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Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhao W, Huang C, Zhang Z, Sheng L, Song F, Cao Y. Effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and halloysite nanotubes on plasma lipid profiles and autophagic lipolysis pathways in mouse aortas and hearts. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38856197 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are widely used tubular-structured nanomaterials (NMs), but their cardiovascular effects are not clear. This study compared the effects of MWCNTs and HNTs on lipid profiles in mouse plasma and gene expression profiles in aortas and hearts. Mice were intravenously injected with 50 μg NMs, once a day, for 5 days. Then, the plasma was collected for lipidomics analysis, and aortas and hearts were collected for RNA-sequencing analysis. While MWCNTs or HNTs did not induce obvious pathological changes in aortas or hearts, the lipid profiles in mouse plasma were altered. Further analysis revealed that MWCNTs more effectively upregulated sphingolipids and sterol lipids, whereas HNTs more effectively upregulated glycerophospholipids and fatty acyls. Consistently, RNA-sequencing data indicated that MWCNTs and HNTs altered signaling pathways related with lipid synthesis and metabolism, as well as those related with endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and autophagy, more significantly in aortas than in hearts. We further verified the changes of proteins involved in autophagic lipolysis, that MWCNTs were more effectively to suppress the autophagic biomarker LC3, whereas HNTs were more effectively to affect lipid metabolism proteins. These results may provide novel understanding about the influences of MWCNTs and HNTs on lipid profiles and lipid signaling pathways in cardiovascular systems. Importantly, previous studies considered HNTs as biocompatible materials, but the results from this study suggested that both MWCNTs and HNTs were capable to affect lipid profiles and autophagic lipolysis pathways in cardiovascular systems, although their exact influences were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Cheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Canyang Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Sheng
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengmei Song
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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2
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Shokrollahi P, Omidi Y, Cubeddu LX, Omidian H. Conductive polymers for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1979-1995. [PMID: 37306139 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, are considered a significant global burden and the leading cause of death. Given the inability of damaged cardiac tissue to self-repair, cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration may be the only viable option for restoring normal heart function. To maintain the normal excitation-contraction coupling function of cardiac tissue, uniform electronic and ionic conductance properties are required. To transport cells to damaged cardiac tissues, several techniques, including the incorporation of cells into conductive polymers (CPs) and biomaterials, have been utilized. Due to the complexity of cardiac tissues, the success of tissue engineering for the damaged heart is highly dependent on several variables, such as the cell source, growth factors, and scaffolds. In this review, we sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the electro CPs and biomaterials used in the engineering and regeneration of heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Shokrollahi
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Luigi X Cubeddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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3
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Yuan J, Que R, Zhao W, Song F, Cao Y, Yu B. Influences of lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors on NO synthase-Kruppel-like factor pathways in human endothelial cells in vitro and zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae in vivo. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1748-1760. [PMID: 37408164 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors are being developed for cancer therapy, but their bioeffects on vasculatures are not clear. In this study, we compared the influences of ORY-1001 (an LSD1 inhibitor being advanced into clinical trials) and 199 (a novel LSD1 inhibitor recently developed by us) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and further verified the bioeffects of ORY-1001 to zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae in vivo. The results showed that up to 10 μM ORY-1001 or 199 did not significantly affect the cellular viability of HUVECs but substantially reduced the release of inflammatory interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6. The signaling molecule in vasculatures, NO, was also increased in HUVECs. As the mechanism, the protein levels of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) or p-eNOS, and their regulators Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) or KLF4, were also increased after drug treatment. In vivo, 24 h treatment with up to 100 nM ORY-1001 reduced blood speed without changing morphologies or locomotor activities in zebrafish larvae. ORY-1001 treatment reduced the expression of il8 but promoted the expression of klf2a and nos in the zebrafish model. These data show that LSD1 inhibitors were not toxic but capable to inhibit inflammatory responses and affect the function of blood vessels through the up-regulation of the NOS-KLF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Yuan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ruiman Que
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fengmei Song
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li R, Bao Z, Wang P, Deng Y, Fan J, Zhu X, Xia X, Song Y, Yao H, Li D. Gelatin-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Loaded with Cisplatin for Anti-Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3333. [PMID: 37631391 PMCID: PMC10458187 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (Cp), a chemotherapeutic agent, interacts with purines on tumor DNA, causing tumor cell apoptosis. However, cisplatin has the characteristics of non-specific distribution and lack of selectivity, resulting in systemic toxicity. Moreover, it cannot maintain the drug's high concentration in the tumor-weak acid environment. These flaws of cisplatin restrict its use in clinical applications. Therefore, a pH-responsive carbon nanotube-modified nano-drug delivery system (CNTs/Gel/Cp) was constructed in this study using gelatin (Gel)-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs/Gel) loaded with cisplatin to release drugs precisely and slowly, preventing premature inactivation and maintaining an effective concentration. When MCp:MCNTs/Gel = 1:1, the drug reaches the highest loading rate and entrapment efficiency. To achieve the sustained-release effect, CNTs/Gel/Cp can release the medicine steadily for a long time in a pH environment of 6.0. Additionally, CNTs/Gel/Cp display antitumor properties comparable to cisplatin in a manner that varies with the dosage administered. These findings indicate that CNTs/Gel/Cp have an effective, sustained release of cisplatin and a good antitumor effect, providing a theoretical and experimental basis for the clinical application of modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a new drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhenfei Bao
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junping Fan
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yiming Song
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haiyan Yao
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (R.L.); (Z.B.); (P.W.); (Y.D.); (J.F.); (X.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
- The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang 330006, China
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5
