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Marić Đ, Baralić K, Javorac D, Mandić Rajčević S, Đukić-Ćosić D, Antonijević Miljaković E, Aćimović M, Bulat Z, Aschner M, Buha Djordjevic A. Puzzling relationship between levels of toxic metals in blood and serum levels of reproductive hormones: Benchmark dose approach in cross-sectional study. ALL LIFE 2022; 15:1052-1064. [PMID: 36278024 PMCID: PMC9585479 DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive disorders and infertility have become more common recently among the general population. Toxic metals are known as endocrine disruptors and as they are widespread in nature they may be linked to reproductive problems. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study and its aim was to examine the dose–response relationship between cadmium, arsenic, mercury, chromium and nickel and serum hormone levels of testosterone (women) and estradiol and progesterone (men) using the Benchmark dose approach (BMD). Blood samples were collected from 218 women and 217 men digested in a microwave, and the levels of the tested metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dose–response analysis was performed in PROAST software (version 70.1). The model averaging method was used to calculate the Benchmark dose interval (BMDI). A dose–response relationship has been established between all metals and hormones. The narrowest BMDI was found for the As-testosterone and Hg-testosterone. Levels estimated to produce the extra risk of testosterone serum levels disturbances of 10% were lower than median levels measured in the general population. Moreover, this research suggests the possibility of use of the BMD approach in analyzing data pool generated from extensive human-biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đurđica Marić
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Javorac
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Mandić Rajčević
- School of Public Health and Health Management and Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Đukić-Ćosić
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Antonijević Miljaković
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- Department of Toxicology ‘Akademik Danilo Soldatović’, University of Belgrade – Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
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Yang C, Song G, Lim W. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114505. [PMID: 32268228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that interfere with the expression, synthesis, and activity of hormones in organisms. They are released into the environment from flame retardants and products containing plasticizers. Persistent pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorobenzene, also disrupt the endocrine system through interaction with hormone receptors. Endogenous hormones, such as 17β-estradiol (E2), are released in the urine and feces of farm animals and seep into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through sewage. Pigs are widely used as animal models to determine the effects of EDCs because they are physiologically, biochemically, and histologically similar to humans. EDCs primarily disrupt the reproductive and nervous systems of pigs. Moreover, embryonic development during the prenatal and early postnatal periods is particularly sensitive to EDCs. Mycotoxins, such as zearalenone, are food contaminants that alter hormonal activities in pigs. Mycotoxins also alter the innate immune system in pigs, making them vulnerable to diseases. It has been reported that farm animals are exposed to various types of EDCs, which accumulate in tissues, such as those of gonads, livers, and intestines. There is a lack of an integrated understanding of the impact of EDCs on porcine reproduction and development. Thus, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of literature regarding the effects of EDCs in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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Ding H, Liu M, Zhou C, You X, Suo Z, Zhang C, Xu D. Expression and regulation of GnRHR2 gene and testosterone secretion mediated by GnRH2 and GnRHR2 within porcine testes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:161-172. [PMID: 30930217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 receptor (GnRHR2) together with its cognate ligand involves in regulating reproductive behavior. However, little is known concerning the effect of transcription factor steroidogenic factor1 (SF-1) regulation on porcine GnRHR2 gene expression and GnRH2 regulation mechanism in testosterone secretion through GnRHR2. Our study demonstrated that GnRHR2 transcription levels were high in porcine testis. Immunohistochemistry analyses showed that GnRHR2 immunoreactivity was strong in the Leydig cells in boar testes. Two SF-1 binding sites were predicted in GnRHR2 promoter and the second site (-159/-149) was considered to be important for GnRHR2 promoter activity through site-directed mutagenesis. The binding of SF-1 to GnRHR2 promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that SF-1 could up-regulate porcine GnRHR2 expression. DNA methylation of GnRHR2 promoter CpG island also specifically regulated GnRHR2 expression. Meanwhile, our study also demonstrated GnRH2 treatment promoted the expression of SF-1 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and that this treatment stimulated cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, regulated the expression of GnRHR2, especially that of GnRHR2-X1, and promoted testosterone secretion in porcine Leydig cells. We speculated that testosterone secretion mediated by GnRH2 and GnRHR2 (mainly GnRHR2-X1) was regulated by phosphorylated CREB interacting with SF-1 to control StAR expression. Taken together, the present study indicates that SF-1 and GnRH2 are the essential regulatory factors for GnRHR2 expression. This study also explores the regulation mechanism of testosterone secretion mediated by GnRH2 and GnRHR2 in porcine Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Changfan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangbin You
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zilan Suo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dequan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Ahmed KEM, Frøysa HG, Karlsen OA, Blaser N, Zimmer KE, Berntsen HF, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E, Kellmann R, Goksøyr A. Effects of defined mixtures of POPs and endocrine disruptors on the steroid metabolome of the human H295R adrenocortical cell line. