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Touhara KK, Rossen ND, Deng F, Chu T, Harrington AM, Garcia Caraballo S, Brizuela M, O'Donnell T, Cil O, Brierley SM, Li Y, Julius D. Crypt and Villus Enterochromaffin Cells are Distinct Stress Sensors in the Gut. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579180. [PMID: 38370814 PMCID: PMC10871270 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The crypt-villus structure of the small intestine serves as an essential protective barrier, with its integrity monitored by the gut's sensory system. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, which are rare sensory epithelial cells that release serotonin (5-HT), surveil the mucosal environment and signal both within and outside the gut. However, it remains unclear whether EC cells in intestinal crypts and villi respond to different stimuli and elicit distinct responses. In this study, we introduce a new reporter mouse model to observe the release and propagation of serotonin in live intestines. Using this system, we show that crypt EC cells exhibit two modes of serotonin release: transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1)-dependent tonic serotonin release that controls basal ionic secretion, and irritant-evoked serotonin release that activates gut sensory neurons. Furthermore, we find that a thick protective mucus layer prevents TRPA1 receptors on crypt EC cells from responding to luminal irritants such as reactive electrophiles; if this mucus layer is compromised, then crypt EC cells become susceptible to activation by luminal irritants. On the other hand, villus EC cells detect oxidative stress through TRPM2 channels and co-release serotonin and ATP to activate nearby gut sensory fibers. Our work highlights the physiological importance of intestinal architecture and differential TRP channel expression in sensing noxious stimuli that elicit nausea and/or pain sensations in the gut.
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Kim H, Kim M, Jang Y. Inhaled Volatile Molecules-Responsive TRP Channels as Non-Olfactory Receptors. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:192-204. [PMID: 37551139 PMCID: PMC10902705 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, odorant molecules are detected by olfactory receptors, which are specialized chemoreceptors expressed in olfactory neurons. Besides odorant molecules, certain volatile molecules can be inhaled through the respiratory tract, often leading to pathophysiological changes in the body. These inhaled molecules mediate cellular signaling through the activation of the Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in peripheral tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TRP channels that are involved in the detection and response to volatile molecules, including hazardous substances, anesthetics, plant-derived compounds, and pheromones. The review aims to shed light on the biological mechanisms underlying the sensing of inhaled volatile molecules. Therefore, this review will contribute to a better understanding of the roles of TRP channels in the response to inhaled molecules, providing insights into their implications for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsup Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Kim
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04736, Republic of Korea
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Achanta S, Chintagari NR, Balakrishna S, Liu B, Jordt SE. Pharmacologic Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channel Ankyrin 1 Counteracts 2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile Tear Gas Agent-Induced Cutaneous Injuries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:613-623. [PMID: 38050077 PMCID: PMC10801748 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deployment of the tear gas agent 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) for riot control has significantly increased in recent years. The effects of CS have been believed to be transient and benign. However, CS induces severe pain, blepharospasm, lachrymation, airway obstruction, and skin blisters. Frequent injuries and hospitalizations have been reported after exposure. We have identified the sensory neuronal ion channel, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), as a key CS target resulting in acute irritation and pain and also as a mediator of neurogenic inflammation. Here, we examined the effects of pharmacologic TRPA1 inhibition on CS-induced cutaneous injury. We modeled CS-induced cutaneous injury by applying 10 μl CS agent [200 mM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] to each side of the right ears of 8- to 9-week-old C57BL/6 male mice, whereas left ears were applied with solvent only (DMSO). The TRPA1 inhibitor HC-030031 or A-967079 was administered after CS exposure. CS exposure induced strong tissue swelling, plasma extravasation, and a dramatic increase in inflammatory cytokine levels in the mouse ear skin. We also showed that the effects of CS were not transient but caused persistent skin injuries. These injury parameters were reduced with TRPA1 inhibitor treatment. Further, we tested the pharmacologic activity of advanced TRPA1 antagonists in vitro. Our findings showed that TRPA1 is a crucial mediator of CS-induced nociception and tissue injury and that TRPA1 inhibitors are effective countermeasures that reduce key injury parameters when administered after exposure. Additional therapeutic efficacy studies with advanced TRPA1 antagonists and decontamination strategies are warranted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: 2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) tear gas agent has been deployed as a crowd dispersion chemical agent in recent times. Exposure to CS tear gas agents has been believed to cause transient acute toxic effects that are minimal at most. Here we found that CS tear gas exposure causes both acute and persistent skin injuries and that treatment with transient receptor potential ion channel ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonists ameliorated skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology (S.A., B.L., S.-E.J.) and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (S.-E.J.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (N.R.C., S.B.); and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (ITEHP), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (S.-E.J.)
