Chemiluminometric determination of captopril in a multi-pumping flow system

Developing Metal Complexes for Captopril Quantification in Tablets Using Potentiometric and Conductometric Methods

Potentiometric and conductometric methods were successfully applied to elucidate the interaction of 10 ions, viz., Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, La²⁺, Th⁴⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Pd²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ti²⁺, and Zr²⁺, with the antihypertensive drug captopril (CAP) and its role to determine CAP in pure powder and tablet forms. The ionization constant of CAP and the generated complexes' stability constants (log K) were evaluated using potentiometric and conductometric methods at 25 ± 0.1 °C and 0.05 M ionic strength (I) of NaNO₃ aqueous solution, and CAP was then determined in pure powder and tablet forms. Complexes having metal:ligand ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and/or 1:3 were produced, regardless of the type of the ligand or metal ions. Both the suggested potentiometric and conductometric procedures were utilized to confirm the stoichiometry of the M-CAP binary complexes formed. These two different techniques were utilized successfully to determine CAP in pure powder and tablet forms. Using the standard addition method (SAM) based on the Gran plot, CAP was satisfactorily determined throughout the concentration range of 0.83-13.04 mg/mL (SD = 0.20, R = 0.9986 (n = 5)), with a detection limit of 0.64 mg/mL (SD = 0.20, R = 0.9986 (n = 5)). In the presence of common tablet excipients, no interferences were observed. The percentage of CAP recovered from various dosage formulations (tablets) varied from 95.88 to 99.92%.

Dual-mode colorimetric and fluorescence sensing system for the detection of captopril based on Fe/NC nanozymes and carbon dots

Metal nitrogen-doped carbon (MNC) nanozymes have received increasing attention in bio-catalysis filed due to adequate catalytic activity, outstanding stability and reusability. Herein, the Fe/NC nanozymes (Fe/NC NZs) with peroxidase-like activity was successfully synthesized and a fluorescence turn on and colorimetric dual-mode sensing system was developed for quantification of captopril (CP) based on Fe/NC NZs and orange-emitting carbon dots (O-CDs). The Fe/NC NZs as an enzyme mimic can efficiently catalyze the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) chromogenic reaction, forming blue-colored oxidized TMB product (oxTMB) with the presence of H₂O₂, leading to the fluorescence quenching of O-CDs simultaneously via the inner filter effect (IFE). When CP was present, the blue oxTMB was reduced to colorless TMB, resulting in the inhibition of IFE and the recovery of fluorescence of O-CDs. The fluorescence increase of O-CDs and absorbance decrease of oxTMB depended on CP concentration. Good linear relationships of fluorescence and colorimetric sensing towards CP were obtained in the range from 1 to 50 μM, and the detection limits were 0.47 and 0.56 μM, respectively. Moreover, this as-constructed dual-mode sensor was used to detect CP in pharmaceutical products with satisfactory results.

Green innovative fluorescence approach for the feasible and reliable assay of thiol-containing drugs; captopril as a model

In the present study, a novel spectrofluorimetric approach was designed for the analysis of captopril as a thiol-containing compound. The approach is based on the formation of a ternary fluorescent compound between the target thiol compound, ortho-phthaldehyde, and a suitable primary amine-containing compound. The produced 1-thio-alkyl-isoindole derivative exhibited very high emission activity in a faintly alkaline aqueous solution that could be monitored at 448 nm (excitation at 334 nm). 2-Amino-6-methyl-6-hydroxy-heptane was selected as the primary amine candidate that gave the high fluorescence intensity with the stability of the formed product. At the optimal experimental condition, the intensity of fluorescence of the formed product was linearly related to the concentration of captopril in 20-450 ng mL^-1 range. Commercial pharmaceutical tablets were analyzed, and the obtained results agreed with those of the published method regarding precision and accuracy. The mechanism of the reaction was discussed. In addition, the greenness of the approach was rated following eco-scale criteria.

