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Jin M, Wen ZF, Liu YJ, Qian M, Zhou Y, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Feng XS. Trihalomethanes in water samples: Recent update on pretreatment and detection methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140005. [PMID: 37652249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are classified as volatile organic compounds, considered to be a disinfection by-product during water disinfection process. THMs have been shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic, with a risk of cancer when they contact with people directly. To protect public health and monitor water quality, it is important to monitor and measure THMs in drinking water. Therefore, it is crucial to develop fast, accurate, highly sensitivity and green analysis methods of THMs in various complicated matrices. Here, this review presents an overall summary of the current state of the pretreatment and detection methods for THMs in various sample matrices since 2005. In addition to the traditionally used pretreatment methods for THMs (such as headspace extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, liquid-liquid extraction), the new-developed methods, including solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS and different microextraction methods, have been summarized. The detection methods include gas chromatography-based methods, sensors and several other approaches. Additionally, benefits and limitations of different techniques were also discussed and compared. This study is anticipated to offer fruitful insights into the further advancement and widespread applications of pretreatment and detection technologies for THMs as well as for related substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- (School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Wen
- (Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China, Beijing, 110001, China
| | - Ya-Jie Liu
- (School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Min Qian
- (School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- (Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu Bian
- (School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- (School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- (School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Farajzadeh MA, Kiavar L, Pezhhanfar S. Development of a method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by partial vaporization of the extract for ultra-preconcentration of some pesticide residues in fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462427. [PMID: 34332315 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new simple and efficient method has been developed for the ultra-preconcentration of multiclass pesticide residues including penconazole, chlorpyrifos, ametryn, clodinafop-propargyl, diniconazole, oxadiazon, and fenpropathrin from some fruit juice samples based on evaporation of the sedimented organic phase obtained from dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. The enriched target analytes were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. In the microextraction procedure, a mixture of iso-propanol as a disperser and 1,2-dibromoethane as an extraction solvent is quickly injected into an aqueous phase containing the analytes and centrifuged. Afterward, the sedimented phase is transferred into a special shaped vaporization vessel and vaporized with nitrogen gas stream until remaining about 2 µL of it. Eventually, 1 µL of the remained sedimented phase is removed and analyzed by separation system. The optimum extraction and disperser solvents were found to be 1,2-dibromoethane and iso-propanol, respectively. In addition, the optimum pH range was 6-8, and nitrogen gas stream at a flow rate of 90 mL min-1 in a downward oriented vessel was applied. Eventually, the limits of detection and quantification were obtained in the ranges of 45-78 and 149-261 ng L-1, respectively. Relative standard deviations at the concentrations of 300, 500 and 1000 ng L-1 of each analyte were ranged between 2.2% and 5.8% for intra-day (n = 6) precision. Inter-day (n = 3) precision at a concentration of 500 ng L-1 of each analyte was obtained in the range of 4.9-7.1%. In addition, enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were ranged from 1382-2246 and 55-89%, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully utilized in analysis of the target pesticides in the selected juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey; Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Laleh Kiavar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sakha Pezhhanfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Worawit C, Alahmad W, Miró M, Varanusupakul P. Combining graphite with hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction for improving the extraction efficiency of relatively polar organic compounds. Talanta 2020; 215:120902. [PMID: 32312447 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a simple and effective hybrid extraction method based on the incorporation of raw carbon nanosorbents and octanol in the pores of a hollow-fiber membrane for improving the extraction efficiency of relatively polar organic compounds. Trihalomethanes (THMs) were used as model analytes. Three types of carbon nanosorbents (graphite, graphene, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) were studied. The carbon sorbent incorporating membrane was used in a two-phase mode liquid-phase microextraction, with 1-octanol as the acceptor solution. Using a graphite-reinforced hollow-fiber membrane and an extraction time of 10 min, enrichment factors of 40-71 were obtained for trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and chlorodibromomethane. Linear working ranges of 0.2-100 μg L-1 and limits of detection ranging from 0.01 μg L-1 (for CHCl2Br and CHClBr2) to 0.1 μg L-1 (for CHCl3) were achieved. The minimum detectable concentrations were far below the maximum concentration levels (60-200 μg L-1) set by the WHO for drinking water. The carbon-sorbent-reinforced hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction afforded higher extraction efficiency and shorter extraction time compared with conventional hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of real water samples, such as drinking water, tap water, and swimming pool water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanatda Worawit
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Waleed Alahmad
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Analytical Scheme for Simultaneous Determination of Phthalates and Bisphenol A in Honey Samples Based on Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by GC-IT/MS. Effect of the Thermal Stress on PAE/BP-A Levels. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3010023. [PMID: 32213842 PMCID: PMC7189663 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an analytical protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of phthalates (di-methyl phthalate DMP, di-ethyl phthalate DEP, di-isobutyl phthalate DiBP, di-n-butyl phthalate DBP, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate DNOP) and bisphenol A (BPA). The extraction technique used was the ultrasound vortex assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UVA-DLLME). The method involves analyte extraction using 75 µL of benzene and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). The method is sensitive, reliable, and reproducible with a limit of detection (LOD) below 13 ng g−1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) below 22 ng g−1 and the intra- and inter-day errors below 7.2 and 9.3, respectively. The method developed and validated was applied to six honey samples (i.e., four single-use commercial ones and two home-made ones. Some phthalates were found in the samples at concentrations below the specific migration limits (SMLs). Furthermore, the commercial samples were subjected to two different thermal stresses (24 h and 48 h at 40 °C) for evidence of the release of plastic from the containers. An increase in the phthalate concentrations was observed, especially during the first phase of the shock, but the levels were still within the limits of the regulations.