| | - Narendranath Reddy Chintagari
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology (S.A., B.L., S.-E.J.) and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (S.-E.J.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (N.R.C., S.B.); and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (ITEHP), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (S.-E.J.)
| | - Shrilatha Balakrishna
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology (S.A., B.L., S.-E.J.) and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (S.-E.J.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (N.R.C., S.B.); and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (ITEHP), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (S.-E.J.)
| | - Boyi Liu
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology (S.A., B.L., S.-E.J.) and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (S.-E.J.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (N.R.C., S.B.); and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (ITEHP), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (S.-E.J.)
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology (S.A., B.L., S.-E.J.) and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (S.-E.J.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (N.R.C., S.B.); and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (ITEHP), Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (S.-E.J.)
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Huang L, Zhang Z, Xing H, Luo Y, Yang J, Sui X, Wang Y. Risk assessment based on dose-responsive and time-responsive genes to build PLS-DA models for exogenously induced lung injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114891. [PMID: 37054470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotics can easily harm human lungs owing to the openness of the respiratory system. Identifying pulmonary toxicity remains challenging owing to several reasons: 1) no biomarkers for pulmonary toxicity are available that might help to detect lung injury; 2) traditional animal experiments are time-consuming; 3) traditional detection methods solely focus on poisoning accidents; 4) analytical chemistry methods hardly achieve universal detection. An in vitro testing system able to identify the pulmonary toxicity of contaminants from food, the environment, and drugs is urgently needed. Compounds are virtually infinite, whereas toxicological mechanisms are countable. Therefore, universal methods to identify and predict the risks of contaminants can be designed based on these well-known toxicity mechanisms. In this study, we established a dataset based on transcriptome sequencing of A549 cells upon treatment with different compounds. The representativeness of our dataset was analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Artificial intelligence methods, namely partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models, were employed for toxicity prediction and toxicant identification. The developed model predicted the pulmonary toxicity of compounds with a 92 % accuracy. These models were submitted to an external validation using highly heterogeneous compounds, which supported the accuracy and robustness of our developed methodology. This assay exhibits universal potential applications for water quality monitoring, crop pollution detection, food and drug safety evaluation, as well as chemical warfare agent detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zinan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanchun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Odor perception and symptoms during acrolein exposure in individuals with and without building-related symptoms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8171. [PMID: 35581334 PMCID: PMC9114406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Building-related symptoms (BRS) is a significant work-related and public health problem, characterized by non-specific symptoms occurring in a particular building. The cause of BRS is unknown, but certain reactive compounds are suggested risk factors. The aim of this controlled exposure study was to investigate whether BRS cases report more odor annoyance and symptoms and show altered autonomous nervous system (ANS) response during exposure to the reactive aldehyde, acrolein in comparison with referents. Individuals with BRS (n = 18) and referents (n = 14) took part in two exposure sessions (80 min). One session contained heptane alone, and the other heptane and acrolein. Perceived odor annoyance; eye, nose, and throat symptoms; and ANS response were measured continuously. BRS cases did not experience more odor annoyance; eye, nose, and throat symptoms; or altered ANS response in comparison with referents during the exposures. Supplementary analyses revealed that BRS cases that also reported chemical intolerance perceived more symptoms than referents during acrolein exposure. Acrolein exposure at a concentration below previously reported sensory irritation detection thresholds is perceived as more irritating by a subgroup of BRS individuals compared with referents. The results of this study indicate that a subset of individuals with building related symptoms (BRS) has a lowered sensory irritation threshold towards acrolein exposure. Future guidelines on chemical exposures to acrolein should take time and individual sensitivity into account.
