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Win S, Than TA, Kaplowitz N. Mitochondrial P-JNK target, SAB (SH3BP5), in regulation of cell death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1359152. [PMID: 38559813 PMCID: PMC10978662 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1359152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurs in various circumstances, such as homeostasis, stress response, and defense, via specific pathways and mechanisms that are regulated by specific activator-induced signal transductions. Among them, Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) participate in various aspects, and the recent discovery of JNKs and mitochondrial protein SAB interaction in signal regulation of cell death completes our understanding of the mechanism of sustained activation of JNK (P-JNK), which leads to triggering of the machinery of cell death. This understanding will lead the investigators to discover the modulators facilitating or preventing cell death for therapeutic application in acute or chronic diseases and cancer. We discuss here the mechanism and modulators of the JNK-SAB-ROS activation loop, which is the core component of mitochondria-dependent cell death, specifically apoptosis and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, and which may also contribute to cell death mechanisms of ferroptosis and pyroptosis. The discussion here is based on the results and evidence discovered from liver disease models, but the JNK-SAB-ROS activation loop to sustain JNK activation is universally applicable to various disease models where mitochondria and reactive oxygen species contribute to the mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Win
- *Correspondence: Sanda Win, ; Neil Kaplowitz,
| | | | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Paradigm for Understanding Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:453-478. [PMID: 38265880 PMCID: PMC11131139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-094016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the clinically most relevant drug hepatotoxicity in western countries, and, because of translational relevance of animal models, APAP is mechanistically the most studied drug. This review covers intracellular signaling events starting with drug metabolism and the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction involving oxidant stress and peroxynitrite. Mitochondria-derived endonucleases trigger nuclear DNA fragmentation, the point of no return for cell death. In addition, adaptive mechanisms that limit cell death are discussed including autophagy, mitochondrial morphology changes, and biogenesis. Extensive evidence supports oncotic necrosis as the mode of cell death; however, a partial overlap with signaling events of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis is the basis for controversial discussions. Furthermore, an update on sterile inflammation in injury and repair with activation of Kupffer cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils is provided. Understanding these mechanisms of cell death led to discovery of N-acetylcysteine and recently fomepizole as effective antidotes against APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
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3
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Huang L, Liu J, Jin Y, Qiu Y, Qin X, Wu S, Chen D, Bie C, Kuang W, Liu H. Niujiao Dihuang Jiedu decoction promotes SLC7A11 m5C methylation modification against ferroptosis in acute-on-chronic liver failure. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155136. [PMID: 38014838 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) constitutes a prevalent manifestation of liver failure within clinical settings. This condition manifests swiftly and is characterized by an exceedingly elevated fatality rate. OBJECTIVE While numerous investigations have delved into the role of RNA methylation in ferroptosis, the impact of such methylation on ACLF-associated ferroptosis remains notably underexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the efficacy of Niujiao Dihuang Jiedu decoction (NDD) in mitigating ferroptosis in ACLF, with a specific focus on RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) methylation. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ACLF rat model was established alongside an erastin-induced ferroptosis model in LO2 cells. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to substantiate NDD's influence on ferroptosis. The modifying influence of methylase NOL1/NOP2/sun domain (NSUN5) upon SLC7A11, a key ferroptosis-associated gene, was probed through dot blot, immunofluorescence co-localization, and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) experiments. RESULTS Serological and hepatic histopathological findings indicated NDD's discernible therapeutic impact on ACLF. Furthermore, ferroptosis phenotype experiments revealed NDD's proficiency in effectively impeding the occurrence and development of ferroptosis. Dot blot assays demonstrated a reduction in the overall RNA m5C levels during cellular ferroptosis. Furthermore, through immunofluorescence co-localization and RIP techniques, we found that the propensity of methylase NSUN5 to associate with SLC7A11 mRNA, thereby enhancing its protein translation and conferring resistance against ferroptosis. CONCLUSION RNA methylation is involved in the process of ACLF-associated ferroptosis, and NDD can inhibit ACLF-associated ferroptosis by fostering SLC7A11 m5C methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Huang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yubo Jin
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yafang Qiu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianfeng Qin
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shenglan Wu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caiqun Bie
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523710, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research of Anti-inflammatory Ingredients in Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Helu Liu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 518104, Shenzhen, China.
