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Xu T, Jiang Y, Fu H, Yang G, Hu X, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xie HQ, Han F, Xu L, Zhao B. Exploring the adverse effects of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-9H-carbazole in atherosclerotic model mice by metabolomic profiling integrated with mechanism studies in vitro. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140767. [PMID: 37992903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Given its wide distribution in the environment and latent toxic effects, 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-9H-carbazole (1368-BCZ) is an emerging concern that has gained increasing attention globally. 1368-BCZ exposure is reported to have potential cardiovascular toxicity. Although atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease and remains a primary cause of mortality worldwide, no evidence has been found regarding the impact of 1368-BCZ on atherosclerosis. Therefore, we aimed to explore the deleterious effects of 1368-BCZ on atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanisms. Serum samples from 1368-BCZ-treated atherosclerotic model mice were subjected to metabolomic profiling to investigate the adverse influence of the pollutant. Subsequently, the molecular mechanism associated with the metabolic pathway of atherosclerotic mice that was identified following 1368-BCZ exposure was validated in vitro. Serum metabolomics analysis revealed that 1368-BCZ significantly altered the tricarboxylic acid cycle, causing a disturbance in energy metabolism. In vitro, we further validated general markers of energy metabolism based on metabolome data: 1368-BCZ dampened adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, blocking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) reversed the high production of ROS induced by 1368-BCZ. It is concluded that 1368-BCZ decreased the ATP synthesis by disturbing the energy metabolism, thereby stimulating the AhR-mediated ROS production and presumably causing aggravated atherosclerosis. This is the first comprehensive study on the cardiovascular toxicity and mechanism of 1368-BCZ based on rodent models of atherosclerosis and integrated with in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; PET/CT Center, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Hualing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guanglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yilan Wang
- PET/CT Center, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Han
- PET/CT Center, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wang H, Yin J, Gu X, Shao W, Jia Z, Chen H, Xia W. Immune Regulator Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893204. [PMID: 35693778 PMCID: PMC9178270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that contains two CARD domains, an RNA helicase domain, and a C-terminal domain. RIG-I initiates antiviral innate immunity by recognizing exogenous viral RNAs/DNAs. However, some studies have reported that RIG-I activation leads to damage in various organs and tissues in diverse circumstances. Recent studies have shown that RIG-I is involved in cancer, lupus nephritis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, Crohn’s disease, and atherosclerosis. These reports indicate that RIG-I not only participates in antiviral signaling pathways but also exerts an influence on non-viral infectious diseases. RIG-I is widely expressed in immune and non-immune cells including smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes. A succinct overview of RIG-I and its signaling pathways, with respect to the cardiovascular system, will aid in the development of novel therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the structure, activation, signaling pathways, and role of RIG-I in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyan Gu
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Shao
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Xia, ; Zhanjun Jia, ; Hongbing Chen,
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Xia, ; Zhanjun Jia, ; Hongbing Chen,
| | - Weiwei Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Xia, ; Zhanjun Jia, ; Hongbing Chen,
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Wang W, Zhang J, Li Z, Gu J, Qin J, Li J, Zhang X, Ru S. Bisphenol S exposure accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in zebrafish embryo-larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128042. [PMID: 34942454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), widely utilized in manufacturing of daily necessities, is a toxicant with potential to induce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, the mode of action by which BPS exposure induces ASCVD remains unknown. Here, macrophages that were exposed to BPS in combination with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) exhibited enhanced formation of foam cells, a hallmark of ASCVD. Furthermore, zebrafish embryo-larvae were exposed to BPS (0, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L) for 15 days (d) and the characteristic symptoms of ASCVD including an inflammatory