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Singh R, Adhya P, Sharma SS. Redox-sensitive TRP channels: a promising pharmacological target in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:529-545. [PMID: 34289785 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1956464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and its related pain is a major side effect of certain chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer treatment. Available analgesics are mostly symptomatic, and on prolonged treatment, patients become refractive to them. Hence, the development of improved therapeutics that act on novel therapeutic targets is necessary. Potential targets include the redox-sensitive TRP channels [e.g. TRPA1, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRPM2, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, and TRPV4] which are activated under oxidative stress associated with CIPN. AREAS COVERED We have examined numerous neuropathy-inducing cancer chemotherapeutics and their pathophysiological mechanisms. Oxidative stress and its downstream targets, the redox-sensitive TRP channels, together with their potential pharmacological modulators, are discussed. Finally, we reflect upon the barriers to getting new therapeutic approaches into the clinic. The literature search was conducted in PubMed upto and including April 2021. EXPERT OPINION Redox-sensitive TRP channels are a promising target in CIPN. Pharmacological modulators of these channels have reduced pain in preclinical models and in clinical studies. Clinical scrutiny suggests that TRPA1, TRPM8, and TRPV1 are the most promising targets because of their pain-relieving potential. In addition to the analgesic effect, TRPV1 agonist-Capsaicin possesses a disease-modifying effect in CIPN through its restorative property in damaged sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Pratik Adhya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Mangelsdorf I, Schröder K, Escher SE, Kolossa-Gehring M, Debiak M. Risk assessment for irritating chemicals - Derivation of extrapolation factors. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 232:113668. [PMID: 33333487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irritation of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract are important endpoints for setting guide values for chemicals. To optimize the use of the often-limited data, we analysed controlled human exposure studies (CHS) with 1-4 h inhalation of the test substance, repeated dose inhalation studies in rodents, and Alarie-Tests and derived extrapolation factors (EF) for exposure duration, inter- and intraspecies differences. For the endpoint irritating effects in the respiratory tract in rodents, geometric mean (GM) values of 1.9 were obtained for the EF for subacute→subchronic (n = 16), 2.1 for subchronic→chronic (n = 40), and 2.9 for subacute→chronic (n = 10) extrapolation. Based on these data we suggest an EF of 2 for subchronic→chronic and of 4 for subacute→chronic extrapolation. In CHS, exposure concentration determines the effects rather than exposure duration. Slight reversible effects during 4 h exposure indicate that an EF of 1 can be considered for assessing chronic exposures. To assess species extrapolation, 10 chemicals were identified with both, reliable rat inhalation studies and CHS. The GM of the ratio between the No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC) in rats and humans was 2.3 and increased to 3.6 when expanding the dataset to all available EF (n = 25). Based on these analyses, an EF of 3 is suggested to extrapolate from a NOAEC in a chronic rat study to a NOAEC in a CHS. The analysis of EFs for the extrapolation from a 50% decrease in respiratory frequency in the Alarie test in mice (RD50) to a NOAEC in a CHS resulted in a GM of 40, for both, the reliable (n = 11) and the overall dataset (n = 19). We propose to use the RD50 from the Alarie test for setting guide values and to use 40 as EF. Efs for intraspecies differences in the human population must account for susceptible persons, most importantly for persons with chemical intolerance (CI), who show subjective signs of irritation at low concentrations. The limited data available do not justify to deviate from an EF of 10 - 20 as currently used in different regulatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Mangelsdorf
- Toxicology Consulting, Hamburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Achanta S, Jordt SE. Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:73-103. [PMID: 32892378 PMCID: PMC7933981 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung is highly sensitive to chemical injuries caused by exposure to threat agents in industrial or transportation accidents, occupational exposures, or deliberate use as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). There are no antidotes for the majority of the chemical threat agents and toxic inhalation hazards despite their use as WMDs for more than a century. Among several putative targets, evidence for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as mediators of injury by various inhalational chemical threat agents is emerging. TRP channels are expressed in the respiratory system and are essential for homeostasis. Among TRP channels, the body of literature supporting essential roles for TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4 in pulmonary chemical injuries is abundant. TRP channels mediate their function through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. TRP channels play a crucial role in complex pulmonary pathophysiologic events including, but not limited to, increased intracellular calcium levels, signal transduction, recruitment of proinflammatory cells, neurogenic inflammatory pathways, cough reflex, hampered mucus clearance, disruption of the integrity of the epithelia, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of TRP channels in chemical threat agents-induced pulmonary injuries and how these channels may serve as medical countermeasure targets for broader indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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A simple model for the assessment of the agonistic activity of dibenzazepine derivatives by molecular moieties. