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Wang R, Gong W, Jiang Y, Yin Q, Wang Z, Wu J, Zhang M, Li M, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Ji Y. Fluoride exposure during puberty induces testicular impairment via ER stress-triggered apoptosis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114773. [PMID: 38823497 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Fluoride, a ubiquitous environmental compound, carries significant health risks at excessive levels. This study investigated the reproductive toxicity of fluoride exposure during puberty in mice, focusing on its impact on testicular development, spermatogenesis, and underlying mechanisms. The results showed that fluoride exposure during puberty impaired testicular structure, induced germ cell apoptosis, and reduced sperm counts in mice. Additionally, the SOD activity and GSH content were significantly decreased, while MDA content was significantly elevated in the NaF group. Immunohistochemistry showed an increase in the number of cells positive for GRP78, a key ER stress marker. Moreover, qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the upregulation of both Grp78 mRNA and protein expression, as well as increased mRNA expression of other ER stress-associated genes (Grp94, chop, Atf6, Atf4, and Xbp1) and enhanced protein expression of phosphorylated PERK, IRE1α, eIF2α, JNK, XBP-1, ATF-6α, ATF-4, and CHOP. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that fluoride exposure during puberty impairs testicular structure, induces germ cell apoptosis, and reduces sperm counts in mice. ER stress may participate in testicular cell apoptosis, and contribute to the testicular damage and decreased sperm counts induced by fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjing Gong
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yumeng Jiang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qizi Yin
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yehao Liu
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuanhua Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yanli Ji
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui, China.
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Ge WD, Du TT, Wang CY, Sun LN, Wang YQ. Calcium signaling crosstalk between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, a new drug development strategies of kidney diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116278. [PMID: 38740223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) acts as a second messenger and constitutes a complex and large information exchange system between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria; this process is involved in various life activities, such as energy metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Increasing evidence has suggested that alterations in Ca2+ crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria, including alterations in ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ channels and related Ca2+ regulatory proteins, such as sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and calnexin (CNX), are closely associated with the development of kidney disease. Therapies targeting intracellular Ca2+ signaling have emerged as an emerging field in the treatment of renal diseases. In this review, we focused on recent advances in Ca2+ signaling, ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ monitoring methods and Ca2+ homeostasis in the development of renal diseases and sought to identify new targets and insights for the treatment of renal diseases by targeting Ca2+ channels or related Ca2+ regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Di Ge
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Du
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cao-Yang Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Ning Sun
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong-Qing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Song C, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Neurotoxic mechanisms of mycotoxins: Focus on aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124359. [PMID: 38866317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and T-2 toxin are commonly found in animal feed and stored grain, posing a serious threat to human and animal health. Mycotoxins can penetrate brain tissue by compromising the blood-brain barrier, triggering oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and leading to oxidative damage and apoptosis of brain cells. The potential neurotoxic mechanisms of AFB1 and T-2 toxin were discussed by summarizing the relevant research reports from the past ten years. AFB1 and T-2 toxin cause neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, leading to synaptic transmission dysfunction, ultimately impairing the nervous system function of the body. The toxic mechanism is related to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, and an exaggerated inflammatory response. After passing through the blood-brain barrier, toxins can directly affect glial cells, alter the activation state of microglia and astrocytes, thereby promoting brain inflammation, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and influencing the synaptic transmission process. We discussed the diverse effects of various concentrations of toxins and different modes of exposure on neurotoxicity. In addition, toxins can also cross the placental barrier, causing neurotoxic symptoms in offspring, as demonstrated in various species. Our goal is to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of AFB1 and T-2 toxin and to provide insights for future research, including investigating the impact of mycotoxins on interactions between microglia and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Wang P, Sun LH, Wang X, Wu Q, Liu A. Effective protective agents against the organ toxicity of T-2 toxin and corresponding detoxification mechanisms: A narrative review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:251-266. [PMID: 38362519 PMCID: PMC10867609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most widespread and toxic fungal toxins in food and feed. It can cause gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in humans and animals. T-2 toxin is physicochemically stable and does not readily degrade during food and feed processing. Therefore, suppressing T-2 toxin-induced organ toxicity through antidotes is an urgent issue. Protective agents against the organ toxicity of T-2 toxin have been recorded widely in the literature, but these protective agents and their molecular mechanisms of detoxification have not been comprehensively summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of the various protective agents to T-2 toxin and the molecular mechanisms underlying the detoxification effects. Targeting appropriate targets to antagonize T-2 toxin toxicity is also an important option. This review will provide essential guidance and strategies for the better application and development of T-2 toxin antidotes specific for organ toxicity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Aimei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