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Song F, Li S, Dai X, Yang F, Cao Y. Activation of KLF6 by titanate nanofibers and regulatory roles of KLF6 on ATF3 in the endothelial monolayer and mouse aortas. Mol Omics 2023; 19:150-161. [PMID: 36538054 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although titanium (Ti)-based nanomaterials (NMs) were traditionally considered as biologically inert materials, it was recently reported that Ti-based NMs induce adverse vascular effects by inhibiting Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) and/or KLF4, vasoprotective KLFs with well-documented regulatory activity in NO signaling. However, the potential roles of other KLFs are not clear. KLF6 was recently identified as an important KLF involved in regulating endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and angiogenesis, therefore, this study investigated the influence of titanate nanofibers (TiNFs) on KLF6-mediated events. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) showed that TiNFs altered the expression of a panel of KLF6-related genes: KLF6-mediated gene ontology (GO) terms were altered, categories including cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, transcription factor (TF) functions and membrane-bound organelles. Additionally, RT-PCR confirmed that TiNFs increased KLF6 activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a TF involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ELISA confirmed the increase of soluble monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (sMCP-1), a KLF6-related inflammatory cytokine. Interestingly, the activation of klf6, atf3 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (ccl2; mcp-1 encoding gene) was observed in aortas of mice following one-time intravenous injection but not intratracheal instillation of TiNFs (100 μg per mouse), indicating a need for direct contact with NMs to activate klf6-mediated pathways in vivo. In endothelial cells, KLF6 knockdown inhibited the expression of ATF3 but not CCL2, suggesting the regulatory role of KLF6 in ATF3 expression. Overall, this study uncovered a previously unknown role of KLF6 in TiNF-induced vascular effects both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Song
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Xuyan Dai
- Economic College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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6
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Liu X, Yang C, Chen P, Zhang L, Cao Y. The uses of transcriptomics and lipidomics indicated that direct contact with graphene oxide altered lipid homeostasis through ER stress in 3D human brain organoids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157815. [PMID: 35931159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential uses of graphene-based nanomaterials (NMs) in various fields lead to the concern about their neurotoxicity, considering that graphene-based NMs are capable to cross blood brain barrier (BBB) and enter central nervous system (CNS). Although previous studies reported the possibility of graphene-based NM exposure to alter lipid homeostasis in animals or cultured neurons, recent studies suggested the need to use 3D human brain organoids for mechanism-based toxicological studies as this model might better recapitulate the complex human brains. Herein, we used multi-omics techniques to investigate the mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) on lipid homeostasis in a novel 3D brain organoid model. We found that 50 μg/mL GO induced cytotoxicity but not superoxide. RNA-sequencing data showed that 50 μg/mL GO significantly up-regulated and down-regulated 80 and 121 genes, respectively. Furthermore, we found that GO exposure altered biological molecule metabolism pathways including lipid metabolism. Consistently, lipidomics data supported dose-dependent alteration of lipid profiles by GO in 3D brain organoids. Interestingly, co-exposure to GO and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) decreased most of the lipid classes compared with the exposure of GO only. We further verified that exposure to GO promoted ER stress marker GRP78 proteins, which in turn activated IRE1α/XBP-1 axis, and these changes were partially or completely inhibited by 4-PBA. These results proved that direct contact with GO disrupted lipid homeostasis through the activation of ER stress. As 3D brain organoids resemble human brains, these data might be better extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Department of Food science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564507, China
| | - Chao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Innovation and Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316022, China
| | - P Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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7
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Tang X, Song F, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Cao Y. Intratracheal instillation of graphene oxide decreases anti-virus responses and lipid contents via suppressing Toll-like receptor 3 in mouse livers. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1822-1831. [PMID: 35727742 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed a causal relationship between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and lipid droplet biogenesis. Interestingly, it has been reported before that nanomaterials (NMs) were capable to modulate TLRs, but it remains unclear if NMs could affect lipid levels via TLR signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the influences of airway exposure to graphene oxide (GO) on TLR3 signaling pathways and lipid levels in mouse livers. Intratracheal instillation of GO (0.1, 1, and 5 mg/kg, once a day, totally 5 days) induced inflammatory cell infiltrations as indicated by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and fibrosis as indicated by Masson staining in lungs, accompanying with decreased TLR3 proteins. Consistently, a TLR3-regulated anti-virus protein, namely interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1), as well as two TLR3-regulated lipid proteins, namely radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2) and perilipin 2 (PLIN2), were decreased in lungs. The protein levels of interferon-β in serum were also decreased. In livers, GO exposure induced disorganization of liver cells but not fibrosis. In agreement with the trends observed in lungs, TLR3, IFIT1, RSAD2, and PLIN2 proteins were decreased in livers. As a possible consequence, GO exposure dose-dependently decreased lipid levels in livers as indicated by oil red O and BODIPY 493/503 staining. We concluded that airway exposure to GO decreased anti-virus responses and lipid levels in mouse livers via the suppression of TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fengmei Song
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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8
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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9
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Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems to overcome gastric cancer drug resistance. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Luo Y, Li J, Huang C, Wang X, Long D, Cao Y. Graphene oxide links alterations of anti-viral signaling pathways with lipid metabolism via suppressing TLR3 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Omics 2022; 18:779-790. [DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the main cells constructing blood vessels, are important in the regulation of the pathophysiology of vascular systems; however, relatively few studies have investigated the influence of nanomaterials (NMs) on VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Dingxin Long
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
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11
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Pei L, Yang W, Cao Y. Influences of Unmodified and Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes on Lipid Profiles in THP-1 Macrophages: A Lipidomics Study. Int J Toxicol 2021; 41:16-25. [PMID: 34886715 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211056633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the possible roles of surface modifications in determining multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-promoted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated lipid-laden macrophage foam cell formation are still in debate, we compared unmodified and carboxylated MWCNT-induced cytotoxicity, lipid profile changes, and expression of ER stress genes in THP-1 macrophages. Particularly, we focused on lipid profile changes by using lipidomics approaches. We found that unmodified and carboxylated MWCNTs significantly decreased cellular viability and appeared to damage the cellular membrane to a similar extent. Likewise, the results from Oil Red O staining showed that both types of MWCNTs slightly but significantly induced lipid accumulation. In keeping with Oil Red O staining results, lipidomics data showed that both types of MWCNTs up-regulated most of the lipid classes. Interestingly, almost all lipid classes were relatively higher in carboxylated MWCNT-exposed THP-1 macrophages compared with unmodified MWCNT-exposed cells, indicating that carboxylated MWCNTs more effectively changed lipid profiles. But in contrast to our expectation, none of the MWCNTs significantly induced the expression of ER stress genes. Even, compared with carboxylated MWCNTs, unmodified MWCNTs induced higher expression of lipid genes, including macrophage scavenger receptor 1 and fatty acid synthase. Combined, our results suggested that even though carboxylation did not significantly affect MWCNT-induced lipid accumulation, carboxylated MWCNTs were more potent to alter lipid profiles in THP-1 macrophages, indicating the need to use omics techniques to understand the exact nanotoxicological effects of MWCNTs. However, the differential effects of unmodified and carboxylated MWCNTs on lipid profiles might not be related with the induction of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjie Pei