response, macrophage recruitment around blood vessels, and accumulation of oxLDL on vascular endothelium, were induced in 15-d larvae. After zebrafish were exposed to BPS for 45 d, BPS mobilized fatty acid metabolism and activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling in larval liver, the hub of endogenous lipid metabolism, causing an increase in plasma LDL. Driven by high plasma LDL levels, the caudal artery of zebrafish larvae exhibited lipid accumulation and a thickened area with a large number of collagen fibers, accompanied by characteristic lesions, as well as hyperlipidemia, erythrocyte aggregation, thinner blood vessel walls and increased levels of leukocytes and thromboocytes in plasma. Our data demonstrate that BPS accelerates the progression of ASCVD using zebrafish embryo-larvae as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ze Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jingyu Qin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
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4
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Ren Q, Xie X, Tang Y, Hu Q, Du Y. Methyl tertiary-butyl ether inhibits THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux in vitro and accelerates atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice in vivo. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 101:236-247. [PMID: 33334519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biosafety of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), mainly used as a gasoline additive, has long been a contentious topic. In addition to its routine toxicities, MTBE has been demonstrated to disrupt glucose and lipid metabolism and contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes as well as obesity. As one of the morbidities related to dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis is worthy of being investigated under MTBE exposure. Since foam cells derived from macrophages play pivotal roles during atherosclerosis development, we studied the effects of MTBE on macrophages in vitro and assessed the effect of MTBE on atherosclerosis plaque formation with the ApoE-/- mouse model in vivo for the first time. Our results demonstrated that exposure to MTBE at environmentally relevant concentrations decreased the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, which are responsible for macrophage cholesterol efflux, at both mRNA and protein levels in THP-1 macrophages. Consequently, treatment with MTBE inhibited the transport of cholesterol from macrophages to High-density lipoprotein. ApoE-/- mice exposed to MTBE at environmentally relevant concentrations (100, 1000 μg/kg) displayed significant increases in lesion area in the aorta and aortic root compared to vehicle-treated ones. Further analysis indicated that MTBE exposure enhanced the macrophage-specific marker Mac-2 contents within plaques in the aortic root, implying that MTBE could promote macrophage-derived foam cell formation and thus accelerate atherosclerosis plaque formation. We for the first time demonstrated the pro-atherogenic effect of MTBE via eliciting disruption of macrophage cholesterol efflux and accelerating foam cell formation and atherosclerosis plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Coexposure Alters the Expression Profile of MicroRNAs in the Liver Associated with Atherosclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2652756. [PMID: 32855961 PMCID: PMC7443005 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2652756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs that regulate gene expression. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that exist as complex mixtures in vivo. When humans are simultaneously exposed to these compounds, the development of atherosclerosis is known to be enhanced. However, the roles of miRNA in TCDD- and PCB-induced atherosclerosis are largely unknown. Therefore, the present study is aimed at elucidating the possible dysregulation of miRNAs in atherogenesis induced by coexposure to TCDD and PCBs. Eight-week-old male ApoE−/− mice were coexposed to TCDD (15 μg/kg) and Aroclor1254 (55 mg/kg, a representative mixture of PCBs) by intraperitoneal injection four times over a 6-week period. Microarray analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs in the liver of ApoE−/− mice with or without TCDD and Aroclor1254 coexposure was performed. We discovered that 68 miRNAs and 1312 mRNAs exhibited significant expression changes in response to TCDD and PCB coexposure and revealed that both changed miRNAs and mRNAs are involved in cardiovascular disease processes. An integrated miRNA-mRNA approach indicated that miRNA-26a-5p, miRNA-193a-3p, and miRNA-30c-5p participated in specific TCDD and Aroclor1254 coresponsive networks which are relevant to the cardiovascular system development and function network. Furthermore, our results also indicated that miRNA-130a-3p and miRNA-376a-3p were novel players in the regulation of TCDD- and Aroclor1254-induced atherosclerosis pathways. In summary, our finding provided new insights into the mechanism of atherosclerosis in response to TCDD and PCB coexposure.
