts Intracellular Growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosisin Lung Macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:837-847. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0383oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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20
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Sex-specific pharmacological modulation of autophagic process in human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:166-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Alalem M, Ray A, Ray BK. Metformin induces degradation of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3194-3204. [PMID: 27748082 PMCID: PMC5119975 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mTOR is implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. mTOR inhibition exhibited promising antitumor effects in breast cancer; however, its effect is compromised by several feedback mechanisms. One of such mechanisms is the upregulation of mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells. Despite the established role of mTOR activation in breast cancer, the status of total mTOR protein and its impact on the tumor behavior and response to treatment are poorly understood. Besides, the mechanisms underlying mTOR protein degradation in normal and cancer breast cells are still largely unknown. We and others found that total mTOR protein level is elevated in breast cancer cells compared to their nonmalignant counterparts. We have detected defective proteolysis of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells, which could, at least in part, explain the high level of mTOR protein in these cells. We show that metformin treatment in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells induced degradation of mTOR and sequestration of this protein in a perinuclear region. The decrease in mTOR protein level in these cells correlated positively with a concomitant inhibition of proliferation and migration potentials of these cells. These findings provided a novel mechanism for the metformin action in breast cancer treatment. Understanding the proteolytic mechanism responsible for mTOR level in breast cancer may pave the way for improving the efficacy of breast cancer treatment regimens and mitigating drug resistance as well as providing a basis for potential novel therapeutic modalities for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alalem
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Alpana Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Bimal K Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
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22
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Fusi F, Durante M, Spiga O, Trezza A, Frosini M, Floriddia E, Teodori E, Dei S, Saponara S. In vitro and in silico analysis of the vascular effects of asymmetrical N,N-bis(alkanol)amine aryl esters, novel multidrug resistance-reverting agents. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:1033-43. [PMID: 27351883 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical N,N-bis(alkanol)amine aryl esters (FRA77, GDE6, and GDE19) are potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversers. Their structures loosely remind that of the Ca(2+) antagonist verapamil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate their vascular activity in vitro. Their effects on the mechanical activity of fresh and cultured rat aorta rings on Cav1.2 channel current (I Ca1.2) of A7r5 cells and their cytotoxicity on A7r5 and EA.hy926 cells were analyzed. Docking at the rat α1C subunit of the Cav1.2 channel was simulated in silico. Compounds tested were cytotoxic at concentrations >1 μM (FRA77, GDE6, GDE19) and >10 μM (verapamil) in EA.hy926 cells, or >10 μM (FRA77, GDE6, GDE19) and at 100 μM (verapamil) in A7r5 cells. In fresh rings, the three compounds partly antagonized phenylephrine and 60 mM K(+) (K60)-induced contraction at concentrations ≥1 and ≥3 μM, respectively. On the contrary, verapamil fully relaxed rings pre-contracted with both agents. In cultured rings, 10 μM GDE6, GDE19, FRA77, and verapamil significantly reduced the contractile response to both phenylephrine and K60. Similarly to verapamil, the three compounds docked at the α1C subunit, interacting with the same amino acids residues. FRA77, GDE6, and GDE19 inhibited I Ca1.2 with IC50 values 1 order of magnitude higher than that of verapamil. FRA77-, GDE6-, and GDE19-induced vascular effects occurred at concentrations that are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than those effectively reverting MDR. Though an unambiguous divergence between MDR reverting and vascular activity is of overwhelming importance, these findings consistently contribute to the design and synthesis of novel and potent chemosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - M Durante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - O Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - A Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - M Frosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - E Floriddia
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA-Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Teodori
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA-Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Dei
- Dipartimento NEUROFARBA-Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Saponara
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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23