- 498598Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China.,498598Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- 498598Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China.,498598Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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12
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Luo Y, Wang X, Cao Y. Transcriptomic-based toxicological investigations of graphene oxide with modest cytotoxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells: changes of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1104-1115. [PMID: 34956614 PMCID: PMC8692726 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide uses of graphene oxide (GO) lead to the contact of GO with vascular systems, so it is necessary to investigate the toxicological effects of GO to endothelial cells. Recently, we reported that GO of small lateral size (<500 nm) was relatively biocompatible to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), but recent studies by using omics-techniques revealed that nanomaterials (NMs) even without acute cytotoxicity might induce other toxicological effects. This study investigated the effects of GO on HUVECs based on RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Even after exposure to 100 μg/ml GO, the cellular viability of HUVECs was higher than 70%. Furthermore, 25 μg/ml GO was internalized but did not induce ultrastructural changes or intracellular superoxide. These results combined indicated GO's relatively high biocompatibility. However, by analyzing the most significantly altered Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathways, we found that 25 μg/ml GO altered pathways related to immune systems' functions and the responses to virus. We further verified that GO exposure significantly decreased Toll-like receptor 3 and interleukin 8 proteins, indicating an immune suppressive effect. However, THP-1 monocyte adhesion was induced by GO with or without the presence of inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide. We concluded that GO might inhibit the immune responses to virus in endothelial cells at least partially mediated by the inhibition of TLR3. Our results also highlighted a need to investigate the toxicological effects of NMs even without acute cytotoxicity by omics-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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13
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Sharma S, Parveen R, Chatterji BP. Toxicology of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 9:133-144. [PMID: 34840918 PMCID: PMC8611175 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-021-00227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have revolutionized biomedicine especially in the field of drug delivery due to their intriguing properties such as systemic stability, level of solubility, and target site specificity. It can, however, be both beneficial and damaging depending on the properties in different environments, thus highlighting the importance of nanotoxicology studies before use in humans. Different types of nanoparticles have been used in drug delivery, and this review summarizes the recent toxicity studies of these nanoparticles. The toxicological evaluation of three widely used nanoparticles in drug delivery that are metal, lipid, and protein nanoparticles has been discussed in detail. Studies have recorded several toxic effects of various nanoparticles such as metal-based nanoparticles have been linked to increased oxidative stress and have the potential to infiltrate the cell nucleus and protein-based nanoparticles have been observed to have hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity as their adverse effects. Considering the increasing application of nanoparticles in drug delivery and the growing concerns of regulatory authorities regarding the toxicity of nanocarriers in living organisms, it requires urgent attention to identify the gap in toxicity studies. The review highlights the gap in toxicity studies and potential focus areas to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001 India
| | - Roza Parveen
- School of Engineering, Ajeenkya DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra 412105 India
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Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Increase Reactivity of Primary Monocytes towards Various Bacteria and Modulate Their Differentiation into Macrophages. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102510. [PMID: 34684950 PMCID: PMC8537728 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of carbon-based nanomaterials' (C-BNMs') interactions with the immune system, notably their ability to cause inflammation, is a critical step in C-BNM health risk assessment. Particular attention should be given to those C-BNMs that do not cause direct cytotoxicity or inflammation on their own. However, the intracellular presence of these non-biodegradable nanomaterials could dysregulate additional cell functions. This is even more crucial in the case of phagocytes, which are the main mediators of defensive inflammation towards pathogens. Hence, our study was focused on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and two different types of graphene platelets (GPs) and whether their intracellular presence modulates a proinflammatory response from human primary monocytes towards common pathogens. Firstly, we confirmed that all tested C-BNMs caused neither direct cytotoxicity nor the release of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 or IL-10. However, such pre-exposed monocytes showed increased responsiveness to additional bacterial stimuli. In response to several types of bacteria, monocytes pre-treated with GP1 produced a significantly higher quantity of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. Monocytes pre-treated with MWCNTs produced increased levels of IL-10. All the tested C-BNMs enhanced monocyte phagocytosis and accelerated their differentiation towards macrophages. This study confirms the immunomodulatory potential of C-BNMs.
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Liu Y, Hu Q, Huang C, Cao Y. Comparison of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and halloysite nanotubes on lipid profiles in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. NANOIMPACT 2021; 23:100333. [PMID: 35559834 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tubular nanomaterials (NMs), such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), may be used in biomedicine, but previous studies showed that MWCNTs induced toxicity to endothelial cells (ECs). However, the influence of tubular NMs on EC lipid profiles has gained little attention, probably because ECs are not traditionally considered to be involved in regulating lipid homeostasis. This study compared the different effects of MWCNTs and HNTs on lipid profile changes in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). The results showed that MWCNTs but not HNTs of the same mass concentrations induced cytotoxicity, ultrastuctural changes and intracellular thiol depletion. Meanwhile, only MWCNTs promoted lipid accumulation due to the induction of ER stress leading to up-regulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN). Interestingly, lipidomics results showed that the main lipid classes induced by MWCNTs but not HNTs were ceramide (Cer) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), with most of the lipid classes unaltered or even decreased after NM exposure. Then, extra Cer and PI were added to explore the implications of increase of these lipids. Adding Cer promoted the cytotoxicity of MWCNTs to HUVECs, indicating the lipotoxic role of Cer. Whereas adding PI partially increased intracellular NO and decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) release due to MWCNT exposure, indicating the signaling role of PI. These results indicated novel roles of lipid dysfunction in NM-induced toxicity to ECs, even though ECs are not the professional cells for controlling lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Qilan Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, China.
