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Vitale R, Cocchi M, Biancolillo A, Ruckebusch C, Marini F. Class modelling by Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy: why, when, how? A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1270:341304. [PMID: 37311606 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article contains a comprehensive tutorial on classification by means of Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (SIMCA). Such a tutorial was conceived in an attempt to offer pragmatic guidelines for a sensible and correct utilisation of this tool as well as answers to three basic questions: "why employing SIMCA?", "when employing SIMCA?" and "how employing/not employing SIMCA?". With this purpose in mind, the following points are here addressed: i) the mathematical and statistical fundamentals of the SIMCA approach are presented; ii) distinct variants of the original SIMCA algorithm are thoroughly described and compared in two different case-studies; iii) a flowchart outlining how to fine-tune the parameters of a SIMCA model for achieving an optimal performance is provided; iv) figures of merit and graphical tools for SIMCA model assessment are illustrated and v) computational details and rational suggestions about SIMCA model validation are given. Moreover, a novel Matlab toolbox, which encompasses routines and functions for running and contrasting all the aforementioned SIMCA versions is also made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Vitale
- U. Lille, CNRS, LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marina Cocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biancolillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cyril Ruckebusch
- U. Lille, CNRS, LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Federico Marini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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2
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Raimondo M, Borioni A, Prestinaci F, Sestili I, Gaudiano MC. A NIR, 1H-NMR, LC-MS and chemometrics pilot study on the origin of carvedilol drug substances: a tool for discovering falsified active pharmaceutical ingredients. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1396-1405. [PMID: 35302118 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Falsification of drugs, entailing the use of drug substances from unknown unapproved suppliers, is one of the main concerns for the quality of medicines. Therefore, traceability of active ingredients represents an effective tool to fight the illegal trade of medicinal products. In this view, the present pilot study explores the profile of carvedilol active ingredients and possible differences related to the origin. Sixteen samples were examined by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR spectrometry) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) Q-TOF and the data were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and PLSDA discriminant analysis. The results evidenced that the combined information from the three techniques gave good classification of the samples neatly distinguishing the APIs from European countries from the APIs manufactured out of Europe. In particular, NIR spectroscopy provided effective separation between European and non-European manufacturers and 1H-NMR or LC-MS added specific information related to the separation. Concerning LC-MS Q-TOF, the analysis of multiple isobaric peaks proved to be highly predictive of the drug substance origin and emerged as a promising tool in the field of medicine traceability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Raimondo
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Borioni
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Prestinaci
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Sestili
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Gaudiano
- Chemical Medicines Unit, Centro Nazionale Controllo e Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Valizadeh M, Sohrabi M, Ameri Braki Z, Rashidi R, Pezeshkpur M. Investigation of spectrophotometric simultaneous absorption of Salmeterol and Fluticasone in Seroflo spray by continuous wavelet transform and radial basis function neural network methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120192. [PMID: 34314967 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the simultaneous absorption of Salmeterol (SAL) and Fluticasone (FLU) in Seroflo spray was investigated using a spectrophotometric device via employing continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) methods. Root mean square error (RMSE) related to the RBF model was obtained 3.17 × 10-13 and 1.41 × 10-13 for SAL and FLU, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) corresponding to the CWT method were 0.004, 0.280 μg/mL, and 0.431, 0.479 μg/mL for SAL and FLU, respectively. Root mean square error (RMSE) of SAL and FLU was obtained 3.17 × 10-13 and 1.41 × 10-13, respectively in RBF-NN method. In the end, the results obtained from all methods were compared with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference method. According to the one-way analysis of variance with a 95% confidence level, there is no significant difference between the proposed techniques and HPLC. Therefore, chemometrics methods are sufficiently accurate, as the reference method for the analysis of drugs. The suggested methods are simple, fast, and cheap. Also, there is no need for pre-preparation steps. These methods can be used for quality control laboratories in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Valizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Melika Sohrabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ameri Braki
- Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rashed Rashidi
- Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental engineering, Shahid Beheshti University of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pezeshkpur
- Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Sansone A, Cuzin B, Jannini EA. Facing Counterfeit Medications in Sexual Medicine. A Systematic Scoping Review on Social Strategies and Technological Solutions. Sex Med 2021; 9:100437. [PMID: 34619517 PMCID: PMC8766274 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The counterfeit phenomenon is a largely under-reported issue, with potentially large burden for healthcare. The market for counterfeit drugs used in sexual medicine, most notably type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5i), is rapidly growing. Aims To report the health risks associated with the use of counterfeit medications, the reasons driving their use, and the strategies enacted to contain this phenomenon. Methods A systematic scoping review of the literature regarding counterfeit PDE5i was carried between January and June 2021, then updated in August 2021. Main Outcome Measure We primarily aimed to clarify the main drivers for counterfeit PDE5i use, the health risks associated, and the currently available strategies to fight counterfeiters. Results One hundred thirty-one records were considered for the present scoping review. Production of fake PDE5i is highly lucrative and the lacking awareness of the potential health risks makes it a largely exploitable market by counterfeiters. Adulteration with other drugs, microbial contamination and unreliable dosages make counterfeit medications a cause of worry also outside of the sexual medicine scope. Several laboratory techniques have been devised to identify and quantify the presence of other compounds in counterfeit medications. Strategies aimed at improving awareness, providing antitampering packaging and producing non-falsifiable products, such as the orodispersible formulations, are also described. Clinical implications Improving our understanding of the PDE5i counterfeit phenomenon can be helpful to promote awareness of this issue and to improve patient care. Strengths & Limitations Despite the systematic approach, few clinical studies were retrieved, and data concerning the prevalence of counterfeit PDE5i use is not available on a global scale. Conclusion The counterfeit phenomenon is a steadily growing issue, with PDE5i being the most counterfeited medication with potentially large harmful effects on unaware consumers. Sansone A, Cuzin B, and Jannini EA. Facing Counterfeit Medications in Sexual Medicine. A Systematic Scoping Review on Social Strategies and Technological Solutions. Sex Med 2021;9:100437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Béatrice Cuzin