Development and Validation of an Automated Zone Fluidics-Based Sensor for In Vitro Dissolution Studies of Captopril Using Total Error Concept

In the present research, a zone fluidics-based automated sensor for the analysis of captopril in in vitro dissolution samples is reported. Captopril is reacted under flow conditions with Ni(II) (10 mmol L^-1) in alkaline medium (0.15% v/v NH₃) to form a stable derivate, which is monitored spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. The chemical and instrumental parameters were carefully investigated and optimized. The validation of the developed method was performed in the range of 5 to 120% of the expected maximum concentration using the accuracy profiles as a graphical decision-making tool. The β-expectation tolerance intervals did not exceed the acceptance criteria of ±10%, which means that 95% of future results will be encompassed in the defined bias limits. The variation of the relative bias ranged between -2.3% and 3.5% and the RSD values for repeatability and intermediate precision were lower than 2.3% in all cases. The limit of detection (LOD), and the lower and the upper limit of quantification (LLOQ, ULOQ) were satisfactory and found to be 1%, 5% and 120% (corresponding to 0.6, 2.78 and 66.67 μg mL^-1 in dissolution medium). The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of captopril in dissolution tests of two commercially available batches.

Facile and rapid synthesis of emission color-tunable molybdenum oxide quantum dots as a versatile probe for fluorescence imaging and environmental monitoring

Recent years have seen molybdenum oxide quantum dots (MoOx QDs) as a booming material due to their attractive physical and chemical properties. However, there is still a large demand for MoOx QDs with long-wavelength emission by a facile strategy but these are more challenging to obtain. Herein, we rationally designed and successfully prepared nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped green emitting MoOx QDs (N,P-MoOx QDs) through a microwave-assisted rapid method. They exhibit a maximum emission at 500 nm under a 430 nm excitation. Moreover, by controlling their sizes in the process, we find that such a strategy enables the tuning of the emission color of N,P-MoOx QDs from green to blue. N,P-MoOx QDs show a significant fluorescence response to pH changes, and also display pH-sensitive near-infrared localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 866 nm. An effective and simple pH probe with a dual-signal response is achieved using N,P-MoOx QDs. As environmental sensors, N,P-MoOx QDs can be applied for sensitive detection of the concentrations of permanganate and captopril, offering the linear range from 0.08 to 25 μM and 0.1 to 31 μM, respectively. Benefitting from the effect of doping nitrogen and phosphorus, the probe could detect a wide range of pH changes (2-9) and is endowed with superior biocompatibility. Further, it is successfully used to "see" the intracellular pH variation by fluorescence confocal imaging. These findings not only demonstrate the achievement of a promising multifunctional probe for biosensing and environmental detection, but also pave the way for the fabrication of transition metal oxide QDs with tunable optical properties.

A chemiluminescence reagent free method for the determination of captopril in medicine and urine samples by using trivalent silver

A novel flow-injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method free of CL reagent was developed for the determination of captopril based on its enhancing effect on the CL derived from diperiodatoargentate(III)-sulfuric acid system. Compared with the conventional CL system, the CL system based on trivalent silver was characterized of good selectivity for the absence of CL reagent. The CL mechanism was discussed through CL spectra and UV-vis absorption spectra. The conditions of the FI-CL system were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the relative CL intensity was linear with the captopril concentration in the range of 0.3-15.0 μg/mL. The detection limit for captopril was 0.05 μg/mL, and the relative standard deviation (n=11) was 2.0% for 5.0 μg/mL captopril. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of captopril in tablet and human urine with the recoveries of 83.1%-112.5%, and the relative standard deviations of 0.5%-4.4%. The results obtained by the proposed method agreed well with those obtained from HPLC method. The proposed method is fast, convenient, and cost-effective for the determination of captopril in medicine and biological samples.

