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Baraghithy S, Gammal A, Permyakova A, Hamad S, Kočvarová R, Calles Y, Tam J. 5-Methoxy-2-aminoindane Reverses Diet-Induced Obesity and Improves Metabolic Parameters in Mice: A Potential New Class of Antiobesity Therapeutics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2527-2543. [PMID: 39144560 PMCID: PMC11320730 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of obesity and its related disorders represents a daunting global health challenge. Unfortunately, current pharmacological interventions for obesity remain limited and are often associated with debilitating side effects. Against this backdrop, the psychoactive aminoindane derivative 5-methoxy-2-aminoindane (MEAI) has gained considerable attention for its ability to induce a pleasurable, alcohol-like sensation while curbing alcohol consumption. Given the potential impact of MEAI on food addiction and energy homeostasis, we examined its metabolic efficacy on appetite regulation, obesity, and related comorbidities under acute and chronic settings, utilizing a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Our results demonstrated that MEAI treatment significantly reduced DIO-induced overweight and adiposity by preserving lean mass and decreasing fat mass. Additionally, MEAI treatment exhibited positive effects on glycemic control by attenuating DIO-induced hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and hyperinsulinemia. Furthermore, MEAI reduced DIO-induced hepatic steatosis by decreasing hepatic lipid accumulation and lowering liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels, primarily by inhibiting de novo lipid synthesis. Metabolic phenotyping revealed that MEAI increased energy expenditure and fat utilization while maintaining food consumption similar to that of the vehicle-treated group. Lastly, MEAI normalized voluntary locomotion actions without any overstimulatory effects. These findings provide compelling evidence for the antiobesity effects of MEAI treatment and call for further preclinical testing. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of MEAI as a novel therapeutic approach for treating obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, offering hope for the development of new treatment options for this global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Asaad Gammal
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Sharleen Hamad
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Radka Kočvarová
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Yael Calles
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory,
The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
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Santos‐Toscano R, Guirguis A, Davidson C. How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:452-481. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Santos‐Toscano
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire UK
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Colin Davidson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire UK
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Manier SK, Felske C, Eckstein N, Meyer MR. The metabolic fate of two new psychoactive substances - 2-aminoindane and N-methyl-2-aminoindane - studied in vitro and in vivo to support drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:145-151. [PMID: 31667988 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of 2-aminoindane (2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine, 2-AI), and N-methyl-2-aminoindane (N-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine, NM-2-AI) after incubations using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLMs), pooled human liver S9 fraction (pS9), and rat urine after oral administration. After analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, pHLM incubations revealed that 2-AI was left unmetabolized, while NM-2-AI formed a hydroxylamine and diastereomers of a metabolite formed after hydroxylation in beta position. Incubations using pS9 led to the formation of an acetyl conjugation in the case of 2-AI and merely a hydroxylamine for NM-2-AI. Investigations on rat urine showed that 2-AI was hydroxylated also forming diasteromers as described for NM-2-AI or acetylated similar to incubations using pS9. All hydroxylated metabolites of NM-2-AI except the hydroxylamine were found in rat urine as additional sulfates. Assuming similar patterns in humans, urine screening procedures might be focused on the parent compounds but should also include their metabolites. An activity screening using human recombinant N-acetyl transferase (NAT) isoforms 1 and 2 revealed that 2-AI was acetylated exclusively by NAT2, which is polymorphically expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha K Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany
| | - Christina Felske
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany.,Applied Pharmacy, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Niels Eckstein
- Applied Pharmacy, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany