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Luo X, Wang H, Ji D. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)-loaded ginsenosides Rb3 suppresses the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:17177-17189. [PMID: 34111025 PMCID: PMC8312428 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as advanced nanotechnology with specific properties and structures, have presented practical drug delivery properties. Ginsenoside Rg3 is a component of puffed ginseng and demonstrates anti-cancer activities. To explore the effect of CNTs-loaded Rg3 (Rg3-CNT) on the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling and the development of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Our data revealed that Rg3 inhibited the cell viability of TNBC cells, in which Rg3-CNT further enhanced this effect in the system. Similarly, the colony formation of TNBC cells was decreased by Rg3, while Rg3-CNT could reinforce its effect in the cells. Besides, the treatment of Rg3 induced apoptosis of TNBC cells, in which Rg3-CNT treatment further increased the phenotype in the cells. Remarkably, Rg3-CNT, but not Rg3, attenuated PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells. Rg3-CNT decreased the PD-L1 upregulation induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in breast cancer cells. Importantly, Rg3-CNT was able to reduce PD-1 expression in activated T cells. Specifically, Rg3-CNT reduced the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in a T cell/triple-negative TNBC cell co-culture system. Moreover, the levels of IFN-γ, interleukins-2 (IL-2), interleukins-9 (IL-9), interleukins-10 (IL-10), interleukins-22 (IL-22), and interleukins-23 (IL-23) were significantly stimulated in the activated T cells, while the treatment of Rg3-CNT could reverse these phenotypes in the cells. Rg3-CNT attenuated the TNBC cell growth in vivo. The Rg3-CNT improved the anti-cancer effect of Rg3 toward TNBC by inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which Rg3-CNT attenuates the development of TNBC. Rg3-CNT may be applied as the potential therapeutic strategy for immunotherapy of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Degang Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
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Cao Y, Xiao W, Li S, Qiu D. A comparative study of toxicity of graphdiyne and graphene oxide to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:2021-2030. [PMID: 33973267 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The success of graphene oxide (GO) has attracted extensive research interests in developing novel 2D nanomaterials (NMs). Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new member of carbon-based 2D NMs possessing sp- and sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms. However, the toxicity of GDY is less investigated as GO. In this study, we compared the toxicity of GDY and GO with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Exposure to up to 100-μg/ml GDY and GO induced cytotoxicity, but there was no statistically significant difference between GDY and GO. At noncytotoxic concentration, 25-μg/ml GDY or GO led to the internalization of NMs, typically in cytoplasm but not in nuclei. Only GO but not GDY significantly increased THP-1 adhesion onto NM-exposed HUVECs. Meanwhile, compared with GDY, GO more effectively promoted the release of soluble intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), indicating the differential effects of GDY and GO on endothelial activation. Neither GDY nor GO induced intracellular superoxide. However, GO significantly promoted the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and X-box binding protein 1 spliced (XBP-1s), as well pyroptosis genes NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and gasdermin D (GSDMD), whereas GDY did not show this effect. The results suggested that GDY and GO could be internalized into HUVECs leading to cytotoxic effects. However, GO was more potent to activate endothelial activation probably due to the activation of ER stress and pyroptosis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Weijie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Dexin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Cao Y. Potential roles of Kruppel-like factors in mediating adverse vascular effects of nanomaterials: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:4-16. [PMID: 33837572 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology leads to the exposure of human beings to nanomaterials (NMs), and there is a health concern about the adverse vascular effects of NMs. Current data from epidemiology, controlled human exposure, and animal studies suggested that exposure to NMs could induce cardiopulmonary effects. In support of in vivo findings, in vitro studies showed that direct contact of vascular cells with NMs could induce endothelial cell (EC) activation and promote macrophage foam cell formation, although only limited studies showed that NMs could damage vascular smooth muscle cells and promote their phenotypic switch. It has been proposed that NMs induced adverse vascular effects via different mechanisms, but it is still necessary to understand the upstream events. Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are a set of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) that can regulate various aspects of vascular biology, but currently, the roles of KLF2 in mediating the adverse vascular effects of NMs have gained little attention by toxicologists. This review summarized current knowledge about the adverse vascular effects of NMs and proposed the potential roles of KLFs in mediating these effects based on available data from toxicological studies as well as the current understanding about KLFs in vascular biology. Finally, the challenges in investigating the role of KLFs in vascular toxicology were also summarized. Considering the important roles of KLFs in vascular biology, further studies are needed to understand the influence of NMs on KLFs and the downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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19
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Zhang X, Luo M, Zhang J, Yao Z, Zhu J, Yang S, Zhu Q, Shen T. Carbon nanotubes promote alveolar macrophages toward M2 polarization mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:588-604. [PMID: 33840345 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1905098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With substantial progress of nanotechnology, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. There is rising concern about potential adverse health effects, such as pulmonary fibrosis, related to inhalation of CNTs. The detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis induced by CNTs are still not clear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT) are considered as critical events in pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) polarization plays a key role of regulating EMT and FMT in pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we applied CNTs to stimulate primary mouse AMs under M1 or M2 polarization conditions, then analyzed the proportion of F4/80+CD11c+ or F4/80+CD206+ AMs, mRNA expression and activities of iNOS or Arg-1, as well as mRNA expression and content of TNF-α and IL-6 or TGF-β and IL-10 to evaluate dynamic phenotypic and functional changes of AMs. Single-walled CNT (SWCNT), short-type multi-walled CNT (MWCNT), and long-type MWCNT exposure at dose of 50 µg/ml promote AMs polarization toward M1 phenotype at early stage, while promote AMs polarization toward M2 phenotype at late stage. The roles of AMs polarization during development of EMT and FMT were further investigated by conditioned medium (CM) experiments. CNTs-activated M2 AMs promote progression of EMT and FMT via secreting TGF-β. Furthermore, up-regulating IRF4 may be involved in CNTs-induced M2 AMs polarization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a new insight that CNTs exposure promotes AMs polarization toward M2 phenotype which facilitate EMT and FMT through secreting TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhuomeng Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Department of Medical Aspects of Specific Environments, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