Microfluidic photoinduced chemical oxidation for Ru(bpy)33+ chemiluminescence - A comprehensive experimental comparison with on-chip direct chemical oxidation

For the first time, the analytical figures of merit in detection capabilities of the very less explored photoinduced chemical oxidation method for Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ CL has been investigated in detail using 32 structurally different analytes. It was carried out on-chip using peroxydisulphate and visible light and compared with well-known direct chemical oxidation approaches using Ce(IV). The analytes belong to various chemical classes such as tertiary amine, secondary amine, sulphonamide, betalactam, thiol and benzothiadiazine. Influence of detection environment on CL emission with respect to method of oxidation was evaluated by changing the buffers and pH. The photoinduced chemical oxidation exhibited more universal nature for Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ CL in detection towards selected analytes. No additional enhancers, reagents, or modification in instrumental configuration were required. Wide detectability and enhanced emission has been observed for analytes from all the chemical classes when photoinduced chemical oxidation was employed. Some of these analytes are reported for the first time under photoinduced chemical oxidation like compounds from sulphonamide, betalactam, thiol and benzothiadiazine class. On the other hand, many of the selected analytes including tertiary and secondary amines such as cetirizine, azithromycin fexofenadine and proline did not produced any analytically useful CL signal (S/N=3 or above for 1μgmL^-1 analyte) under chemical oxidation. The most fascinating observations was in the detection limits; for example ofloxacin was 15 times more intense with a detection limit of 5.81×10^-10M compared to most lowest ever reported 6×10^-9M. Earlier, penicillamine was detected at 0.1μgmL^-1 after derivatization using photoinduced chemical oxidation, but in this study, we improved it to 5.82ngmL^-1 without any prior derivatization. The detection limits of many other analytes were also found to be improved by several orders of magnitude under photoinduced chemical oxidation.

Ratiometric captopril assay based on the recovery of the Bi(iii)-quenched yellow fluorescence of dually emitting carbon nanodots

Dual emissions of carbon nanodots, as a ratiometric nanosensor, could be used to detect captopril based on the switch effect of Bi³⁺.

Reusable fluorescent sensor for captopril based on energy transfer from photoluminescent graphene oxide self-assembly multilayers to silver nanoparticles

In this work we designed a self-assembly multilayers, in which photoluminescent graphene oxide was employed as a fluorescence probe. This multilayers film can effectively recognize captopril by resonance energy transfer from graphite oxide to silver nanoparticles. A new interfacial sensing method for captopril with high signal to noise ratio was established, by means of that multilayers was quenched by silver nanoparticles and subsequently recovered by adding captopril. The linear relation between intensity and captopril concentration was good, and the detection limit was found to be 0.1578 μM. Also, this novel detection platform demonstrated intriguing reusable properties, and the sensor could be repeated more than ten times without obviously losing its sensing performance.

Development of a new procedure for the determination of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations employing chemiluminescence and a multicommuted flow analysis approach

This paper describes a new technique for the determination of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations, implemented by employing multicommuted flow analysis. The analytical procedure was based on the reaction between hypochlorite and captopril. The remaining hypochlorite oxidized luminol that generated electromagnetic radiation detected using a homemade luminometer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this reaction has been exploited for the determination of captopril in pharmaceutical products, offering a clean analytical procedure with minimal reagent usage. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure was confirmed by analyzing a set of pharmaceutical formulations. Application of the paired t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the data sets at a 95% confidence level. The useful features of the new analytical procedure included a linear response for captopril concentrations in the range 20.0-150.0 µmol/L (r = 0.997), a limit of detection (3σ) of 2.0 µmol/L, a sample throughput of 164 determinations per hour, reagent consumption of 9 µg luminol and 42 µg hypochlorite per determination and generation of 0.63 mL of waste. A relative standard deviation of 1% (n = 6) for a standard solution containing 80 µmol/L captopril was also obtained.

A surface plasmon resonance sensing method for determining captopril based on in situ formation of silver nanoparticles using ascorbic acid

A new method has been proposed to sensitive detection of captopril based on surface plasmon resonance band of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The stable and well-dispersed AgNPs with strong plasmon resonance signal were synthesized in situ using a simple and rapid procedure by applying ascorbic acid as reducer and sodium dodecyl sulfate as stabilizer, at room temperature. It was found that, the decreasing of AgNPs plasmon absorbance is proportional to the concentration of captopril which allows the spectrophotometric sensing of this compound. The presented method is capable of determining captopril over a range of 0.20-2.75 μmol L(-1) with a limit of detection 0.07 μmol L(-1). The relative standard deviation for eight replicate measurements of 1.00 and 2.50 μmol L(-1) of captopril was 2.37% and 1.02%, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations with satisfactory results, which were in agreement with those of the official method.