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Zhao J, Xia C, Tang Y, Wan H. Role of PERK-mediated pathway in the effect of mild hypothermia after cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e14040. [PMID: 37337313 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermia is an effective method of reducing brain injury caused by a variety of neurological insults. It is aimed to elucidate whether a change in the expression of PERK-mediated pathway proteins is an indicator of the neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia after cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. METHODS One hundred and ninety-two male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: a sham group, a cerebral normothermic ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) group and a cerebral hypothermic I/R group. A cerebral ischaemia model was established by ligating the bilateral common carotid artery for 15 min. Mice in the hypothermia group stayed in a cage that was set at 33°C, sprayed with a spray of 70% ethanol, and blown with two high-speed fans. The state of neurons was assessed on micropreparations stained with haematoxylin-eosin and TUNEL. The expressions of GRP78, p-perk, p-eif2α, ATF4 and CHOP were measured by western blot analysis 6, 12, 24 and 72 h after reperfusion. RESULTS The number of surviving cells was significantly higher in the hypothermia group than in the group without hypothermia (p < .05). The GRP78 expression in the hypothermia group was statistically higher (p < .05) than in the ischaemia/reperfusion group. Optical densities of p-perk, p-eif2α and ATF4 in hippocampus CA1 neurons ischaemia were statistically significantly lower in the hypothermia group than in the ischaemia/reperfusion group (p < .05). The CHOP expression in the hypothermia group was statistically lower (p < .05) than in the ischaemia/reperfusion group. CONCLUSION Mild hypothermia for 6 h promoted moderate neuroprotection by mediating the expression of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenzhong Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifang Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Guo Z, Chilufya MM, Deng H, Qiao L, Liu J, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Lin X, Liu H, Xiang R, Han J. Single and Combined Effects of Short-Term Selenium Deficiency and T-2 Toxin-Induced Kidney Pathological Injury Through the MMPs/TIMPs System. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:4850-4860. [PMID: 36645617 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The single and combined effects of short-term selenium (Se) deficiency and T-2 toxin-induced kidney pathological injury through the MMPs/TIMPs system were investigated. Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into control, 10 ng/g T-2 toxin, 100 ng/g T-2 toxin, Se-deficient, 10 ng/g T-2 toxin and Se deficiency combined, and 100 ng/g T-2 toxin and Se deficiency combined groups for a 4-week intervention. The kidney Se concentration was measured to evaluate the construction of animal models of Se deficiency. Kidney tissues were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, and transmission electron microscope to observe the pathological changes, the severity of kidney fibrosis, and ultrastructural changes, respectively. Meanwhile, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze the gene and protein expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 2/3 (MMP2/3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). The results showed that short-term Se deficiency and T-2 toxin exposure can cause kidney injury through tubular degeneration and even lead to kidney fibrosis. And the combination of T-2 toxin and Se deficiency had a synergistic effect on the kidney. A dose-response effect of the T-2 toxin was also observed. At the gene and protein levels, the expression of MMP2/3 in the intervention group increased, while the expression of TIMP1 decreased compared with the control group. In conclusion, short-term Se deficiency and T-2 toxin exposure might lead to injury and even the development of fibrosis in the kidneys, and combined intervention can increase the severity with a dose-dependent trend. MMP2/3 and TIMP1 likely play a significant role in the development of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Mumba Mulutula Chilufya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Lichun Qiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Haobiao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Rongqi Xiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Health Science Center, Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 712000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Jiang T, Qi X, Lin R, Jiang J, Wen J, Deng Y. T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) exert distinct effects on stress granule formation depending on altered activity of SIRT1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115028. [PMID: 37216862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), as the most concerned members of trichothecenes, induce cellular stress responses and various toxic effects. Stress granules (SGs) are rapidly formed in response to stress and play an important role in the cellular stress response. However, it is not known whether T-2 toxin and DON induce SG formation. In this study, we found that T-2 toxin induces SG formation, while DON surprisingly suppresses SG formation. Meanwhile, we discovered that SIRT1 co-localized with SGs and regulated SG formation by controlling the acetylation level of the SG nucleator G3BP1. Upon T-2 toxin, the acetylation level of G3BP1 increased, but the opposite change was observed upon DON. Importantly, T-2 toxin and DON affect the activity of SIRT1 via changing NAD+ level in a different manner, though the mechanism remains to be clarified. These findings suggest that the distinct effects of T-2 toxin and DON on SG formation are caused by changes in the activity of SIRT1. Furthermore, we found that SGs increase the cell toxicity of T-2 toxin and DON. In conclusion, our results reveal the molecular regulation mechanism of TRIs on SG formation and provide novel insights into the toxicological mechanisms of TRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xueying Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ruqin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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Wu Q, You L, Wu W, Long M, Kuca K. Mycotoxins: Emerging toxic mechanisms, and unanswered research questions. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113673. [PMID: 36796619 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a series of toxic mechanisms have been explored in mycotoxins. Emerging evidence show that mycotoxins may induce human neurodegenerative diseases (ND); however, this idea is still unproven. Besides to identify this hypothesis, some questions, for example, how the mycotoxins induce this disease and what the molecular mechanism is, as well as whether the brain-gut axis is involved in this context, should be answered. Very recent studies further reported an "immune evasion" mechanism in trichothecenes; moreover, hypoxia seems to play important function in this process; nevertheless, whether this "immune evasion" process is present in other mycotoxins, especially in aflatoxins, should be tested. In this work, we mainly discussed some key scientific questions that need to be answered in the toxic mechanisms of mycotoxins. We especially focused on the research questions in the key signaling pathways, balance mechanism of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects, and the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis. Interesting topics such as mycotoxins and aging, cytoskeleton and immunotoxicity are also discussed. More importantly, we compile a special issue: "New insight into mycotoxins and bacterial toxins: toxicity assessment, molecular mechanism and food safety" for Food and Chemical Toxicology. Researchers are encouraged to submit their newest work to this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Li You