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20
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Cao Y. Introduction to special issue endothelial cells in toxicology: Current status and future perspectives. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:656-658. [PMID: 33686682 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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21
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Mabrouk M, Das DB, Salem ZA, Beherei HH. Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Production, Characterisations, Recent Trends and Difficulties. Molecules 2021; 26:1077. [PMID: 33670668 PMCID: PMC7922738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing of nanomaterials has now become a top-priority research goal with a view to developing specific applications in the biomedical fields. In fact, the recent trends in the literature show that there is a lack of in-depth reviews that specifically highlight the current knowledge based on the design and production of nanomaterials. Considerations of size, shape, surface charge and microstructures are important factors in this regard as they affect the performance of nanoparticles (NPs). These parameters are also found to be dependent on their synthesis methods. The characterisation techniques that have been used for the investigation of these nanomaterials are relatively different in their concepts, sample preparation methods and obtained results. Consequently, this review article aims to carry out an in-depth discussion on the recent trends on nanomaterials for biomedical engineering, with a particular emphasis on the choices of the nanomaterials, preparation methods/instruments and characterisations techniques used for designing of nanomaterials. Key applications of these nanomaterials, such as tissue regeneration, medication delivery and wound healing, are also discussed briefly. Covering this knowledge gap will result in a better understanding of the role of nanomaterial design and subsequent larger-scale applications in terms of both its potential and difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33El Bohouth St (former EL Tahrir St), Dokki, Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Diganta B. Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Zeinab A. Salem
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Giza P.O. 12613, Egypt;
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ahram Canadian University, 6 October City P.O. 12573, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33El Bohouth St (former EL Tahrir St), Dokki, Giza P.O. 12622, Egypt;
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22
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Qi Y, Yang W, Liu S, Han F, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Zhou D. Cisplatin loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes reverse drug resistance in NSCLC by inhibiting EMT. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:74. [PMID: 33494783 PMCID: PMC7836500 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is one of the important health threats worldwide, of which 5-year survival rate is less than 15%. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80% of all lung cancer with high metastasis and mortality. Methods Cisplatin loaded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Pt-MWNTS) were synthesized and used to evaluate the anticancer effect in our study. The NSCLC cell lines A549 (cisplatin sensitive) and A549/DDP (cisplatin resistant) were used in our in vitro assays. MTT was used to determine Cancer cells viability and invasion were measured by MTT assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition related marker proteins were measured by western blot. The in vivo anti-cancer effect of Pt-MWNTs were performed in male BALB/c nude mice (4-week old). Results Pt-MWNTS were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman, FT-IR spectroscopy and scan electron microscopy. No significant cytotoxicity of MWNTS was detected in both A549/DDP and A549 cell lines. However, Pt-MWNTS showed a stronger inhibition effect on cell growth than free cisplatin, especially on A549/DDP. We found Pt-MWNTS showed higher intracellular accumulation of cisplatin in A549/DDP cells than free cisplatin and resulted in enhanced the percent of apoptotic cells. Western blot showed that application of Pt-MWNTS can significantly upregulate the expression level of Bax, Bim, Bid, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 while downregulate the expression level of Bcl-2, compared with free cisplatin. Moreover, the expression level of mesenchymal markers like Vimentin and N-cadherin was more efficiently reduced by Pt-MWNTS treatment in A549/DDP cells than free cisplatin. In vivo study in nude mice proved that Pt-MWNTS more effectively inhibited tumorigenesis compared with cisplatin, although both of them had no significant effect on body weight. Conclusion Pt-MWNT reverses the drug resistance in the A549/DDP cell line, underlying its possibility of treating NSCLC with cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Fanjie Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Yonghong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Yufa Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinan People's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 271199, China
| | - Daijun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China.
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In situ H 2O 2 generation methods in the context of enzyme biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109744. [PMID: 33750536 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile oxidant that has use in medical and biotechnology industries. Many enzymes require this oxidant as a reaction mediator in order to undergo their oxygenation chemistries. While there is a reliable method for generating hydrogen peroxide via an anthraquinone cycle, there are several advantages for generating hydrogen in situ. As highlighted in this review, this is particularly beneficial in the case of biocatalysts that require hydrogen peroxide as a reaction mediator because the exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide can damage their reactive heme centers and render them inactive. In addition, generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ does not dilute the reaction mixture and cause solution parameters to change. The environment would also benefit from a hydrogen peroxide synthesis cycle that does not rely on nonrenewable chemicals obtained from fossil fuels. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in situ for biocatalysis using enzymes, bioelectrocatalyis, photocatalysis, and cold temperature plasmas are addressed. Particular emphasis is given to reaction processes that support high total turnover numbers (TTNs) of the hydrogen peroxide-requiring enzymes. Discussion of innovations in the use of hydrogen peroxide-producing enzyme cascades for antimicrobial activity, wastewater effluent treatment, and biosensors are also included.