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lynch J, Jin L, Richardson A, Jagatheesan G, Lorkiewicz P, Xie Z, Theis WS, Shirk G, Malovichko MV, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S, Conklin DJ. Acute and chronic vascular effects of inhaled crotonaldehyde in mice: Role of TRPA1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 402:115120. [PMID: 32634517 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although crotonaldehyde (CR) is an abundant α,β-unsaturated aldehyde in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS), the cardiovascular toxicity of inhaled CR is largely unexplored. Thus, male C57BL/6 J mice were exposed acutely (1 h, 6 h, and 4d) and chronically (12 weeks) to CR (at levels relevant to MCS; 1 and 3 ppm), and cardiovascular and systemic outcomes were measured in vivo and in vitro. Diastolic blood pressure was decreased (hypotension) by both acute and chronic CR exposure. Vascular toxicity of inhaled CR was quantified in isolated aorta in response to agonists of contraction (phenylephrine, PE) and relaxation (acetylcholine, ACh; sodium nitroprusside, SNP). Although no change in contractility was observed, ACh-induced relaxations were augmented after both acute and chronic CR exposures whereas SNP-induced relaxation was enhanced only following 3 ppm CR exposure. Because CR is a known agonist of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, male TRPA1-null mice were exposed to air or CR (4d, 1 ppm) and aortic function assessed in vitro. CR exposure had no effect on TRPA1-null aortic function indicating a role of TRPA1 in CR effects in C57BL/6 J mice. Notably, CR exposure (4d, 1 ppm) had no effect on aortic function in female C57BL/6 J mice. This study shows that CR inhalation exposure induces real-time and persistent vascular changes that promote hypotension-a known risk factor for stroke. Because of continued widespread exposures of humans to combustion-derived CR (environmental and tobacco products), CR may be an important cardiovascular disease risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, United States of America; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Lexiao Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, United States of America; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Andre Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, United States of America; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Whitney S Theis
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Gregg Shirk
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America.
| | - Marina V Malovichko
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, United States of America; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, United States of America; Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, United States of America; Diabetes & Obesity Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, United States of America; Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
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11
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Arman S, İşisağ Üçüncü S. Cardiac toxicity of acrolein exposure in embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22423-22433. [PMID: 32307682 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a widely distributed pollutant produced from various sources such as industrial waste, organic combustion, and power plant emissions. It is also intentionally released into irrigation canals to control invasive aquatic plants. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has a good reputation for being an attractive model organism for developmental and toxicological research. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to acrolein to investigate the cardiotoxic effects. The 96-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) value of acrolein was determined as 654.385 μg/L. Then, the embryos were treated with the sublethal experimental concentrations of acrolein (1, 4, 16, 64, and 256 μg/L) for 96 h. Embryos were examined at 48, 72, and 96 h post-fertilization (hpf). Acrolein affected the cardiac morphology and function of the embryos. Sinus venosus-bulbus arteriosus (SV-BA) distance of 64 μg/L and 256 μg/L acrolein groups was elongated compared with the control samples. Immunostaining with MF20 antibody clearly exhibited that the atrium positioned posterior to the ventricle which indicated cardiac looping inhibition. Histological preparations also showed the mispositioning and the lumens of the chambers narrowed. Acrolein-induced increased heart rate was noted in the 4, 16, 64, and 256 μg/L treatment groups. Taken together, these results indicated that acrolein disrupted the heart development and cardiac function in zebrafish, suggesting that its water-borne risks should be considered seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezgi Arman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54050, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Sema İşisağ Üçüncü
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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12