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Hu J, Nieminen AL, Weemhoff JL, Jaeschke H, Murphy LG, Dent JA, Lemasters JJ. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter mediates mitochondrial Fe 2+ uptake and hepatotoxicity after acetaminophen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116722. [PMID: 37848124 PMCID: PMC10872750 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose disrupts hepatocellular lysosomes, which release ferrous iron (Fe2+) that translocates into mitochondria putatively via the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) to induce oxidative/nitrative stress, the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and hepatotoxicity. To investigate how MCU deficiency affects mitochondrial Fe2+ uptake and hepatotoxicity after APAP overdose, global MCU knockout (KO), hepatocyte specific (hs) MCU KO, and wildtype (WT) mice were treated with an overdose of APAP both in vivo and in vitro. Compared to strain-specific WT mice, serum ALT decreased by 88 and 56%, respectively, in global and hsMCU KO mice at 24 h after APAP (300 mg/kg). Hepatic necrosis also decreased by 84 and 56%. By contrast, when MCU was knocked out in Kupffer cells, ALT release and necrosis were unchanged after overdose APAP. Intravital multiphoton microscopy confirmed loss of viability and mitochondrial depolarization in pericentral hepatocytes of WT mice, which was decreased in MCU KO mice. CYP2E1 expression, hepatic APAP-protein adduct formation, and JNK activation revealed that APAP metabolism was equivalent between WT and MCU KO mice. In cultured hepatocytes after APAP, loss of cell viability decreased in hsMCU KO compared to WT hepatocytes. Using fructose plus glycine to prevent cell killing, mitochondrial Fe2+ increased progressively after APAP, as revealed with mitoferrofluor (MFF), a mitochondrial Fe2+ indicator. By contrast in hsMCU KO hepatocytes, mitochondrial Fe2+ uptake after APAP was suppressed. Rhod-2 measurements showed that Ca2+ did not increase in mitochondria after APAP in either WT or KO hepatocytes. In conclusion, MCU mediates uptake of Fe2+ into mitochondria after APAP and plays a central role in mitochondrial depolarization and cell death during APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangting Hu
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Laura G Murphy
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Judith A Dent
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America.
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5
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Abstract
Mitochondria are critical organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. Thus, their dysfunction can have severe consequences in cells responsible for energy-intensive metabolic function, such as hepatocytes. Extensive research over the last decades have identified compromised mitochondrial function as a central feature in the pathophysiology of liver injury induced by an acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. While hepatocyte mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress coupled with induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition are well recognized after an APAP overdose, recent studies have revealed additional details about the organelle's role in APAP pathophysiology. This concise review highlights these new advances, which establish the central role of the mitochondria in APAP pathophysiology, and places them in the context of earlier information in the literature. Adaptive alterations in mitochondrial morphology as well as the role of cellular iron in mitochondrial dysfunction and the organelle's importance in liver recovery after APAP-induced injury will be discussed.
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6
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Su Y, Liu Z, Xie K, Ren Y, Li C, Chen W. Ferroptosis: A Novel Type of Cell Death in Male Reproduction. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010043. [PMID: 36672785 PMCID: PMC9858973 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent type of regulated cell death, is triggered by the accumulation of lethal lipid peroxides. Due to its potential in exploring disease progression and highly targeted therapies, it is still a widely discussed topic nowadays. In recent studies, it was found that ferroptosis was induced when testicular tissue was exposed to some high-risk factors, such as cadmium (Cd), busulfan, and smoking accompanied by a variety of reproductive damage characteristics, including changes in the specific morphology and ferroptosis-related features. In this literature-based review, we summarize the related mechanisms of ferroptosis and elaborate upon its relationship network in the male reproductive system in terms of three significant events: the abnormal iron metabolism, dysregulation of the Cyst(e)ine/GSH/GPX4 axis, and lipid peroxidation. It is meaningful to deeply explore the relationship between ferroptosis and the male reproductive system, which may provide suggestions regarding pristine therapeutic targets and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Su
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zelan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Keyu Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yingxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Chunyun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (W.C.)
| | - Wei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (W.C.)