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Teng W, Yang Z, Wang S, Xiong D, Chen Y, Wu Z. Toxicity evaluation of mesoporous silica particles Santa Barbara No. 15 amorphous in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: influence of particle morphology. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1467-1478. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Mallakpour S, Azadi E, Hussain CM. Chitosan/carbon nanotube hybrids: recent progress and achievements for industrial applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the state-of-the-art of the recent research development on chitosan/CNT nanomaterials in biomedicine, (bio)sensors, and pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elham Azadi
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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Pérez-Hernández H, Pérez-Moreno A, Sarabia-Castillo CR, García-Mayagoitia S, Medina-Pérez G, López-Valdez F, Campos-Montiel RG, Jayanta-Kumar P, Fernández-Luqueño F. Ecological Drawbacks of Nanomaterials Produced on an Industrial Scale: Collateral Effect on Human and Environmental Health. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2021; 232:435. [PMID: 34658457 PMCID: PMC8507508 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-021-05370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, hundreds of different nanomaterials with a broad application in products that make daily lives a little bit easier, in every aspect, are being produced on an industrial scale at thousands of tons per year. However, several scientists, researchers, politics, and ordinary citizens have stated their concern regarding the life cycle, collateral effects, and final disposal of these cutting-edge materials. This review summarizes, describes, and discusses all manuscripts published in the Journal Citation Reports during the last 10 years, which studied the toxicity or the effects of nanomaterials on human and environmental health. It was observed that 23.62% of the manuscripts analyzed found no ecological or human risks; 54.39% showed that several nanomaterials have toxicological effects on the ecosystems, human, or environmental health. In comparison, only 21.97% stated the nanomaterials had a beneficial impact on those. Although only 54.39% of the manuscripts reported unfavorable effects of nanomaterials on ecosystems, human, or environmental health, it is relevant because the potential damage is invaluable. Therefore, it is imperative to make toxicological studies of nanomaterials with holistic focus under strictly controlled real conditions before their commercialization, to deliver to the market only innocuous and environmentally friendly products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Pérez-Hernández
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Agroecología, Unidad Campeche, 24500 Campeche, Mexico
| | - A. Pérez-Moreno
- Sustainability of Natural Resources and Energy Programs, Cinvestav-Saltillo, 25900 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - C. R. Sarabia-Castillo
- Sustainability of Natural Resources and Energy Programs, Cinvestav-Saltillo, 25900 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - S. García-Mayagoitia
- Sustainability of Natural Resources and Energy Programs, Cinvestav-Saltillo, 25900 Coahuila, Mexico
| | - G. Medina-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo C. P. 43000 México
| | - F. López-Valdez
- Agricultural Biotechnology Group, Research Center for Applied Biotechnology (CIBA), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 90700 Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - R. G. Campos-Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Hidalgo C. P. 43000 México
| | - P. Jayanta-Kumar
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - F. Fernández-Luqueño
- Sustainability of Natural Resources and Energy Programs, Cinvestav-Saltillo, 25900 Coahuila, Mexico
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Jiang Y, Gong H, Jiang S, She C, Cao Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decrease neuronal NO synthase in 3D brain organoids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141384. [PMID: 32823226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) might induce the dysfunction of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and impair the function of brains. But to the best of our knowledge, this conclusion was made by using laboratory animals or conventional nerve cell cultures; however, these models might not reflect the complex conditions of human brains. Recently, the development of 3D brain organoids (also known as organotypic cultures) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides a platform to investigate the behaviors of human brains in vitro. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of MWCNTs to 3D brain organoids which expressed the cortical layer markers. It was shown that MWCNTs induced cytotoxicity to 3D brain organoids but not in dose-dependent manner. Exposure to high level of MWCNTs (64 μg/mL) reduced the levels of intracellular NO but increased superoxide. As the mechanism, 64 μg/mL MWCNTs significantly reduced the protein level of nNOS. The nNOS regulators nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proteins were significantly induced by MWCNTs, whereas Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) proteins were reduced particularly after exposure to low level of MWCNTs (16 μg/mL). The results from fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) confirmed the decrease of nNOS proteins, not only at the out-layers that directly contacted MWCNTs, but also at the inner-layers. Combined, our results suggested that MWCNTs could decrease nNOS activity by inducing oxidative stress and modulating NF-κB-KLF4 pathway. This study also showed the potential of 3D brain organoids in mechanism-based toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China; Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Lab of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Housheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China; Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Lab of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chaowen She
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Lab of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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Abstract
The numerous biological applications of nanoparticles in general and nano-clays in particular are rooted in understanding and harnessing their dynamic nano-bio interface. Among clays, the intrinsically-mesoporous halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have emerged in recent years as promising nanomaterials. The diverse interactions of these nanotubes with living cells, encompassing electrostatic, van der Waals, and ion exchange, along with cellular response, are crucial in determining the behaviour of HNTs in biological systems. Thus, rational engineering of the nanotube properties allows for vast applications ranging from bacteria encapsulation for bioremediation, through algae flocculation for aquaculture, to intracellular drug delivery. This review summarizes the many aspects of the nano-bio interface of HNTs with different cell types (bacteria, algae and fungi, and mammalian cells), highlighting biocompatibility/bio-adverse properties, interaction mechanisms, and the latest cutting-edge technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Prinz Setter
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200003 Haifa, Israel.