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Liu J, Yang B, Wang Y, Wu Y, Fan B, Zhu S, Song E, Song Y. Polychlorinated biphenyl quinone promotes macrophage polarization to CD163 + cells through Nrf2 signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113587. [PMID: 31801669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are notorious environmental pollutants. For their hydrophobic and lipophilic capability, they are wildly spread to environment to threat human health thus attracts more attention. In this study, we observed increasing numbers of CD163 positive (CD163+) macrophages in aortic valve of ApoE-/- mice after 2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-[1,4]-benzoquinone (PCB29-pQ) treatment, the metabolite of polychlorinated biphenyl. In addition, in vitro studies identified that PCB29-pQ exposure significantly provoked the shifting of RAW264.7 macrophages and bone marrow derived monocytes (BMDMs) to CD163+ macrophages. Upon PCB29-pQ administration, CD163 and CD206 levels were enhanced in RAW264.7 cells as well as in BMDMs. However, the concentration of iron and total cholesterol (TC) were reduced due to the boosting of ferroportin (Fpn) and ATP binding cassette transporter, subfamily A, member 1 (ABCA1) which are efflux transporters of iron and cholesterol individually. Further investigation on mechanism indicated that PCB29-pQ exposure induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a protein responsible for macrophage polarization. After that, we blocked Nrf2 through Nrf2 shRNA and ROS scavenger NAC, which significantly reversed the shifting of macrophage to CD163+ sub-population. These results confirmed the importance of Nrf2 in inducing macrophage polarization. In short, our study uncovered that PCB29-pQ could promote macrophage/monocyte polarization to CD163+ macrophage which would be a potential incentive to accelerate atherosclerosis through Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjie Wu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Bailing Fan
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixi Zhu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Dong W, Wang F, Fang M, Wu J, Wang S, Li M, Yang J, Chernick M, Hinton DE, Pei DS, Chen H, Zheng N, Mu J, Xie L, Dong W. Use of biological detection methods to assess dioxin-like compounds in sediments of Bohai Bay, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:339-346. [PMID: 30784797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bohai Bay, in the western region of northeastern China's Bohai Sea, receives water from large rivers containing various pollutants including dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). This study used the established zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, its known developmental toxicity endpoints and sensitive molecular analyses to evaluate sediments near and around an industrial effluent site in Bohai Bay. The primary objective was to assess the efficacy of rapid biological detection methods as an addition to chemical analyses. Embryos were exposed to various concentrations of sediment extracts as well as a 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) positive control. Exposure to sediment extract nearest the discharge site (P1) resulted in the most severe- and highest rates of change in embryos and larvae, suggesting that DLC contaminated sediment probably did not occur much beyond it. P1 extract resulted in concentration dependent increases in mortality and pericardial edema. Its highest concentration caused up-regulation of P-450 (CYP)-1A1(CYP1A) mRNA expression at 72 h post fertilization (hpf), an increase in its expression in gill arches as observed by whole mount in situ hybridization, and an increased signal in the Tg(cyp1a: mCherry) transgenic line. The pattern and magnitude of response was very similar to that of TCDD and supported the presence of DLCs in these sediment samples. Follow-up chemical analysis confirmed this presence and identified H7CDF, O8CDF and O8CDD as the main components in P1 extract. This study validates the use of biological assays as a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method to evaluate DLCs and their effects in sediment samples. Additionally, it provides support for the conclusion that DLCs have limited remobilization capacity in marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Shuaiyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Melissa Chernick
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 130021, China
| | - Jingli Mu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wu Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China.