- College of Physical Education and Health, Chongqing College of International Business and Economics, Chongqing, 401520, China
| | - Wenda Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Zhu J, Li G, Huang Q, Wen J, Deng Y, Jiang J. TET3-mediated DNA demethylation and chromatin remodeling regulate T-2 toxin-induced human CYP1A1 expression and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115506. [PMID: 36948362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a hazardous environmental pollutant that poses a risk to both farm animals and humans. Our previous research has reported that T-2 toxin highly induced the expression of human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), which may be a representative inducible marker of T-2 toxin and mediate the toxicity of T-2 toxin. In this study, we found that T-2 toxin decreased the DNA methylation levels of the CpG islands on the CYP1A1 promoter by inducing the expression of eleven translocation family protein 3 (TET3) and facilitating its binding to the promoter. These DNA methylation changes then generated an activated chromatin structure on the CYP1A1 promoter by releasing the repressor complex methyl-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), increasing the active histone modification markers, including H3K4ac, H3K9ac and H3K14ac, and facilitating RNA pol II and NRF1/Sp1 recruitment, which ultimately led to the transcriptional activation of CYP1A1. Interestingly, TET3-mediated CYP1A1 induction enhanced the cytotoxicity of T-2 toxin through inhibiting cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate that T-2 toxin-induced CYP1A1 expression is detrimental to cells and clearly show how T-2 toxin inhibits cell proliferation through regulating CYP1A1 expression from an epigenetic perspective. The findings broaden our current knowledge of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating environmental factors-induced CYP1A1 expression and cytotoxicity. TET3 may serve as a potential new target for toxicogenic detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guihong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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10
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Hypoxia and Cellular Senescence, Emerging Toxic Mechanisms of Mycotoxins and Toxins: A New Understanding of the Negative Immune Regulations. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120880. [PMID: 36548777 PMCID: PMC9787684 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is an important issue that has plagued the world [...]
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11
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Yang X, Liu P, Cui Y, Song M, Zhang X, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Li Y. T-2 Toxin Caused Mice Testicular Inflammation Injury via ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14043-14051. [PMID: 36260425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin treatment causes male reproduction system dysfunction, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this research, male Kunming mice and TM4 cells were treated with varying concentrations of the T-2 toxin for evaluating the adverse effect of T-2 toxin on male reproductive function. MCC950 or NAC was used to block NLRP3 inflammasome activation and eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the TM4 cell, respectively. The results showed that: (1) T-2 toxin caused testicular atrophy, destroyed the microstructure and ultrastructure of the testis, and caused sperm deformities; (2) T-2 toxin increased the content and gene expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased the IL-10 content and gene expression, causing testis and TM4 cell inflammatory injury; (3) T-2 toxin activated NLRP3 inflammasome in the testis and TM4 cells and caused ROS accumulation in the testis; (4) suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation using 20 nM MCC950 alleviated the TM4 cell inflammatory damage caused via the T-2 toxin; nevertheless, 20 nM MCC950 did not reduce ROS accumulation in TM4 cells; and (5) NAC relieved the inflammatory damage in TM4 cells by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Taken together, T-2 toxin caused testicular inflammation injury through ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in male reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilong Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yibao Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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12
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T-2 Toxin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Protective Autophagy in Mouse Microglia BV2 Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080761. [PMID: 35893129 PMCID: PMC9330824 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin exposure could cause neurotoxicity; however, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms using a mouse microglia BV2 cell line. The results show that T-2 toxin treatment-induced cytotoxicity of BV2 cells was dose- and time-dependent. Compared to the control, T-2 toxin treatment at 1.25–5 ng/mL significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and triggered oxidative stress. T-2 toxin treatment also caused mitochondrial dysfunction in BV2 cells, which was evidenced by decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, upregulated expression of Bax protein, and decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein. Meanwhile, T-2 toxin treatment upregulated the expression of cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP-1 proteins, and downregulated the expression of HO-1 and nuclear Nrf2 proteins, finally inducing cell apoptosis in BV2 cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation significantly attenuated T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, T-2 toxin treatment activated autophagy and upregulated autophagy flux, and the inhibition of autophagy significantly promoted T-2 toxin-induced cell apoptosis. Taken together, our results reveal that T-2 toxin-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells involves the production of ROS, the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Our study offers new insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms in T-2 toxin-mediated neurotoxicity.