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29
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Zhu P, Zhang T, Li J, Ma J, Ouyang X, Zhao X, Xu M, Wang D, Xu Q. Near-infrared emission Cu, N-doped carbon dots for human umbilical vein endothelial cell labeling and their biocompatibility in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:789-798. [PMID: 33269515 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are luminescent semiconductor nanomaterials (NMs) with various biomedical applications, but the high toxicity associated with traditional QDs, such as Cd-based QDs, limits their uses in biomedicine. As such, the development of biocompatible metal-free QDs has gained extensive research interests. In this study, we synthesized near-infrared emission Cu, N-doped carbon dots (CDs) with optimal emission at 640 nm and a fluorescence quantum yield of 27.1% (in N,N-dimethylformamide [DMF]) by solvothermal method using o-phenylenediamine and copper acetate monohydrate. We thoroughly characterized the CDs and showed that they were highly fluorescent and stable under different conditions, although in highly acidic (pH = 1-2) or alkaline (pH = 12-13) solutions, a redshift or blueshift of fluorescence emission peak of Cu, N-doped CDs was also observed. When exposed to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Cu, N-doped CDs only significantly induced cytotoxicity at very high concentrations (100 or 200 μg/ml), but their cytotoxicity appeared to be comparable with carbon black (CB) nanoparticles (NPs) at the same mass concentrations. As the mechanisms, 200 μg/ml Cu, N-doped CDs and CB NPs promoted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins IRE1α and chop, leading to increased cleaved caspase 3/pro-caspase 3 ratio, but CB NPs were more effective. At noncytotoxic concentration (50 μg/ml), Cu, N-doped CDs successfully labeled HUVECs. In summary, we successfully prepared highly fluorescent and relatively biocompatible CDs to label HUVECs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peide Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Junfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Xiangcheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Deqing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
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30
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Cheng X, Guo H, Xian Y, Xie X. Changes of lipid profiles in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to zirconia nanoparticles with or without the presence of free fatty acids. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:765-774. [PMID: 33222186 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Testing Department Chongqing Institute of Forensic Science Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Youqi Xian
- Application Department Thermo Fisher Scientific Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
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Cao Y, Li S, Chen J. Modeling better in vitro models for the prediction of nanoparticle toxicity: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 31:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1828521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P. R. China
| | - Jiamao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P. R. China
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32
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Yang T, Chen J, Gao L, Huang Y, Liao G, Cao Y. Induction of lipid droplets in THP-1 macrophages by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a diameter-dependent manner: A transcriptomic study. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Li Z, Gao J, Xiang Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang X. A pH-responsive polymer linked with immunomodulatory drugs: synthesis, characteristics and in vitro biocompatibility. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:724-735. [PMID: 32776438 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a promising method for cancer therapy. Imiquimod (R837) is a molecule that could activate immune systems for cancer immunotherapy, but an easily manufactured biocompatible carrier to deliver R837 may be needed to overcome the disadvantages of R837. Micelles formed by biocompatible copolymers have been widely used to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs but not immunotherapeutic drugs. In this study, R837 was linked to an amphiphilic biodegradable copolymer mPEG-b-PLA via acid-sensitive Schiff bases. The molecular structures were investigated by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The product could be self-assembled into micelles with R837 content as high as 22.4%. Owing to acid-cleavable Schiff bases, the release of R837 from micelles was markedly accelerated under acidic media. Consequently, the micelles linked with R837 stimulated the expression of major histocompatibility complex II-stimulating molecules on the surface of RAW 264.7 macrophages at pH 6.5 but not pH 7.4. By using human umbilical vein endothelial cells as the in vitro model, it was shown that the polymer carriers and R837-linked micelles were minimally cytotoxic and did not induce the activation of endothelial cells under physiological pH, which suggested the relatively high biocompatibility. In conclusion, this study successfully developed pH-responsive immunotherapeutic drug-loaded micelles that could activate macrophages at acidic pH in vitro. The high biocompatibility of the micelles to endothelial cells also indicated the potential uses under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Zexing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Yibei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Materials of Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
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34
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Health and Safety Concerns Related to CNT and Graphene Products, and Related Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Graphene increased in the last decade and it is likely to keep increasing in the near future. The attractiveness of their properties, particularly the possibility to enhance the composites performance using a tailor made methodology, brings new materials, processes and products for highly demanding industrial applications and to the market. However, there are quite a lot of health/safety issues, as well as lack of understanding and standards to evaluate their effects. This paper starts with a general description of materials, processes and products dealing with CNT and graphene. Then, an overview of concerns related to the health and safety when handling, researching, producing and using products that include these materials is presented. It follows a risk management approach with respect to simulation and evaluation tools, and considering the consensual limits already existing for research, industry and consumers. A general discussion integrating the relevant aspects of health and safety with respect to CNT and graphene is also presented. A proactive view is presented with the intention to contribute with some guidelines on installation, maintenance, evaluation, personal protection equipment (PPE) and personnel training to deal with these carbon-based nanomaterials in research, manufacture, and use with composite materials.
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Wu B, Jiang M, Liu X, Huang C, Gu Z, Cao Y. Evaluation of toxicity of halloysite nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to endothelial cells in vitro and blood vessels in vivo. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1017-1038. [PMID: 32574508 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1780642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) with tubular structures, such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), have potential applications in biomedicine. Although the biocompatibility of HNTs has been investigated before, the toxicity of HNTs to blood vessels is rarely systemically evaluated. Herein, we compared the toxicity of HNTs and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and blood vessels of mice in vivo. HUVECs internalized HNTs and MWCNTs, but the uptake of HNTs was not obviously changed by clathrin inhibitor. Exposure to NMs decreased cellular viability, activated apoptotic proteins and up-regulated adhesion molecules, including soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) and VCAM-1. As the mechanisms, NMs decreased NO levels, eNOS mRNA and eNOS/p-eNOS proteins. Meanwhile, NMs promoted intracellular ROS and autophagy dysfunction, shown as decreased protein levels of LC3, beclin-1 and ATG5. The eNOS regulator Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was inhibited, but another eNOS regulator KLF4 was surprisingly up-regulated. Under in vivo conditions, ICR mice intravenously injected with NMs (50 μg/mouse, once a day for 5 days) showed an increased percentage of neutrophils, monocytes and basophils. Meanwhile, autophagy dysfunction, eNOS uncoupling, activation of apoptotic proteins and alteration of KLF proteins were also observed in mouse aortas. All of the toxic effects were more pronounced for MWCNTs in comparison with HNTs based on the same mass concentrations. Our results may provide novel insights about the toxicity of NMs with tubular structures to blood vessels. Considering the toxicological data reported here, HNTs are probably safer nanocarriers compared with MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Mengdie Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Hunan Laboratory Animal Center, Hunan Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Liuyang, P.R. China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, P.R. China