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8
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Petriello MC, Brandon JA, Hoffman J, Wang C, Tripathi H, Abdel-Latif A, Ye X, Li X, Yang L, Lee E, Soman S, Barney J, Wahlang B, Hennig B, Morris AJ. Dioxin-like PCB 126 Increases Systemic Inflammation and Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Lean LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:548-558. [PMID: 29216392 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to dioxins and related persistent organic pollutants likely contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk through multiple mechanisms including the induction of chronic inflammation. Epidemiological studies have shown that leaner individuals may be more susceptible to the detrimental effects of lipophilic toxicants because they lack large adipose tissue depots that can accumulate and sequester these pollutants. This phenomenon complicates efforts to study mechanisms of pollutant-accelerated atherosclerosis in experimental animal models where high-fat feeding and adipose expansion limit the bioavailability of lipophilic pollutants. Here, we investigated whether a model dioxin-like pollutant, PCB 126, could increase inflammation and accelerate atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice fed a low-fat atherogenic diet. We fed Ldlr-/- mice the Clinton/Cybulsky diet (10% kcal fat, 0.15% cholesterol) and sacrificed mice at 8, 10, or 12 weeks postPCB (2 doses of 1 μmol/kg) or vehicle gavage. To characterize this novel model, we examined the effects of PCB 126 on markers of systemic inflammation, hematological indices, fatty livers, and atherosclerotic lesion size. Mice exposed to PCB 126 exhibited significantly increased plasma inflammatory cytokine levels, increased circulating biomarkers of CVD, altered platelet, and red blood cell counts, increased accumulation of hepatic fatty acids, and accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation in the aortic root. PCB 126 also increased circulating neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages as determined by flow cytometry analysis. Exposure to dioxin-like PCB 126 increases inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. This low-fat atherogenic diet may provide a useful tool to study the mechanisms linking exposure to lipophilic pollutants to increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Petriello
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine.,Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40502
| | | | - Jessie Hoffman
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Environment
| | - Himi Tripathi
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Xiangan Li
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sony Soman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine.,Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40502
| | - Jazmyne Barney
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Banrida Wahlang
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Environment
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine.,Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.,Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40502
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9
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Petriello MC, Hoffman JB, Vsevolozhskaya O, Morris AJ, Hennig B. Dioxin-like PCB 126 increases intestinal inflammation and disrupts gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1022-1032. [PMID: 30373033 PMCID: PMC6211811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is sensitive to diet and environmental exposures and is involved in the regulation of host metabolism. Additionally, gut inflammation is an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases, specifically atherosclerosis and diabetes. Exposures to dioxin-like pollutants occur primarily via ingestion of contaminated foods and are linked to increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. We aimed to elucidate the detrimental impacts of dioxin-like pollutant exposure on gut microbiota and host gut health and metabolism in a mouse model of cardiometabolic disease. We utilized 16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics, and regression modeling to examine the impact of PCB 126 on the microbiome and host metabolism and gut health. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that gut microbiota populations shifted at the phylum and genus levels in ways that mimic observations seen in chronic inflammatory diseases. PCB 126 reduced cecum alpha diversity (0.60 fold change; p = 0.001) and significantly increased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (1.63 fold change; p = 0.044). Toxicant exposed mice exhibited quantifiable concentrations of PCB 126 in the colon, upregulation of Cyp1a1 gene expression, and increased markers of intestinal inflammation. Also, a significant correlation between circulating Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Bifidobacterium was evident and dependent on toxicant exposure. PCB 126 exposure disrupted the gut microbiota and host metabolism and increased intestinal and systemic inflammation. These data imply that the deleterious effects of dioxin-like pollutants may be initiated in the gut, and the modulation of gut microbiota may be a sensitive marker of pollutant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Petriello
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Jessie B Hoffman
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Olga Vsevolozhskaya
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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10