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Erythropel HC, Jabba SV, DeWinter TM, Mendizabal M, Anastas PT, Jordt SE, Zimmerman JB. Formation of flavorant-propylene Glycol Adducts With Novel Toxicological Properties in Chemically Unstable E-Cigarette Liquids. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1248-1258. [PMID: 30335174 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION "Vaping" electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasingly popular with youth, driven by the wide range of available flavors, often created using flavor aldehydes. The objective of this study was to examine whether flavor aldehydes remain stable in e-cigarette liquids or whether they undergo chemical reactions, forming novel chemical species that may cause harm to the user. METHODS Gas chromatography was used to determine concentrations of flavor aldehydes and reaction products in e-liquids and vapor generated from a commercial e-cigarette. Stability of the detected reaction products in aqueous media was monitored by ultraviolet spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their effects on irritant receptors determined by fluorescent calcium imaging in HEK-293T cells. RESULTS Flavor aldehydes including benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, citral, ethylvanillin, and vanillin rapidly reacted with the e-liquid solvent propylene glycol (PG) after mixing, and upward of 40% of flavor aldehyde content was converted to flavor aldehyde PG acetals, which were also detected in commercial e-liquids. Vaping experiments showed carryover rates of 50%-80% of acetals to e-cigarette vapor. Acetals remained stable in physiological aqueous solution, with half-lives above 36 hours, suggesting they persist when inhaled by the user. Acetals activated aldehyde-sensitive TRPA1 irritant receptors and aldehyde-insensitive TRPV1 irritant receptors. CONCLUSIONS E-liquids are potentially reactive chemical systems in which new compounds can form after mixing of constituents and during storage, as demonstrated here for flavor aldehyde PG acetals, with unexpected toxicological effects. For regulatory purposes, a rigorous process is advised to monitor the potentially changing composition of e-liquids and e-vapors over time, to identify possible health hazards. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that e-cigarette liquids can be chemically unstable, with reactions occurring between flavorant and solvent components immediately after mixing at room temperature. The resulting compounds have toxicological properties that differ from either the flavorants or solvent components. These findings suggest that the reporting of manufacturing ingredients of e-liquids is insufficient for a safety assessment. The establishment of an analytical workflow to detect newly formed compounds in e-liquids and their potential toxicological effects is imperative for regulatory risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno C Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sairam V Jabba
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Tamara M DeWinter
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Melissa Mendizabal
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Paul T Anastas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Sven E Jordt
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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13
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Grootveld M, Percival BC, Leenders J, Wilson PB. Potential Adverse Public Health Effects Afforded by the Ingestion of Dietary Lipid Oxidation Product Toxins: Significance of Fried Food Sources. Nutrients 2020; 12:E974. [PMID: 32244669 PMCID: PMC7254282 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich culinary oils (COs) to high temperature frying practices generates high concentrations of cytotoxic and genotoxic lipid oxidation products (LOPs) via oxygen-fueled, recycling peroxidative bursts. These toxins, including aldehydes and epoxy-fatty acids, readily penetrate into fried foods and hence are available for human consumption; therefore, they may pose substantial health hazards. Although previous reports have claimed health benefits offered by the use of PUFA-laden COs for frying purposes, these may be erroneous in view of their failure to consider the negating adverse public health threats presented by food-transferable LOPs therein. When absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) system into the systemic circulation, such LOPs may significantly contribute to enhanced risks of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), e.g. cancer, along with cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive rationale relating to the public health threats posed by the dietary ingestion of LOPs in fried foods. We begin with an introduction to sequential lipid peroxidation processes, describing the noxious effects of LOP toxins generated therefrom. We continue to discuss GI system interactions, the metabolism and biotransformation of primary lipid hydroperoxide LOPs and their secondary products, and the toxicological properties of these agents, prior to providing a narrative on chemically-reactive, secondary aldehydic LOPs available for human ingestion. In view of a range of previous studies focused on their deleterious health effects in animal and cellular model systems, some emphasis is placed on the physiological fate of the more prevalent and toxic α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. We conclude with a description of targeted nutritional and interventional strategies, whilst highlighting the urgent and unmet clinical need for nutritional and epidemiological trials probing relationships between the incidence of NCDs, and the frequency and estimated quantities of dietary LOP intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (B.C.P.); (J.L.); (P.B.W.)