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Tai S, Hu XQ, Peng DQ, Zhou SH, Zheng XL. The roles of autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Cardiol 2016; 211:1-6. [PMID: 26954728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism and links to several cellular pathways, impacts vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) survival and function. Activation of autophagy by intercellular and/or extracellular stimuli has protective effects on VSMCs against cell death, while on the contrary, overloading autophagy has been recognized as a deleterious process by excessive self-digestion. Alterations in autophagy has been documented in VSMC in response to various stimuli, resulting in modulation of VSMC functions, including proliferation, migration, matrix secretion, contraction/relaxation, and differentiation. Each of these changes in VSMC functions plays a critical role in the development of vascular diseases. Importantly, emerging evidence demonstrates that autophagy deficiency in VSMCs would contribute to atherosclerosis and restenosis, shedding novel light on therapeutic target of the vascular disorders. Herein, this review summarizes the recent progress associated with the roles of autophagy in VSMC and offers the perspectives to several challenges and future directions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Tai
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Dept. of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Qun Hu
- Dept. of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dao-Quan Peng
- Dept. of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zhou
- Dept. of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Dept. of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Kimura-Kojima H, Unuma K, Funakoshi T, Kato C, Komatsu A, Aki T, Uemura K. Increased MFG-E8 expression and its implications in the vascular pathophysiology of cocaine abuse. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:131-8. [PMID: 27182119 PMCID: PMC4866001 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the possible involvement of smooth muscle cell remodeling and the induction of MFG-E8 (milk fat globule protein epidermal growth factor-VIII) in vascular pathophysiology during cocaine administration in cultured cells and rats. Cocaine exerts bifurcate effects on vascular cells; it stimulates vasoconstriction through enhancement of catecholamine release at low doses, while it suppresses cardiovascular functions through inhibition of ion channels at high doses. Short-term exposure to a high concentration of cocaine (3 mM, 24 hr) resulted in cell death of A7r5 rat aorta-derived smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, long-term exposure of the same cells to a low concentration (0.3 mM, ~7 days) resulted in a transient increase in MFG-E8 expression followed by an increased tendency toward cyclin D1, PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), and CDK4 (cyclin-dependent protein kinase-4) expression. Interestingly, autophagy was not induced, but rather was impaired, in cocaine-treated cells. Increased expressions of MFG-E8, PCNA, and CDK4 were also observed in the aortic vascular cells of rats administered cocaine (50 mg/kg, 2 days, i.v.), confirming that cocaine induced MFG-E8 expression in vivo. Taken together, the results show that MFG-E8 is induced in vascular cells exposed to cocaine, and that this induction is likely to be involved in the vascular toxicity elicited by cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Kimura-Kojima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kana Unuma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takeshi Funakoshi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Chizuru Kato
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Ayumi Komatsu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichi Uemura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Ma X, Qiu R, Dang J, Li J, Hu Q, Shan S, Xin Q, Pan W, Bian X, Yuan Q, Long F, Liu N, Li Y, Gao F, Zou C, Gong Y, Liu Q. ORMDL3 contributes to the risk of atherosclerosis in Chinese Han population and mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced autophagy in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17194. [PMID: 26603569 PMCID: PMC4658630 DOI: 10.1038/srep17194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3 (ORMDL3) is a universally confirmed susceptibility gene for asthma and has recently emerged as a crucial modulator in lipid metabolism, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-the mechanisms also closely involved in atherosclerosis (AS). Here we first presented the evidence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms regulating ORMDL3 expression (rs7216389 and rs9303277) significantly associated with AS risk and the evidence of increased ORMDL3 expression in AS cases compared to controls, in Chinese Han population. Following the detection of its statistical correlation with AS, we further explored the functional relevance of ORMDL3 and hypothesized a potential role mediating autophagy as autophagy is activated upon modified lipid, inflammation and ER stress. Our results demonstrated that in endothelial cells oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) up-regulated ORMDL3 expression and knockdown of ORMDL3 alleviated not only ox-LDL-induced but also basal autophagy. BECN1 is essential for autophagy initiation and silencing of ORMDL3 suppressed ox-LDL-induced as well as basal BECN1 expression. In addition, deletion of ORMDL3 resulted in greater sensitivity to ox-LDL-induced cell death. Taken together, ORMDL3 might represent a causal gene mediating autophagy in endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Ma
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Rongfang Qiu
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jie Dang
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qin Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shan Shan
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xin
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xianli Bian