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Deierlein AL, Rock S, Park S. Persistent Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 4:439-449. [PMID: 28980219 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prominent chronic liver disease in Western countries, affecting approximately 25% of the population worldwide. Sex-specific differences in the development of NAFLD are apparent. While obesity and insulin resistance are major contributors to the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, a growing body of literature suggests that exposure to persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (pEDCs) may also play a role. This review summarizes recent (2011 and later) scientific literature investigating exposures to pEDCs, specifically persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and NAFLD, with a focus on sex-specific associations. RECENT FINDINGS The overwhelming majority of studies were conducted in single-sex animal models and provide biological evidence that exposures to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin polychlorinated biphenyls, and other POPs or POP mixtures are negatively associated with liver health. There were four cross-sectional epidemiological studies in humans that reported associations for several POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls and perfluorinated chemicals, with elevated liver enzymes. Only one of these studies, using a sample of gastric bypass surgery patients, examined sex-specific associations of POPs and liver enzymes, finding adverse associations among women only. The noticeable lack of studies investigating how differences (i.e., biochemical, physiological, and behavioral) between men and women may influence associations of pEDCs and NAFLD represents a large research gap in environmental health. Sexual dimorphism in metabolic processes throughout the body, including the liver, is established but often overlooked in the designs and analyses of studies. Other factors identified in this review that may also act to modulate associations of environmental chemicals and NAFLD are reproductive status and dietary nutrient intakes, which also remain understudied in the literature. Despite knowledge of sexual dimorphism in the actions of pEDCs, as well as in metabolic processes related to NAFLD development, few experimental or epidemiological studies have investigated sex-dependent associations. Future studies, especially those in humans, should be designed to address this research need. Consideration of other factors, such as reproductive status, dietary intakes, and mixtures of chemicals with varying endocrine-disrupting capabilities, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Deierlein
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 715/719 Broadway 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Sarah Rock
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 715/719 Broadway 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Sally Park
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 715/719 Broadway 12th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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11
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Dou L, Poitevin S, Sallée M, Addi T, Gondouin B, McKay N, Denison MS, Jourde-Chiche N, Duval-Sabatier A, Cerini C, Brunet P, Dignat-George F, Burtey S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is activated in patients and mice with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2018; 93:986-999. [PMID: 29395338 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are exposed to uremic toxins and have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Some uremic toxins, like indoxyl sulfate, are agonists of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). These toxins induce a vascular procoagulant phenotype. Here we investigated AHR activation in patients with CKD and in a murine model of CKD. We performed a prospective study in 116 patients with CKD stage 3 to 5D and measured the AHR-Activating Potential of serum by bioassay. Compared to sera from healthy controls, sera from CKD patients displayed a strong AHR-Activating Potential; strongly correlated with eGFR and with the indoxyl sulfate concentration. The expression of the AHR target genes Cyp1A1 and AHRR was up-regulated in whole blood from patients with CKD. Survival analyses revealed that cardiovascular events were more frequent in CKD patients with an AHR-Activating Potential above the median. In mice with 5/6 nephrectomy, there was an increased serum AHR-Activating Potential, and an induction of Cyp1a1 mRNA in the aorta and heart, absent in AhR-/- CKD mice. After serial indoxyl sulfate injections, we observed an increase in serum AHR-AP and in expression of Cyp1a1 mRNA in aorta and heart in WT mice, but not in AhR-/- mice. Thus, the AHR pathway is activated both in patients and mice with CKD. Hence, AHR activation could be a key mechanism involved in the deleterious cardiovascular effects observed in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Dou
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Poitevin
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Sallée
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France; Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Tawfik Addi
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Gondouin
- Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie McKay
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Noémie Jourde-Chiche
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France; Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Ariane Duval-Sabatier
- Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM, Marseille, France; Association des dialysés Provence-Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Cerini
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Brunet
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France; Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, UMR-S 1076, VRCM, Marseille, France; Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, AP-HM, Marseille, France.
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12
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Mechanisms of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin- induced cardiovascular toxicity: An overview. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 282:1-6. [PMID: 29317249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant and its toxicity is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Mechanisms of TCDD cardiovascular toxicity consist of oxidative stress, growth factor modulation, and ionic current alteration. It is indicated that the rodent cardiovascular system is a target for TCDD cardiomyopathy. Here, our understanding of TCDD cardiovascular toxicity is reviewed.