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7
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Kholmukhamedov A, Li L, Lindsey CC, Hu J, Nieminen AL, Takemoto K, Beeson GC, Beneker CM, McInnes C, Beeson CC, Lemasters JJ. A new fluorescent sensor mitoferrofluor indicates the presence of chelatable iron in polarized and depolarized mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102336. [PMID: 35931111 PMCID: PMC9460511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial chelatable iron contributes to the severity of several injury processes, including ischemia/reperfusion, oxidative stress, and drug toxicity. However, methods to measure this species in living cells are lacking. To measure mitochondrial chelatable iron in living cells, here we synthesized a new fluorescent indicator, mitoferrofluor (MFF). We designed cationic MFF to accumulate electrophoretically in polarized mitochondria, where a reactive group then forms covalent adducts with mitochondrial proteins to retain MFF even after subsequent depolarization. We also show in cell-free medium that Fe2+ (and Cu2+), but not Fe3+, Ca2+, or other biologically relevant divalent cations, strongly quenched MFF fluorescence. Using confocal microscopy, we demonstrate in hepatocytes that red MFF fluorescence colocalized with the green fluorescence of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) indicator, rhodamine 123 (Rh123), indicating selective accumulation into the mitochondria. Unlike Rh123, mitochondria retained MFF after ΔΨm collapse. Furthermore, intracellular delivery of iron with membrane-permeant Fe3+/8-hydroxyquinoline (FeHQ) quenched MFF fluorescence by ∼80% in hepatocytes and other cell lines, which was substantially restored by the membrane-permeant transition metal chelator pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone. We also show FeHQ quenched the fluorescence of cytosolically coloaded calcein, another Fe2+ indicator, confirming that Fe3+ in FeHQ undergoes intracellular reduction to Fe2+. Finally, MFF fluorescence did not change after addition of the calcium mobilizer thapsigargin, which shows MFF is insensitive to physiologically relevant increases of mitochondrial Ca2+. In conclusion, the new sensor reagent MFF fluorescence is an indicator of mitochondrial chelatable Fe2+ in normal hepatocytes with polarized mitochondria as well as in cells undergoing loss of ΔΨm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andaleb Kholmukhamedov
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Li Li
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher C. Lindsey
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jiangting Hu
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kenji Takemoto
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gyda C. Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M. Beneker
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Campbell McInnes
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Craig C. Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - John J. Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA,For correspondence: John J. Lemasters
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Zhang C, Zhao Y, Yu M, Qin J, Ye B, Wang Q. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Chronic Liver Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3156-3165. [PMID: 35877442 PMCID: PMC9319137 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are generally considered the powerhouse of the cell, a small subcellular organelle that produces most of the cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, mitochondria are involved in various biological functions, such as biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, cell signal transduction, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is manifested in different aspects, like increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis disorder, abnormal mitophagy, as well as changes in mitochondrial morphology and structure. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to the occurrence and development of various chronic liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), alcoholic fatty liver (AFL), and non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). In this review, we summarize and discuss the role and mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic liver disease, focusing on and discussing some of the latest studies on mitochondria and chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yabin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Q.)
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengli Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Q.)
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianru Qin
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Q.)
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bingyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
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9
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Adelusi OB, Ramachandran A, Lemasters JJ, Jaeschke H. The role of Iron in lipid peroxidation and protein nitration during acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 445:116043. [PMID: 35513057 PMCID: PMC9843742 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity, a leading cause of acute liver failure in western countries, is characterized by mitochondrial superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. However, the role of iron, especially as facilitator of lipid peroxidation (LPO), has been controversial. Our aim was to determine the mechanism by which iron promotes cell death in this context. Fasted male C57BL/6J mice were treated with the iron chelator deferoxamine, minocycline (inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter) or vehicle 1 h before 300 mg/kg APAP. Deferoxamine and minocycline significantly attenuated APAP-induced elevations in serum alanine amino transferase levels and hepatic necrosis at 6 h. This protection correlated with reduced 3-nitro-tyrosine protein adducts; LPO (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal) was not detected. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was not affected but mitochondrial release of intermembrane proteins was reduced suggesting that the effect of iron was at the level of mitochondria. Co-treatment of APAP with FeSO4 exacerbated liver injury and protein nitration and triggered significant LPO; all effects were reversed by deferoxamine. Thus, after APAP overdose, iron imported into mitochondria facilitates protein nitration by peroxynitrite triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Under these conditions, endogenous defense mechanisms largely prevent LPO. However, after iron overload, protein nitration and LPO contribute to APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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10