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:328-339. [PMID: 30476764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of environmental pollutants in our ecosystem may impose harmful health effects to wildlife and humans. Several of these toxic chemicals have a potential to interfere with the endocrine system. The adrenal cortex has been identified as the main target organ affected by endocrine disrupting chemicals. The aim of this work was to assess exposure effects of defined and environmentally relevant mixtures of chlorinated, brominated and perfluorinated chemicals on steroidogenesis, using the H295R adrenocortical cell line model in combination with a newly developed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. By using this approach, we could simultaneously analyze 19 of the steroids in the steroid biosynthesis pathway, revealing a deeper insight into possible disruption of steroidogenesis. Our results showed a noticeable down-regulation in steroid production when cells were exposed to the highest concentration of a mixture of brominated and fluorinated compounds (10,000-times human blood values). In contrast, up-regulation was observed with estrone under the same experimental condition, as well as with some other steroids when cells were exposed to a perfluorinated mixture (1000-times human blood values), and the mixture of chlorinated and fluorinated compounds. Interestingly, the low concentration of the perfluorinated mixture alone produced a significant, albeit small, down-regulation of pregnenolone, and the total mixture a similar effect on 17-hydroxypregnenolone. Other mixtures resulted in only slight deviations from the control. Indication of synergistic effects were noted when we used a statistical model to improve data interpretation. A potential for adverse outcomes of human exposures is indicated, pointing to the need for further investigation into these mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Håvard G Frøysa
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Nello Blaser
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Karin Elisabeth Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hanne Friis Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway; Department of Administration, Lab Animal Unit, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 5330 Majorstuen, N-0304, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Steven Verhaegen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ralf Kellmann
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Ma Z, Zhang Y, Su J, Yang S, Qiao W, Li X, Lei Z, Cheng L, An N, Wang W, Feng Y, Zhang J. Effects of neuromedin B on steroidogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis in porcine Leydig cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:13-23. [PMID: 29632025 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuromedin B (NMB), a mammalian bombesin-related peptide, has numerous physiological functions, including regulating hormone secretions, cell growth, and reproduction, by binding to its receptor (NMBR). In this study, we investigated the effects of NMB on testosterone secretion, steroidogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in cultured primary porcine Leydig cells. NMBR was mainly expressed in the Leydig cells of porcine testes, and a specific dose of NMB significantly promoted the secretion of testosterone in the primary Leydig cells; moreover, NMB increased the expression of mRNA and/or proteins of NMBR and steroidogenic mediators (steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR), CYP11A1, and HSD3B1) in the Leydig cells. In addition, specific doses of NMB promoted the proliferation of Leydig cells and increased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Cyclin B1 proteins, while suppressing Leydig cell apoptosis and decreasing BAX and Caspase-3 protein expression. These results suggest that the NMB/NMBR system might play an important role in regulating boar reproductive function by modulating steroidogenesis and/or cell growth in porcine Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Ma
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Su
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenna Qiao
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Lei
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Cheng
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na An
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshao Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Chen R, Liu C, Yuan L, Zha J, Wang Z. 2, 4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol, a photonitration product of 2, 4-dichlorophenol, caused anti-androgenic potency in Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:591-598. [PMID: 27325545 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol (DCNP) is an environmental transformation product of 2,4-dichlorophenol that has been identified as widespread in effluent wastewater, but little is known about its toxicity because this compound is not regulated. Therefore, to investigate the endocrine disruption potency of DCNP in Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus), adult and juvenile fish were exposed to various concentrations of DCNP (2, 20, and 200 μg/L) for 28 d. After 28 d exposure, the plasma vitellogenin (VTG) levels were reduced in females while increased in males and juvenile fish considerably, as compared with the control. These results suggested that DCNP affects the HPG-axis in a sex-dependent way. Testosterone (T) levels in the plasma were significantly lower in adult and juvenile fish and were accompanied by an increased estradiol (E2)/T ratio. Histopathological observation revealed hypertrophy of the hepatocytes and nuclear pyknosis in the liver, the inhibition of spermatogenesis in the testes, and the degeneration of oocytes in the ovaries after DCNP exposure. The expression pattern of selected genes indicated that the nuclear receptor, steroidogenesis and gonadotropin regulation pathways were perturbed after DCNP exposure. Above all, our results demonstrated that DCNP clearly had anti-androgenic activity in both adult and juvenile fish and can therefore be considered as an endocrine-disrupting chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Cao Liu
- Beijing Water Sciences and Technology Institute, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lilai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Magnusson U, Persson S. Endocrine Disruptors in Domestic Animal Reproduction: A Clinical Issue? Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 50 Suppl 3:15-9. [PMID: 26382024 PMCID: PMC4584497 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contents The objective of this review was to discuss whether endocrine disruption is a clinical concern in domestic animal reproduction. To that end, we firstly summarize the phenomenon of endocrine disruption, giving examples of the agents of concern and their effects on the mammalian reproductive system. Then there is a brief overview of the literature on endocrine disruptors and domestic animal reproduction. Finally, the clinical implications of endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system of farm animals as well as in dogs and cats are discussed. It is concluded that the evidence for clinical cases of endocrine disruption by chemical pollutants is weak, whereas for phytooestrogens, it is well established. However, there is concern that particular dogs and cats may be exposed to man-made endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Persson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Label-free based quantitative proteomics analysis of primary neonatal porcine Leydig cells exposed to the persistent contaminant 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE. J Proteomics 2016; 137:68-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Granum C, Anchersen S, Karlsson C, Berg V, Olsaker I, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E. Steroidogenic differential effects in neonatal porcine Leydig cells exposed to persistent organic pollutants derived from cod liver oil. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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