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13
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Yu Y, Qin J, Chen D, Wang H, Wang J, Yu Y. Chronic cardiovascular disease-associated gene network analysis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2016; 15:157-71. [PMID: 25216946 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association of dioxin exposure with increased morbidity or mortality of chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been established by many epidemiological studies. However, the precise global gene expression alterations caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the cardiovascular system need to be further elucidated. In this study, we profiled the gene expression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to different concentrations of TCDD by high-throughput sequencing. Expression of 1,838 genes was changed significantly after TCDD stimulation. The FunDO analysis suggested that some CVDs were highly associated with TCDD treatment, including atherosclerosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and hypertension. KEGG pathway analysis showed that many genes in the signaling pathways of vascular smooth muscle contraction and apoptosis were altered distinctly. In addition, we revealed evidence regarding the gene network changes of chronic CVDs including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension, and PAH in TCDD-exposed HUVECs. We found that gene expression of β1-adrenoceptors (ADRB1), β2-adrenoceptors (ADRB2), endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE1), and endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) that are involved in the blood pressure regulation pathway decreased apparently under TCDD treatment. Moreover, the transcripts of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which are related to atherosclerosis, were up-regulated by TCDD stimulation. In addition, the transcripts of Homo sapiens collagen, type IV, alpha 1 (COL4A1), and isoforms that trigger the MI pathway were up-regulated after TCDD exposure. Finally, we found enhanced platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) expression with TCDD treatment in endothelial cells, which are involved in PAH induced by vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai, 200031, China,
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14
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Shan Q, Huang F, Wang J, Du Y. Effects of co-exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1364-1374. [PMID: 24861470 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants which coexist in environment, and human are co-exposed to these chemicals. Our present study was aimed to investigate the possible enhanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in ApoE(-/-) mice co-exposed to TCDD and PCBs and to reveal the potential mechanisms involved in. Male ApoE(-/-) mice were exposed to TCDD (15 μg/kg) and Aroclor1254 (55 mg/kg, a representative mixture of PCBs) alone or in combination by intraperitoneal injection four times over a 6-week period. Those mice co-exposed to PCBs and TCDD developed serious liver steatosis, necrosis, and inflammatory stimuli. Interestingly, all treatment induced hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression, but the maximal level of CYP1A1 was not observed in the co-exposure group. Furthermore, microarray analysis by ingenuity pathway analysis software showed that the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathway was significantly activated following co-exposure to TCDD and PCBs. Our data demonstrated that co-exposure to TCDD and PCBs markedly worsen NAFLD in ApoE(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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15
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Reaves DK, Ginsburg E, Bang JJ, Fleming JM. Persistent organic pollutants and obesity: are they potential mechanisms for breast cancer promotion? Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R69-86. [PMID: 25624167 PMCID: PMC4352112 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary ingestion of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is correlated with the development of obesity. Obesity alters metabolism, induces an inflammatory tissue microenvironment, and is also linked to diabetes and breast cancer risk/promotion of the disease. However, no direct evidence exists with regard to the correlation among all three of these factors (POPs, obesity, and breast cancer). Herein, we present results from current correlative studies indicating a causal link between POP exposure through diet and their bioaccumulation in adipose tissue that promotes the development of obesity and ultimately influences breast cancer development and/or progression. Furthermore, as endocrine disruptors, POPs could interfere with hormonally responsive tissue functions causing dysregulation of hormone signaling and cell function. This review highlights the critical need for advanced in vitro and in vivo model systems to elucidate the complex relationship among obesity, POPs, and breast cancer, and, more importantly, to delineate their multifaceted molecular, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies directly testing the observed correlations as well as detailing their molecular mechanisms are vital to cancer research and, ultimately, public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K Reaves
- Department of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USANational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADepartment of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
| | - Erika Ginsburg
- Department of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USANational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADepartment of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
| | - John J Bang
- Department of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USANational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADepartment of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
| | - Jodie M Fleming
- Department of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USANational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of Health, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USADepartment of BiologyNorth Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
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