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Zhao S, Zhang J, Sun X, Yangzom C, Shang P. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter involved in foodborne mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113535. [PMID: 35461028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne mycotoxins are toxic metabolites that are produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and its by-products by mycotoxins is a global food safety problem that potentially threatens public health and other exposed animals. Most foodborne mycotoxins induce hepatotoxicity. However, only few studies have investigated the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial calcium transport monomers in mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, according to relevant studies and reports, this review suggests that intracellular Ca(2 +) homeostasis and mitochondrial Ca(2 +) uniporter are involved in the regulation of mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. This review provides some ideas for future research involving mitochondrial Ca(2 +) uniporter in the molecular targets of mycotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as a reference for the research and development of related drugs and the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwang Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, People's Republic of China; The Provincial and Ministerial co-founded collaborative innovation center for R & D in Tibet characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry resources, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, People's Republic of China; The Provincial and Ministerial co-founded collaborative innovation center for R & D in Tibet characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry resources, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, People's Republic of China; The Provincial and Ministerial co-founded collaborative innovation center for R & D in Tibet characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry resources, People's Republic of China
| | - Chamba Yangzom
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, People's Republic of China; The Provincial and Ministerial co-founded collaborative innovation center for R & D in Tibet characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry resources, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, Tibet, People's Republic of China; The Provincial and Ministerial co-founded collaborative innovation center for R & D in Tibet characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry resources, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Pirfenidone attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via suppressing c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115817. [PMID: 34890640 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in Western countries. Pirfenidone (PFD), an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative, is clinically used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment and has antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Here we examined the PFD effect on APAP-induced liver injury. In a murine model, APAP caused serum alanine aminotransferase elevation attenuated by PFD treatment. We performed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and vital propidium iodide (PI) stainings simultaneously. APAP induced TUNEL-positive/PI-negative necrosis around the central vein and subsequent TUNEL-negative/PI-positive oncotic necrosis with hemorrhage and caused the upregulation of hypercoagulation- and hypoxia-associated gene expressions. PFD treatment suppressed these findings. Western blotting revealed PFD suppressed APAP-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation despite no effect on JNK phosphatase expressions. In conclusion, simultaneous TUNEL and vital PI staining is useful for discriminating APAP-induced necrosis from typical oncotic necrosis. Our results indicated that PFD attenuated APAP-induced liver injury by suppressing TUNEL-positive necrosis by directly blocking JNK phosphorylation. PFD is promising as a new option to prevent APAP-induced liver injury.
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12
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Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Oxidant Stress and Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Mechanism-Based Drug Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:718-733. [PMID: 34232786 PMCID: PMC8558076 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the quantitively most consumed drugs worldwide. Although safe at therapeutic doses, intentional or unintentional overdosing occurs frequently causing severe liver injury and even liver failure. In the United States, 50% of all acute liver failure cases are caused by APAP overdose. However, only one antidote with a limited therapeutic window, N-acetylcysteine, is clinically approved. Thus, more effective therapeutic interventions are urgently needed. Recent Advances: Although APAP hepatotoxicity has been extensively studied for almost 50 years, particular progress has been made recently in two areas. First, there is now a detailed understanding of involvement of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the pathophysiology, with identification of the reactive species involved, their initial generation in mitochondria, amplification through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, and the mechanisms of cell death. Second, it was demonstrated in human hepatocytes and through biomarkers in vivo that the mechanisms of liver injury in animals accurately reflect the human pathophysiology, which allows the translation of therapeutic targets identified in animals to patients. Critical Issues: For progress, solid understanding of the pathophysiology of APAP hepatotoxicity and of a drug's targets is needed to identify promising new therapeutic intervention strategies and drugs, which may be applied to humans. Future Directions: In addition to further refine the mechanistic understanding of APAP hepatotoxicity and identify additional drugs with complementary mechanisms of action to prevent cell death, more insight into the mechanisms of regeneration and developing of drugs, which promote recovery, remains a future challenge. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 718-733.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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13