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Wang XM, Ji WH, Chen LZ, Lin JM, Wang X, Zhao RS. Nitrogen-rich covalent organic frameworks as solid-phase extraction adsorbents for separation and enrichment of four disinfection by-products in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460916. [PMID: 32037072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water can pose a health risk to humans. In this work, a new nitrogen-rich covalent organic frameworks (TpTt-COFs) was synthesized and applied firstly as a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) trapping media for four ultra-trace levels of DBPs in drinking water samples. Under the optimal conditions, these DBPs were absorbed on a SPE cartridge; then, the DBPs were eluted with the optimized volume of eluent. The concentrated elution was detected and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Low limits of detection (0.0004-0.0063 ng mL-1), wide linearity (0.002-50 µg L-1), good reproducibility (1.54-2.88%) and repeatability (1.28-3.40%) were obtained. This novel method has been successfully applied to the analysis of ultra-trace levels DBPs in real drinking water samples. These accurate experimental results by this method indicated that the novel TpTt-COFs as a SPE trapping material was an attractive option for efficient and effective analysis of ultra-trace levels DBPs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Wang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan 250014, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Wen-Hua Ji
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Li-Zong Chen
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Public Analytical Platform of Emerging Organic Pollutants, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan 250014, China
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González-Hernández P, Hernández-Padrón M, Pino V, Afonso AM, Ayala JH. Monitoring trihalomethanes and nitrogenous disinfection by-products in blending desalinated waters using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:911-922. [PMID: 27892815 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1266393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method has been developed for the extraction and determination of 16 common volatile halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) (four trihalomethanes, six haloacetonitriles, and six halonitromethanes) in blending desalinated waters, using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-SPME/GC-FID). After the optimization using factorial designs of the HS-SPME parameters (optimum: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane such as fiber, extraction time of 60 min at 30°C, pH 7, addition of 40% (w/v) of sodium chloride, and desorption time of 2 min at 250°C), quantification limits ranged from 3.03 to 40.8 µg L-1, and relative standard deviation (inter-day) were lower than 9.7% for all the target DBPs. Adequate relative recoveries (with the exception of chloronitromethane) were obtained even when spiking waters at low levels (25 µg L-1), with values between 83.1% and 119% for ultrapure water, and between 87.4% and 115% for blending desalinated waters, supporting in this way the applicability of the method. The influence of various dechlorinating agents on the stability of 16 DBPs in water was evaluated, with ammonium chloride being the most suitable inhibitor of residual chlorine and carrying out the analytical determination of DBPs within 48 h after sampling. Different blending desalinated water samples collected in the South of Tenerife Island (Spain) were successfully analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Providencia González-Hernández
- a Departamento de Química , Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna (Tenerife) , Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández-Padrón
- a Departamento de Química , Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna (Tenerife) , Spain
| | - Verónica Pino
- a Departamento de Química , Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna (Tenerife) , Spain
| | - Ana M Afonso
- a Departamento de Química , Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna (Tenerife) , Spain
| | - Juan H Ayala
- a Departamento de Química , Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna (Tenerife) , Spain
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Pacheco-Fernández I, Herrera-Fuentes A, Delgado B, Pino V, Ayala JH, Afonso AM. Monitoring trihalomethanes in chlorinated waters using a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method with a non-chlorinated organic solvent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:718-729. [PMID: 27384382 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1209568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The environmental monitoring of trihalomethanes (THMs) has been performed by setting up a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method in combination with gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The optimized method only requires ∼26 µL of decanol as extractant solvent, dissolved in ∼1 mL of acetone (dispersive solvent) for 5 mL of the environmental water containing THMs. The mixture is then subjected to vortex for 1 min and then centrifuged for 2 min at 3500 rpm. The microdroplet containing the extracted THMs is then sampled with a micro-syringe, and injected (1 µL) in the GC-MS. The method is characterized for being fast (3 min for the entire sample preparation step) and environmentally friendly (low amounts of solvents required, being all non-chlorinated), and also for getting average relative recoveries of 90.2-106% in tap waters; relative standard deviation values always lower than 11%; average enrichment factors of 48-49; and detection limits down to 0.7 µg·L-1. Several waters: tap waters, pool waters, and wastewaters were successfully analyzed with the method proposed. Furthermore, the method was used to monitor the formation of THMs in wastewaters when different chlorination parameters, namely temperature and pH, were varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idaira Pacheco-Fernández
- a Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica , Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Ariadna Herrera-Fuentes