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Lin J, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Guo H, Huang C, Peng J, Cao Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) transformed THP-1 macrophages into foam cells: Impact of pulmonary surfactant component dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122286. [PMID: 32086094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant or its components can function as barriers toward nanomaterials (NMs) entering pulmonary systems. However, since pulmonary surfactant mainly consists of lipids, it may be necessary to investigate the effects of co-exposure to NMs and pulmonary surfactant or its components on lipid metabolism and related signaling pathways. Recently we found that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) transformed THP-1 macrophages into lipid-laden foam cells via ER stress pathway. Here this study further investigated the impact of pulmonary surfactant component dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) on this process. Up to 64 μg/mL hydroxylated or carboxylated MWCNTs induced lipid accumulation and IL-6 release in THP-1 macrophages, accompanying with increased oxidative stress and p-chop proteins (biomarker for ER stress). Incubation with 100 μg/mL DPPC led to MWCNT surface coating but did not significantly alter MWCNT internalization, lipid burden or IL-6 release. However, lipidomics indicated that DPPC altered lipid profliles in MWCNT-exposed cells. DPPC also led to a higher level of de novo lipogenesis regulator FASN in cells exposed to hydroxylated MWCNTs, as well as a higher level of p-chop and scavenger receptor MSR1 in cells exposed to carboxylated MWCNTs. Combined, DPPC did not significantly affect MWCNT-induced lipid accumulation but altered lipid components and ER stress in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinru Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yingmei Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Chongqing Institute of Forensic Science, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Chaobo Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University (NFU), Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinfeng Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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37
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Current Use of Carbon-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications—A Prospective and Review. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a large number of current biomedical applications in the use of medical devices, carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene (G), graphene oxides (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon nanotube (CNT) are frontline materials that are suitable for developing medical devices. Carbon Based Nanomaterials (CBNs) are becoming promising materials due to the existence of both inorganic semiconducting properties and organic π-π stacking characteristics. Hence, it could effectively simultaneously interact with biomolecules and response to the light. By taking advantage of such aspects in a single entity, CBNs could be used for developing biomedical applications in the future. The recent studies in developing carbon-based nanomaterials and its applications in targeting drug delivery, cancer therapy, and biosensors. The development of conjugated and modified carbon-based nanomaterials contributes to positive outcomes in various therapies and achieved emerging challenges in preclinical biomedical applications. Subsequently, diverse biomedical applications of carbon nanotube were also deliberately discussed in the light of various therapeutic advantages.
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38
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Smichowski P, Londonio A. A retrospective and prospective of the use of bio- and nanomaterials for preconcentration, speciation, and determination of trace elements: a review spanning 25 years of research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6023-6036. [PMID: 32144453 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the investigations carried out with my colleagues and students during the last 25 years aimed at the development of analytical procedures for the preconcentration and/or speciation analysis of trace and ultra-trace elements using bio- and nanosorbents employing different methodologies, analytical techniques, and instrumental approaches. In the last years, an important part of this research was based on the use of nanomaterials for preconcentration and/or speciation studies. For their properties, they constitute a break point in the evolution of analytical chemistry. Special attention was paid to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that resulted effective sorbents in flow systems using different immobilization strategies to improve their sorption capabilities. They resulted unique tools for on-line solid-phase (micro)extraction methods providing the appropriate selectivity (clean-up) and sensitivity (preconcentration) to reach the expected levels of many elements in matrices of biological or environmental interest. The performance of the different substrates, their strengths and weaknesses for the determination of trace elements, and their species in different matrices by a variety of analytical techniques are discussed in detail, along with perspectives and possible challenges in future development. This survey contains 96 references and covers primarily the literature published over the last 25 years by our research group. Relevant publications on the topics discussed were also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Smichowski
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Gerencia Química, Av. Gral Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Londonio
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Gerencia Química, Av. Gral Paz 1499, B1650KNA, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad de San Martín, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Svadlakova T, Hubatka F, Turanek Knotigova P, Kulich P, Masek J, Kotoucek J, Macak J, Motola M, Kalbac M, Kolackova M, Vankova R, Vicherkova P, Malkova A, Simeckova P, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A, Kratochvilova I, Fiala Z, Raska M, Krejsek J, Turanek J. Proinflammatory Effect of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: In Vitro Study on Stimulation of Inflammasome NLRP3 via Destabilisation of Lysosomes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E418. [PMID: 32120988 PMCID: PMC7152843 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (C-BNM) have recently attracted an increased attention as the materials with potential applications in industry and medicine. Bioresistance and proinflammatory potential of C-BNM is the main obstacle for their medicinal application which was documented in vivo and in vitro. However, there are still limited data especially on graphene derivatives such as graphene platelets (GP). In this work, we compared multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and two different types of pristine GP in their potential to activate inflammasome NLRP3 (The nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3) in vitro. Our study is focused on exposure of THP-1/THP1-null cells and peripheral blood monocytes to C-BNM as representative models of canonical and alternative pathways, respectively. Although all nanomaterials were extensively accumulated in the cytoplasm, increasing doses of all C-BNM did not lead to cell death. We observed direct activation of NLRP3 via destabilization of lysosomes and release of cathepsin B into cytoplasm only in the case of MWCNTs. Direct activation of NLRP3 by both GP was statistically insignificant but could be induced by synergic action with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), as a representative molecule of the family of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study demonstrates a possible proinflammatory potential of GP and MWCNT acting through NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Svadlakova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (Z.F.)
| | - Frantisek Hubatka
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Pavlina Turanek Knotigova
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Josef Masek
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Jan Kotoucek
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Jan Macak
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Motola
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Kalbac
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Radka Vankova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Petra Vicherkova
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Andrea Malkova
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (Z.F.)
| | - Pavlina Simeckova
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Yuri Volkov
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland; (Y.V.); (A.P.-M.)
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, First Moscow State Sechenov Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland; (Y.V.); (A.P.-M.)
| | - Irena Kratochvilova
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdenek Fiala
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (Z.F.)
| | - Milan Raska
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (M.K.); (R.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Jaroslav Turanek
- Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (F.H.); (P.T.K.); (P.K.); (J.M.); (J.K.); (P.S.); (M.R.)
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