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Niu B, Lei X, Xu Q, Ju Y, Xu D, Mao L, Li J, Zheng Y, Sun N, Zhang X, Mao Y, Li X. Protecting mitochondria via inhibiting VDAC1 oligomerization alleviates ferroptosis in acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:505-530. [PMID: 34401974 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a common cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Ferroptosis has been recently implicated in APAP-induced liver injury (AILI). However, the functional role and underlying mechanisms of mitochondria in APAP-induced ferroptosis are unclear. In this study, the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) oligomerization inhibitor VBIT-12 and ferroptosis inhibitors were injected via tail vein in APAP-injured mice. Targeted metabolomics and untargeted lipidomic analyses were utilized to explore underlying mechanisms of APAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent ferroptosis. As a result, APAP overdose led to characteristic changes generally observed in ferroptosis. The use of ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (or UAMC3203) and iron chelator deferoxamine further confirmed that ferroptosis was responsible for AILI. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid β-oxidation suppression, may drive APAP-induced ferroptosis in hepatocytes. APAP overdose induced VDAC1 oligomerization in hepatocytes, and protecting mitochondria via VBIT-12 alleviated APAP-induced ferroptosis. Ceramide and cardiolipin levels were increased via UAMC3203 or VBIT-12 in APAP-induced ferroptosis in hepatocytes. Knockdown of Smpd1 and Taz expression responsible for ceramide and cardiolipin synthesis, respectively, aggravated APAP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in hepatocytes, whereas Taz overexpression protected against these processes. By immunohistochemical staining, we found that levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts were increased in the liver biopsy samples of patients with DILI compared to that in those of patients with autoimmune liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis B, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In summary, protecting mitochondria via inhibiting VDAC1 oligomerization attenuated hepatocyte ferroptosis by restoring ceramide and cardiolipin content in AILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 mid-Shandong Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qingling Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Ju
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dongke Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liya Mao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 mid-Shandong Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Yufan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yimin Mao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 145 mid-Shandong Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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14
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Ramachandran A. Ferroptosis and Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Are We Going Down Another Rabbit Hole? Gene Expr 2021; 20:169-178. [PMID: 33441220 PMCID: PMC8201653 DOI: 10.3727/105221621x16104581979144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the US. The mechanisms of APAP-induced liver injury have been under extensive investigations for decades, and many key events of this necrotic cell death are known today. Initially, two opposing hypotheses for cell death were proposed: reactive metabolite and protein adduct formation versus reactive oxygen and lipid peroxidation (LPO). In the end, both mechanisms were reconciled, and it is now generally accepted that the toxicity starts with formation of reactive metabolites that, after glutathione depletion, bind to cellular proteins, especially on mitochondria. This results in a mitochondrial oxidant stress, which requires amplification through a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, leading ultimately to enough reactive oxygen and peroxynitrite formation to trigger the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and cell death. However, the earlier rejected LPO hypothesis seems to make a comeback recently under a different name: ferroptosis. Therefore, the objective of this review was to critically evaluate the available information about intracellular signaling mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death and those of ferroptosis. Under pathophysiologically relevant conditions, there is no evidence for quantitatively enough LPO to cause cell death, and thus APAP hepatotoxicity is not caused by ferroptosis. However, the role of mitochondria-localized minor LPO remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Olamide B. Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Ma B, Hao S, Wang J, Zhang R, Ishfaq M, Shi C, Yuan L, Li R, Li C, Liu F. Drug-induced liver injury: Oltipraz and C2-ceramide intervene HNF-1α/GSTA1 expression via JNK signaling pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:2011-2020. [PMID: 33959992 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious and frequently occurring issue in drug development. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays an important role in many diseases; hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α (HNF-1α) and glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) are important in regulating liver-specific genes expressions and affecting drug metabolism. Oltipraz is used to treat liver cirrhosis by improving liver function, and C2-ceramide is a pro-apoptotic lipid that regulates multiple signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the function of the JNK signaling pathway with HNF-1α and GSTA1 in a cellular model of DILI and whether oltipraz and C2-ceramide exert effects via the JNK pathway. The results showed that inhibiting JNK could ameliorate APAP-induced hepatocyte injury, reduced oxidative stress, suppressed JNK and c-Jun activation, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expressions of HNF-1α and GSTA1 were increased significantly compared to control conditions. The effect of oltipraz (8 μmol/L) was similar to a JNK inhibitor and significantly increased HNF-1α/GSTA1 expression, but oltipraz combined with JNK inhibitor did not show a synergistic effect. Although C2-ceramide (8 μmol/L) aggravated hepatocyte injury and apoptosis, exacerbated oxidative stress, increased phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun, and markedly decreased HNF-1α/GSTA1 expression, C2-ceramide combined with JNK inhibitor could partially alleviate these alterations. These results demonstrated that the JNK signaling pathway with HNF-1α/GSTA1 are involved in the process of DILI. Inhibiting JNK up-regulated HNF-1α and GSTA1 expressions which could attenuate hepatocyte injury. Oltipraz and C2-ceramide might affect the expression of HNF-1α/GSTA1 though JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bingke Ma
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuangshuang Hao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruichen Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenxi Shi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Changwen Li
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangping Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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16