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Feng Long
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei Zou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiji Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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The role of oxidative stress and autophagy in atherosclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:130315. [PMID: 25866599 PMCID: PMC4381688 DOI: 10.1155/2015/130315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, multistep disorder of large- and medium-sized arteries involving, in addition to age, gender and menopausal status, a complex interplay between lifestyle and genetic risk factors. Atherosclerosis usually begins with the diffusion and retention of atherogenic lipoproteins into the subendothelial space of the artery wall where they become oxidized by local enzymes and accumulate, leading to the formation of a cushion called atheroma or atheromatous or fibrofatty plaque, composed of a mixture of macrophages, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), cholesterol cleft, necrotic debris, and lipid-laden foam cells. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis still remains incompletely understood but emerging evidence suggests that it may involve multiple cellular events, including endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, inflammation, proliferation of vascular SMCs, matrix (ECM) alteration, and neovascularization. Actually, a growing body of evidence indicates that autophagy along with the chronic and acute overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is integral to the development and progression of the disease and may represent fruitful avenues for biological investigation and for the identification of new therapeutic targets. In this review, we give an overview of ROS and autophagy in atherosclerosis as background to understand their potential role in this vascular disease.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been widely characterized in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity appears to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the potential for targeting autophagy therapeutically and our vision for where this exciting biology may lead in the future.
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Salabei JK, Hill BG. Autophagic regulation of smooth muscle cell biology. Redox Biol 2014; 4:97-103. [PMID: 25544597 PMCID: PMC4309847 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy regulates the metabolism, survival, and function of numerous cell types, including those comprising the cardiovascular system. In the vasculature, changes in autophagy have been documented in atherosclerotic and restenotic lesions and in hypertensive vessels. The biology of vascular smooth muscle cells appears particularly sensitive to changes in the autophagic program. Recent evidence indicates that stimuli or stressors evoked during the course of vascular disease can regulate autophagic activity, resulting in modulation of VSMC phenotype and viability. In particular, certain growth factors and cytokines, oxygen tension, and pharmacological drugs have been shown to trigger autophagy in smooth muscle cells. Importantly, each of these stimuli has a redox component, typically associated with changes in the abundance of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or lipid species. Collective findings support the hypothesis that autophagy plays a critical role in vascular remodeling by regulating smooth muscle cell phenotype transitions and by influencing the cellular response to stress. In this graphical review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of autophagy in the biology of the smooth muscle cell in (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Salabei
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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29
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Remodeling of Myocardium in Rat with Chronic Dyslipidemia and under Conditions of Verapamil Treatment. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 158:97-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Mitochondrial toxicity of cardiac drugs and its relevance to mitochondrial disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:15-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.973401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- 1Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Postfach 20, 1180 Vienna, Austria, Europe ;
| | - Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub
- 2Laboratory of Biochemistry, UR “Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders” Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisie
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide, despite the significant advances in medicine. Autophagy, a process of self-cannibalization employed by mammalian cells for the recycling of cellular contents, is altered not only in a number of CVDs, but in other diseases, as well. Many FDA-approved drugs are known to induce autophagy-mediated side effects in the cardiovascular system. In some cases, such drug-induced autophagy could be harnessed and used for treating CVD, greatly reducing the duration and cost of CVD treatments. However, because the induction of autophagy in cardiovascular targets can be both adaptive and maladaptive under specific settings, the challenge is to determine whether the changes stimulated by drug-induced autophagy are, in fact, beneficial. In this review, we surveyed a number of CVDs in which autophagy is known to occur, and we also address the role of FDA-approved drugs for which autophagy-mediated side effects occur within the cardiovascular system. The therapeutic potential of using small molecule modulators of autophagy in the management of CVD progression is discussed.