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14
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Thompson LC, Walsh L, Martin BL, McGee J, Wood C, Kovalcik K, Pancras JP, Haykal-Coates N, Ledbetter AD, Davies D, Cascio WE, Higuchi M, Hazari MS, Farraj AK. Ambient Particulate Matter and Acrolein Co-Exposure Increases Myocardial Dyssynchrony in Mice via TRPA1. Toxicol Sci 2020; 167:559-572. [PMID: 30351402 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of particulate matter and gases linked to adverse clinical outcomes. As such, studying responses to individual pollutants does not account for the potential biological responses resulting from the interaction of various constituents within an ambient air shed. We previously reported that exposure to high levels of the gaseous pollutant acrolein perturbs myocardial synchrony. Here, we examined the effects of repeated, intermittent co-exposure to low levels of concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) and acrolein on myocardial synchrony and the role of transient receptor potential cation channel A1 (TRPA1), which we previously linked to air pollution-induced sensitization to triggered cardiac arrhythmia. Female B6129 and Trpa1-/- mice (n = 6/group) were exposed to filtered air (FA), CAPs (46 µg/m3 of PM2.5), Acrolein (0.42 ppm), or CAPs+Acrolein for 3 h/day, 2 days/week for 4 weeks. Cardiac ultrasound was conducted to assess cardiac synchronicity and function before and after the first exposure and after the final exposure. Heart rate variability (HRV), an indicator of autonomic tone, was assessed after the final exposure. Strain delay (time between peak strain in adjacent cardiac wall segments), an index of myocardial dyssynchrony, increased by 5-fold after the final CAPs+Acrolein exposure in B6129 mice compared with FA, CAPs, or Acrolein-exposed B6129 mice, and CAPs+Acrolein-exposed Trpa1-/- mice. Only exposure to acrolein alone increased the HRV high frequency domain (5-fold) in B6129 mice, but not in Trpa1-/- mice. Thus, repeated inhalation of pollutant mixtures may increase risk for cardiac responses compared with single or multiple exposures to individual pollutants through TRPA1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Thompson
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Leon Walsh
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Brandi L Martin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - John McGee
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Charles Wood
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Kasey Kovalcik
- Exposure Methods & Measurements Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Joseph Patrick Pancras
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Najwa Haykal-Coates
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - David Davies
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Wayne E Cascio
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
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15
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Achanta S, Jordt SE. Toxic effects of chlorine gas and potential treatments: a literature review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 31:244-256. [PMID: 31532270 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1669244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine gas is one of the highly produced chemicals in the USA and around the world. Chlorine gas has several uses in water purification, sanitation, and industrial applications; however, it is a toxic inhalation hazard agent. Inhalation of chlorine gas, based on the concentration and duration of the exposure, causes a spectrum of symptoms, including but not limited to lacrimation, rhinorrhea, bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea, acute lung injury, death, and survivors develop signs of pulmonary fibrosis and reactive airway disease. Despite the use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent since World War I and its known potential as an industrial hazard, there is no specific antidote. The resurgence of the use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent in recent years has brought speculation of its use as weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, developing antidotes for chlorine gas-induced lung injuries remains the need of the hour. While some of the pre-clinical studies have made substantial progress in the understanding of chlorine gas-induced pulmonary pathophysiology and identifying potential medical countermeasure(s), yet none of the drug candidates are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we summarized pathophysiology of chlorine gas-induced pulmonary injuries, pre-clinical animal models, development of a pipeline of potential medical countermeasures under FDA animal rule, and future directions for the development of antidotes for chlorine gas-induced lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Martinez JM, Eling TE. Activation of TRPA1 by volatile organic chemicals leading to sensory irritation. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2019; 36:572-582. [PMID: 31026039 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1811012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) have not been tested for sensory pulmonary irritation. Development of in vitro non-animal sensory irritation assay suitable for a large number of chemicals is needed to replace the mouse assay. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is designed to provide a clear description of the biochemical and cellular processes leading to toxicological effects or an adverse outcome. The AOP for chemical sensory pulmonary irritation was developed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidance including the Bradford Hill criteria for a weight of evidence to determine the confidence of the AOP. The proposed AOP is based on an in-depth review of the relevant scientific literature to identify the initial molecular event for respiratory irritation. The activation of TRPA1 receptor (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1) is the molecular initial event (MIE) leading to sensory irritation. A direct measure of TRPA1 activation in vitro should identify chemical sensory irritants and provide an estimate of potency. Fibroblasts expressing TRPA1 are used to determine TRPA1 activation and irritant potency. We report a linear relationship between the in vivo RD₅₀ and the in vitro pEC₅₀ values (R=0.81) to support this hypothesis. We propose that this in vitro assay after additional analysis and validation could serve as a suitable candidate to replace the mouse sensory irritation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanelle M Martinez
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas E Eling
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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18
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Lüling R, John H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Mückter H, Popp T, Steinritz D. Transient Receptor Potential Channel A1 (TRPA1) Regulates Sulfur Mustard-Induced Expression of Heat Shock 70 kDa Protein 6 ( HSPA6) In Vitro. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090126. [PMID: 30200301 PMCID: PMC6162519 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemosensory transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel perceives different sensory stimuli. It also interacts with reactive exogenous compounds including the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). Activation of TRPA1 by SM results in elevation of intracellular calcium levels but the cellular consequences are not understood so far. In the present study we analyzed SM-induced and TRPA1-mediated effects in human TRPA1-overexpressing HEK cells (HEKA1) and human lung epithelial cells (A549) that endogenously exhibit TRPA1. The specific TRPA1 inhibitor AP18 was used to distinguish between SM-induced and TRPA1-mediated or TRPA1-independent effects. Cells were exposed to 600 µM SM and proteome changes were investigated 24 h afterwards by 2D gel electrophoresis. Protein spots with differential staining levels were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results were verified by RT-qPCR experiments in both HEKA1 or A549 cells. Heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 (HSPA6) was identified as an SM-induced and TRPA1-mediated protein. AP18 pre-treatment diminished the up-regulation. RT-qPCR measurements verified these results and further revealed a time-dependent regulation. Our results demonstrate that SM-mediated activation of TRPA1 influences the protein expression and confirm the important role of TRPA1 ion channels in the molecular toxicology of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lüling
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Harald Mückter
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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19
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Molecular Binding Contributes to Concentration Dependent Acrolein Deposition in Rat Upper Airways: CFD and Molecular Dynamics Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040997. [PMID: 29584651 PMCID: PMC5979435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing in vivo experiments show significantly decreased acrolein uptake in rats with increasing inhaled acrolein concentrations. Considering that high-polarity chemicals are prone to bond with each other, it is hypothesized that molecular binding between acrolein and water will contribute to the experimentally observed deposition decrease by decreasing the effective diffusivity. The objective of this study is to quantify the probability of molecular binding for acrolein, as well as its effects on acrolein deposition, using multiscale simulations. An image-based rat airway geometry was used to predict the transport and deposition of acrolein using the chemical species model. The low Reynolds number turbulence model was used to simulate the airflows. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were used to study the molecular binding of acrolein in different media and at different acrolein concentrations. MD results show that significant molecular binding can happen between acrolein and water molecules in human and rat airways. With 72 acrolein embedded in 800 water molecules, about 48% of acrolein compounds contain one hydrogen bond and 10% contain two hydrogen bonds, which agreed favorably with previous MD results. The percentage of hydrogen-bonded acrolein compounds is higher at higher acrolein concentrations or in a medium with higher polarity. Computational dosimetry results show that the size increase caused by the molecular binding reduces the effective diffusivity of acrolein and lowers the chemical deposition onto the airway surfaces. This result is consistent with the experimentally observed deposition decrease at higher concentrations. However, this size increase can only explain part of the concentration-dependent variation of the acrolein uptake and acts as a concurrent mechanism with the uptake-limiting tissue ration rate. Intermolecular interactions and associated variation in diffusivity should be considered in future dosimetry modeling of high-polarity chemicals such as acrolein.