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Halberstadt AL, Brandt SD, Walther D, Baumann MH. 2-Aminoindan and its ring-substituted derivatives interact with plasma membrane monoamine transporters and α 2-adrenergic receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:989-999. [PMID: 30904940 PMCID: PMC6848746 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Over the last decade, many new psychostimulant analogues have appeared on the recreational drug market and most are derivatives of amphetamine or cathinone. Another class of designer drugs is derived from the 2-aminoindan structural template. Several members of this class, including the parent compound 2-aminoindan (2-AI), have been sold as designer drugs. Another aminoindan derivative, 5-methoxy-2-aminoindan (5-MeO-AI or MEAI), is the active ingredient in a product marketed online as an alcohol substitute. METHODS Here, we tested 2-AI and its ring-substituted derivatives 5-MeO-AI, 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan (MMAI), and 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindan (MDAI) for their abilities to interact with plasma membrane monoamine transporters for dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET) and serotonin (SERT). We also compared the binding affinities of the aminoindans at 29 receptor and transporter binding sites. RESULTS 2-AI was a selective substrate for NET and DAT. Ring substitution increased potency at SERT while reducing potency at DAT and NET. MDAI was moderately selective for SERT and NET, with tenfold weaker effects on DAT. 5-MeO-AI exhibited some selectivity for SERT, having sixfold lower potency at NET and 20-fold lower potency at DAT. MMAI was highly selective for SERT, with 100-fold lower potency at NET and DAT. The aminoindans had relatively high affinity for α2-adrenoceptor subtypes. 2-AI had particularly high affinity for α2C receptors (Ki = 41 nM) and slightly lower affinity for the α2A (Ki = 134 nM) and α2B (Ki = 211 nM) subtypes. 5-MeO-AI and MMAI also had moderate affinity for the 5-HT2B receptor. CONCLUSIONS 2-AI is predicted to have (+)-amphetamine-like effects and abuse potential whereas the ring-substituted derivatives may produce 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-like effects but with less abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Donna Walther
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Shimshoni JA, Sobol E, Golan E, Ben Ari Y, Gal O. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of 5-methoxy-2-aminoindane (MEAI): A new binge-mitigating agent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 343:29-39. [PMID: 29458138 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxy-2-aminoindane (MEAI) is a novel psychoactive aminoindane derivative, exerting euphoric, alcohol-like tipsy experience and reduced desire to consume alcoholic beverages. Our previous toxicological evaluation of MEAI in rats, clearly indicated MEAI's potential to be further evaluated as a promising binge mitigating agent due to its favorable safety profile. In the light of these observations, we have determined MEAI's pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in rats and evaluated in-vitro its pharmacodynamics (PD) profile. Following oral and intravenous administration of MEAI, two metabolites were identified, namely, N-acetyl-MEAI and 5-hydroxy-N-acetyl-AI, arising from N-acetylation and oxidative demethylation. The PK-parameters of MEAI and N-acetyl-MEAI were derived from single i.v. bolus (10 mg/kg) and single oral doses (10 and 90 mg/kg) of MEAI to rats. MEAI displayed extensive total clearance (2.8 L/h/kg) and a very short plasma and brain half-life (0.5-0.7 h). At 10 mg/kg, MEAI displayed low oral bioavailability (25%) and a plasma to brain ratio in the range of 3-5.5, with brain MEAI peak levels attained rapidly. Non-linear pharmacokinetic behavior was observed in the 90 mg/kg oral group, in which the bioavailability increased by 500%. The non-linear behavior was also evident by the significant increase in plasma half-life of MEAI and its metabolite, N-acetyl-MEAI. N-acetyl-MEAI levels in plasma and brain were about ten times lower than the parent compound, indicative of its minor contribution to MEAI's pharmacological effect. MEAI displayed weak to moderate ligand binding inhibition at the 5-HT2B receptor, while the remaining neurochemical targets were unaffected. Further studies, in non-rodent species are required, in-order to assess MEAI's PK and PD profile adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob A Shimshoni
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel.
| | - Eyal Sobol
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel
| | - Ezekiel Golan
- BSC BV Company, Veemarkt 61, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yulius Ben Ari
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Orit Gal
- Faculty of Agriculture, The Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, The Hebrew University, Israel
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