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Salabei JK, Hill BG. Implications of autophagy for vascular smooth muscle cell function and plasticity. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:693-703. [PMID: 23938401 PMCID: PMC3859773 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are fundamental in regulating blood pressure and distributing oxygen and nutrients to peripheral tissues. They also possess remarkable plasticity, with the capacity to switch to synthetic, macrophage-like, or osteochondrogenic phenotypes when cued by external stimuli. In arterial diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis, this plasticity seems to be critical and, depending on the disease context, can be deleterious or beneficial. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms regulating VSMC phenotype and survival is essential for developing new therapies for vascular disease as well as understanding how secondary complications due to surgical interventions develop. In this regard, the cellular process of autophagy is increasingly being recognized as a major player in vascular biology and a critical determinant of VSMC phenotype and survival. Although autophagy was identified in lesional VSMCs in the 1960s, our understanding of the implications of autophagy in arterial diseases and the stimuli promoting its activation in VSMCs is only now being elucidated. In this review, we highlight the evidence for autophagy occurring in VSMCs in vivo, elaborate on the stimuli and processes regulating autophagy, and discuss the current understanding of the role of autophagy in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Salabei
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Autophagy in aging and neurodegenerative diseases: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:941-57. [PMID: 24360503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, share a common cellular and molecular pathogenetic mechanism involving aberrant misfolded protein or peptide aggregation and deposition. Autophagy represents a major route for degradation of aggregated cellular proteins and dysfunctional organelles. Emerging studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of autophagy can lead to decreased levels of these toxic aggregate-prone proteins, and is beneficial in the context of aging and various models of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of autophagy is crucial to the development of strategies for therapy. This review will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autophagy and its important role in the pathogenesis of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and the ongoing drug discovery strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Abstract
Metabolic stimuli, pressure, and fluid shear stress (FSS) are major mediators of vascular plasticity. The exposure of the vessel wall to increased laminar FSS is the main trigger of arteriogenesis, the remodelling of pre-existent arterio-arteriolar anastomoses to functional conductance arteries. In this study, we have used an in vitro bioreactor to investigate cell-specific interactions, molecular mechanisms as well as time-dependent effects under laminar FSS conditions. This bioreactor termed “artificial artery” can be used for screening potential arterio-protective substances, pro-arteriogenic factors, and for investigating biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac diseases. The bioreactor is built up out of 14 hollow fiber membranes colonized with endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the inside and smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs) on the outside. By means of Hoechst 33342 staining as well as immunocytochemistry of ß-catenin and α-smooth-muscle-actin, a microporous polypropylene membrane was characterized as being the appropriate polymer for co-colonization. Defined arterial flow conditions (0.1 N/m2 and 3 N/m2), metabolic exchange, and cross-talk of HUVECs and HUASMCs through hollow fibers mimic physiological in vivo conditions of the vasculature. Analysing mono- and co-culture secretomes by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry, we could show that HUVECs secreted Up4A upon 3 N/m2. A constant cellular secretion of randomly chosen peptides verified viability of the “artificial artery” for a cultivation period up to five days. qRT-PCR analyses revealed an up-regulation of KLF2 and TIMP1 as mechano-regulated genes and demonstrated arterio-protective, homeostatic FSS conditions by a down-regulation of EDN1. Expression analyses of VWF and EDN1 furthermore confirmed that RNA of both cell types could separately be isolated without cross-contamination. CCND1 mRNA expression in HUVECs did not change upon FSS indicating a quiescent endothelial phenotype. Taken together, the “artificial artery” provides a solid in vitro model to test pharmacological active compounds for their impact on arterio-damaging or arterio-protective properties on vascular response.
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Macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:584715. [PMID: 23401644 PMCID: PMC3563164 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in atherosclerotic immune responses. Recent investigation into macrophage autophagy (AP) in atherosclerosis has demonstrated a novel pathway through which these cells contribute to vascular inflammation.
AP is a cellular catabolic process involving the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosomal machinery for ultimate degradation and recycling. Basal levels of macrophage AP play an essential role in atheroprotection during early atherosclerosis. However, AP becomes dysfunctional in the more advanced stages of the pathology and its deficiency promotes vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque necrosis. In this paper, we will discuss the role of macrophages and AP in atherosclerosis and the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of macrophage AP to vascular pathology. Finally, we will discuss how AP could be targeted for therapeutic utility.
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