- a Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica , Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Bárbara Delgado
- a Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica , Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Verónica Pino
- a Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica , Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Juan H Ayala
- a Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica , Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Ana M Afonso
- a Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica , Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
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Kinani A, Kinani S, Bouchonnet S. Formation and determination of organohalogen by-products in water – Part II. Sample preparation techniques for analytical approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Correa L, Fiscal JA, Ceballos S, de la Ossa A, Taborda G, Nerin C, Rosero-Moreano M. Hollow-fiber solvent bar microextraction with gas chromatography and electron capture detection determination of disinfection byproducts in water samples. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3945-3953. [PMID: 26354941 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A liquid-phase microextraction method that uses a hollow-fiber solvent bar microextraction technique was developed by combining gas chromatography with electron capture detection for the analysis of four trihalomethanes (chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform) in drinking water. In the microextraction process, 1-octanol was used as the solvent. The technique operates in a two-phase mode with a 5 min extraction time, a 700 rpm stirring speed, a 30°C extraction temperature, and NaCl concentration of 20%. After microextraction, one edge of the membrane was cut, and 1 μL of solvent was collected from the membrane using a 10 μL syringe. The solvent sample was directly injected into the gas chromatograph. The analytical characteristics of the developed method were as follows: detection limits, 0.017-0.037 ng mL-1 ; linear working range, 10-900 ng mL-1 ; recovery, 74 ± 9-91 ± 2; relative standard deviation, 5.7-10.3; and enrichment factor, 330-455. A simple, fast, economic, selective, and efficient method with big possibilities for automation was developed with a potential use to apply with other matrices and analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Correa
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Jhon Alex Fiscal
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Sandra Ceballos
- Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas DTSC, Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Área de Análisis Instrumental, Hospital Santa Sofía Edificio Urgencias tercer piso, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Alberto de la Ossa
- Dirección Territorial de Salud de Caldas DTSC, Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Área de Análisis Instrumental, Hospital Santa Sofía Edificio Urgencias tercer piso, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Taborda
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Universidad de Zaragoza, EINA Departamento de Química Analítica Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza-España
| | - Milton Rosero-Moreano
- Universidad de Caldas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Depto. Química, Manizales-Colombia
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Cardador MJ, Fernández-Salguero J, Gallego M. Simultaneous quantification of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in cheese by on-line static headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Viñas P, Campillo N, Andruch V. Recent achievements in solidified floating organic drop microextraction. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H, Shah SM, Chen J. Salt-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with programmed temperature vaporization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of haloacetonitriles in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Montesinos I, Gallego M. Speciation of common volatile halogenated disinfection by-products in tap water under different oxidising agents. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Liu X, Wei X, Zheng W, Jiang S, Templeton MR, He G, Qu W. An optimized analytical method for the simultaneous detection of iodoform, iodoacetic acid, and other trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60858. [PMID: 23613747 PMCID: PMC3628783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimized method is presented using liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization for the extraction of iodoacetic acid (IAA) and other haloacetic acids (HAA9) and direct extraction of iodoform (IF) and other trihalomethanes (THM4) from drinking water, followed by detection by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A Doehlert experimental design was performed to determine the optimum conditions for the five most significant factors in the derivatization step: namely, the volume and concentration of acidic methanol (optimized values = 15%, 1 mL), the volume and concentration of Na2SO4 solution (129 g/L, 8.5 mL), and the volume of saturated NaHCO3 solution (1 mL). Also, derivatization time and temperature were optimized by a two-variable Doehlert design, resulting in the following optimized parameters: an extraction time of 11 minutes for IF and THM4 and 14 minutes for IAA and HAA9; mass of anhydrous Na2SO4 of 4 g for IF and THM4 and 16 g for IAA and HAA9; derivatization time of 160 min and temperature at 40°C. Under optimal conditions, the optimized procedure achieves excellent linearity (R(2) ranges 0.9990-0.9998), low detection limits (0.0008-0.2 µg/L), low quantification limits (0.008-0.4 µg/L), and good recovery (86.6%-106.3%). Intra- and inter-day precision were less than 8.9% and 8.8%, respectively. The method was validated by applying it to the analysis of raw, flocculated, settled, and finished waters collected from a water treatment plant in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gengsheng He
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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