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13
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Dai C, Das Gupta S, Wang Z, Jiang H, Velkov T, Shen J. T-2 toxin and its cardiotoxicity: New insights on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113262. [PMID: 35792220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic and common trichothecene mycotoxins, and can cause various cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge-base and challenges as it relates to T-2 toxin related cardiotoxicity. The molecular mechanisms and potential treatment approaches were also discussed. Pathologically, T-2 toxin-induced cardiac toxicity is characterized by cell injury and death in cardiomyocyte, increased capillary permeability, necrosis of cardiomyocyte, hemorrhage, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the heart. T-2 toxin exposure can cause cardiac fibrosis and finally lead to cardiac dysfunction. Mechanistically, T-2 toxin exposure-induced cardiac damage involves the production of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling pathway, endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)/smad family member 2/3 (Smad2/3) signaling pathway, and autophagy and inflammatory responses. Antioxidant supplementation (e.g., catalase, vitamin C, and selenium), induction of autophagy (e.g., rapamycin), blockade of inflammatory signaling (e.g., methylprednisolone) or treatment with PPAR-γ agonists (e.g., pioglitazone) may provide protective effects against these detrimental cardiac effects caused by T-2 toxin. We believe that our review provides new insights in understanding T-2 toxin exposure-induced cardiotoxicity and fuels effective prevention and treatment strategies against this important food-borne toxin-induced health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Subhajit Das Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75230, USA
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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14
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Citrinin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice Is Regulated by the Ca2+/Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040259. [PMID: 35448868 PMCID: PMC9029441 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin found in crops and agricultural products and poses a serious threat to human and animal health. The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatotoxicity of CTN in mice and analyze its mechanisms from Ca2+-dependent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress perspective. We showed that CTN induced histopathological damage, caused ultrastructural changes in liver cells, and induced abnormal values of biochemical laboratory tests of some liver functions in mice. Treatment with CTN could induce nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in mice, accompanied with losses of activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), levels of glutathione (GSH), and capacities of total antioxidant (T-AOC), resulting in oxidative stress in mice. Furthermore, CTN treatment significantly increased Ca2+ accumulation, upregulated protein expressions of ER stress-mediated apoptosis signal protein (glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78/BIP), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), Caspase-12, and Caspase-3), and induced hepatocyte apoptosis. These adverse effects were counteracted by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor. In summary, our results showed a possible underlying molecular mechanism for CTN that induced hepatocyte apoptosis in mice by the regulation of the Ca2+/ER stress signaling pathway.
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Potential Role of Individual and Combined Effects of T-2 Toxin, HT-2 Toxin and Neosolaniol on the Apoptosis of Porcine Leydig Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020145. [PMID: 35202172 PMCID: PMC8876060 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin usually co-occurs with HT-2 toxin and neosolaniol (NEO) in the grains and feed. Our previous studies found that T-2 toxin and its metabolites’ binary or ternary combination exposure to porcine Leydig cells (LCs) displayed synergism in certain range of dosage and cannot be predicted based on individual toxicity. However, the possible mechanism of these mycotoxins’ combined exposure to cell lesions remains unknown. Based on 50% cell viability, the mechanism of apoptosis in porcine Leydig cells was investigated after exposure to T-2, HT-2, NEO individual and binary or ternary combinations. Compared with control, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content decreased, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increased, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreased in all treated groups. Additionally, the cell apoptosis rates were significantly increased in test groups (p < 0.05), and the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Associated X (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio and the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, cytochrome c (Cytc) in the treated group are all significantly higher than the control group. Moreover, the expression of Cytc and caspase 8 gene in NEO and T-2+NEO groups was significantly higher than that in other individual and combined groups. It can be concluded that the toxicities of T-2, HT-2, and NEO individually and in combination can induce apoptosis related to the oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, and the synergistic effect between toxins may be greater than a single toxin effect, which is beneficial for assessing the possible risk of the co-occurrences in foodstuffs to human and animal health.
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