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Biomarkers of mitotoxicity after acute liver injury: Further insights into the interpretation of glutamate dehydrogenase. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:61-65. [PMID: 34027202 PMCID: PMC8132186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) is a popular analgesic, but overdose causes acute liver injury and sometimes death. Decades of research have revealed that mitochondrial damage is central in the mechanisms of toxicity in rodents, but we know much less about the role of mitochondria in humans. Due to the challenge of procuring liver tissue from APAP overdose patients, non-invasive mechanistic biomarkers are necessary to translate the mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity from rodents to patients. It was recently proposed that the mitochondrial matrix enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) can be measured in circulation as a biomarker of mitochondrial damage. Early observations revealed that damaged mitochondria release their contents into the cytosol. It follows that those mitochondrial molecules become freely detectable in blood after cell death. On the other hand, intact mitochondria would not release their matrix contents and can be removed from serum or plasma by high-speed centrifugation. However, a recent study cast doubt on the interpretation of GLDH as a mitotoxicity biomarker by demonstrating that neither high-speed centrifugation nor repeated freezing and thawing to lyse mitochondria alter GLDH activity in serum from mice with drug-induced liver injury. AIM Here, we briefly review the evidence for mitochondrial damage in APAP hepatotoxicity and demonstrate that removal of intact mitochondria by centrifugation does not alter measured GLDH activity simply because GLDH within the mitochondrial matrix is not accessible for measurement. In addition, we show that freezing and thawing is insufficient for complete lysis of mitochondria. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Our literature review and data support the interpretation that circulating GLDH is a biomarker of mitochondrial damage. Such mechanistic biomarkers are important to translate preclinical research to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. McGill
- 1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA,2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205 USA,
Corresponding author: Mitchell R. McGill Department of Environmental and Occupational Health & Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA Tel: +1 501-526-6696
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- 3Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160 USA
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17
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McGill MR, Hinson JA. The development and hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen: reviewing over a century of progress. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:472-500. [PMID: 33103516 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1832112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) was first synthesized in the 1800s, and came on the market approximately 65 years ago. Since then, it has become one of the most used drugs in the world. However, it is also a major cause of acute liver failure. Early investigations of the mechanisms of toxicity revealed that cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze formation of a reactive metabolite in the liver that depletes glutathione and covalently binds to proteins. That work led to the introduction of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antidote for APAP overdose. Subsequent studies identified the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, specific P450 enzymes involved, the mechanism of P450-mediated oxidation, and major adducted proteins. Significant gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms downstream of metabolism, but several events appear critical. These events include development of an initial oxidative stress, reactive nitrogen formation, altered calcium flux, JNK activation and mitochondrial translocation, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, the mitochondrial permeability transition, and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Additional research is necessary to complete our knowledge of the toxicity, such as the source of the initial oxidative stress, and to greatly improve our understanding of liver regeneration after APAP overdose. A better understanding of these mechanisms may lead to additional treatment options. Even though NAC is an excellent antidote, its effectiveness is limited to the first 16 hours following overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jack A Hinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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18
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Moon G, Kobayashi S, Aung Naing Y, Yamada KI, Yamakawa M, Fujii J. Iron loading exerts synergistic action via a different mechanistic pathway from that of acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in mice. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:606-619. [PMID: 32896183 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1819996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. In such cases, free iron is released from lysosomes and is transported to mitochondria where it plays a pivotal role in APAP-induced liver injury. We previously reported that ascorbic acid (Asc) markedly mitigates APAP-induced hepatic damage in aldehyde reductase (Akr1a)-knockout (KO) mice that produce about 10% Asc as wild-type (WT) mice. However, the issue of the protective mechanism of Asc in association with the status of iron remains ambiguous. To gain additional insights into this issue, we examined effects of APAP (500 mg/kg) on female KO mice under conditions of iron loading. While the KO mice without AsA supplementation were more sensitive to APAP toxicity than the WT mice, FeSO4 loading (25 mg/kg) to WT mice aggravated the hepatic injury, which was a similar extent to that of the KO mice. Supplementation of Asc (1.5 mg/ml in the drinking water) ameliorated KO mice irrespective of iron status but did not change the iron-mediated increase in the lethality in the WT mice. Hepatic cysteine and glutathione levels declined to similar extents in all mouse groups at 3 h irrespective of the iron status and largely recovered at 18 h after the APAP treatment when liver damage was evident. Asc prominently mitigated APAP toxicity in KO mice irrespective of the iron status but had no effect on the synergistic action of iron and APAP in the WT mice, suggesting that the mechanism for the deteriorating action of loaded iron is different from that of APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyul Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ye Aung Naing
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmacological Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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