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20
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Achanta S, Chintagari NR, Brackmann M, Balakrishna S, Jordt SE. TRPA1 and CGRP antagonists counteract vesicant-induced skin injury and inflammation. Toxicol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29535050 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The skin is highly sensitive to the chemical warfare agent in mustard gas, sulfur mustard (SM) that initiates a delayed injury response characterized by erythema, inflammation and severe vesication (blistering). Although SM poses a continuing threat, used as recently as in the Syrian conflict, no mechanism-based antidotes against SM are available. Recent studies demonstrated that Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a chemosensory cation channel in sensory nerves innervating the skin, is activated by SM and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), an SM analog, in vitro, suggesting it may promote vesicant injury. Here, we investigated the effects of TRPA1 inhibitors, and an inhibitor of Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP), a neurogenic inflammatory peptide released upon TRPA1 activation, in a CEES-induced mouse ear vesicant model (CEES-MEVM). TRPA1 inhibitors (HC-030031 and A-967079) and a CGRP inhibitor (MK-8825) reduced skin edema, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, CXCL1/KC), MMP-9, a protease implicated in skin damage, and improved histopathological outcomes. These findings suggest that TRPA1 and neurogenic inflammation contribute to the deleterious effects of vesicants in vivo, activated either directly by alkylation, or indirectly, by reactive intermediates or pro-inflammatory mediators. TRPA1 and CGRP inhibitors represent new leads that could be considered for validation and further development in other vesicant injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Marian Brackmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shrilatha Balakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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21
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Nielsen GD, Wolkoff P. Evaluation of airborne sensory irritants for setting exposure limits or guidelines: A systematic approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:308-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Ernstgård L, Dwivedi AM, Lundström JN, Johanson G. Measures of odor and lateralization thresholds of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and hexanal using a novel vapor delivery technique. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185479. [PMID: 28950007 PMCID: PMC5614536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Humans are exposed to aldehydes in a variety of environmental situations. Aldehydes generally have a strong odor and are highly irritating to the mucous membranes. Knowledge about odor perception and especially irritation potency in humans is thus essential in risk assessment and regulation, e.g. setting occupational exposure limits. However, data on odor and irritation are lacking or limited for several aldehydes. The aim of the study was to determine the odor and lateralization thresholds of some commonly occurring aldehydes. Acrolein and crotonaldehyde where chosen as they are formed when organic material is heated or burned, e.g. during cigarette smoking. n-Hexanal was also included as it is emitted from wood pellets and fibreboard. Material and methods To study odor and lateralization thresholds of these aldehydes, a novel, inexpensive olfactometer was designed to enable delivery of reliable and stable test concentrations and thus valid measures of thresholds. The delivery system consists of seven syringe pumps, each connected to a Tedlar bag containing a predefined concentration of the tested aldehyde vapor. To validate the threshold measures, a test-retest was performed with a separate method, namely odor delivery via amber bottles. Twenty healthy naïve individuals were tested. Results The median odor thresholds of acrolein, crotonaldehyde and hexanal were 17, 0.8, and 97 ppb, respectively. No lateralization threshold could be identified for acrolein (highest tested concentration was 2 940 ppb in 5 subjects), whereas the medians were 3 and 390 ppb for the latter two. In addition, odor thresholds for n-hexanal were also determined using two methods where similar results were obtained, suggesting that the olfactometer presentation method is valid. Conclusion We found olfactory detection and lateralization thresholds (except for acrolein) in alliance with, or lower than, previously reported in naïve subjects. The new olfactometer allows better control of presentations timing and vapor concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ernstgård
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aishwarya M Dwivedi
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Steinritz D, Zehfuß F, Stenger B, Schmidt A, Popp T, Kehe K, Mückter H, Thiermann H, Gudermann T. Zinc chloride-induced TRPA1 activation does not contribute to toxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2017; 293:133-139. [PMID: 28919489 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is often used to generate smoke screens. Severe adverse pulmonary health effects have been associated with inhalation of ZnCl2 smokes. The underlying molecular toxicology is not known. Recent studies have shown that the Transient Receptor Potential Channel A1 (TRPA1) is important for sensing toxic chemicals. TRPA1 was shown to be activated by Zn2+ which was linked to pain and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated whether TRPA1 activation contributes to ZnCl2-mediated toxicity in vitro. HEK wildtype (HEK-wt), TRPA1 overexpressing HEK (HEK-A1) and A549 lung cells, endogenously expressing TRPA1, were exposed to ZnCl2. Changes of intracellular calcium levels [Ca2+]i and cell viability were assessed after ZnCl2 exposure in all cell types, without or with TRPA1 inhibition. ZnCl2 increased [Ca2+]i through TRPA1 channels in a complex manner in both HEK-A1 and A549 cells while HEK-wt did not respond to ZnCl2. There was no difference in toxicity between HEK-wt and HEK-A1 cells after ZnCl2 exposure. Inhibition of TRPA1 did not influence toxicity in all investigated cells. Thus, our in vitro results support the assumption that TRPA1 does not primarily mediate toxicity of ZnCl2 and does probably not represent a therapeutic target to abate ZnCl2 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Franziska Zehfuß
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Stenger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr University Munich, Faculty of Human Sciences, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Bundeswehr Medical Academy, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Mückter
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
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