- Division of Urology and Transplantation, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Casagrande F, Dégardin K, Ross A. Protein NMR of biologicals: analytical support for development and marketed products. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2020; 74:657-671. [PMID: 32350692 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of NMR spectroscopy to derive in-depth characterization of structure and dynamical properties of biomolecules is well established nowadays in many laboratories. Most of these methods rest on the availability of protein labeled with stable isotopes like 13C and 15N. In this report examples are presented on the application of NMR spectroscopic methods to characterize biopharmaceutical proteins in cases no isotope labeled material are available. This is typically found in protein samples used in the development of formulations and production processes. Another important focus of this report is the application of NMR methodology in the field of counterfeit drugs of biologicals and biosimilars. Especially here, NMR does offer relevant structural and quantitative data due to the high versatility of the NMR equipment. An excurse regarding the high medical relevance for a detailed spectroscopic analysis of counterfeits will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casagrande
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Klara Dégardin
- Roche Pharmaceutical Quality Control for Commercial Bulk Products, Complaints and Counterfeits Group, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Ross
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Dégardin K, Guillemain A, Klespe P, Hindelang F, Zurbach R, Roggo Y. Packaging analysis of counterfeit medicines. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 291:144-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Münster-Müller S, Zimmermann R, Pütz M. A Novel Impurity-Profiling Workflow with the Combination of Flash-Chromatography, UHPLC-MS, and Multivariate Data Analysis for Highly Pure Drugs: A Study on the Synthetic Cannabinoid MDMB-CHMICA. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10559-10567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Münster-Müller
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Äppelallee 45, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
- University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Pütz
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Äppelallee 45, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
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Park H, Lee JM, Kim JY, Hong J, Oh HB. Prediction of liquid chromatography retention times of erectile dysfunction drugs and analogues using chemometric approaches. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1364264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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Garcia Cardozo C, Melo Cardoso R, Matheus Guimarães Selva T, Evaristo de Carvalho A, Torres Pio dos Santos W, Regis Longo Cesar Paixão T, Amorim Bezerra da Silva R. Batch Injection Analysis-Multiple Pulse Amperometric Fingerprint: A Simple Approach for Fast On-site Screening of Drugs. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Garcia Cardozo
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; 79.804-970 Dourados, MS Brazil
| | - Rafael Melo Cardoso
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Thiago Matheus Guimarães Selva
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco; 50740-545 Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Adriana Evaristo de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; 79.804-970 Dourados, MS Brazil
| | - Wallans Torres Pio dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri; 39100-000 Diamantina - MG Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Amorim Bezerra da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologias; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados; 79.804-970 Dourados, MS Brazil
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG Brazil
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10
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Dégardin K, Desponds A, Roggo Y. Protein-based medicines analysis by Raman spectroscopy for the detection of counterfeits. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:313-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Deconinck E, Sokeng Djiogo CA, Courselle P. Chemometrics and chromatographic fingerprints to classify plant food supplements according to the content of regulated plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:48-55. [PMID: 28554127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant food supplements are gaining popularity, resulting in a broader spectrum of available products and an increased consumption. Next to the problem of adulteration of these products with synthetic drugs the presence of regulated or toxic plants is an important issue, especially when the products are purchased from irregular sources. This paper focusses on this problem by using specific chromatographic fingerprints for five targeted plants and chemometric classification techniques in order to extract the important information from the fingerprints and determine the presence of the targeted plants in plant food supplements in an objective way. Two approaches were followed: (1) a multiclass model, (2) 2-class model for each of the targeted plants separately. For both approaches good classification models were obtained, especially when using SIMCA and PLS-DA. For each model, misclassification rates for the external test set of maximum one sample could be obtained. The models were applied to five real samples resulting in the identification of the correct plants, confirmed by mass spectrometry. Therefore chromatographic fingerprinting combined with chemometric modelling can be considered interesting to make a more objective decision on whether a regulated plant is present in a plant food supplement or not, especially when no mass spectrometry equipment is available. The results suggest also that the use of a battery of 2-class models to screen for several plants is the approach to be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicines and Health Care Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - C A Sokeng Djiogo
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicines and Health Care Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicines and Health Care Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Analytical advances in pharmaceutical impurity profiling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 87:118-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Chemometrics and the identification of counterfeit medicines-A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:112-22. [PMID: 27133184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides readers with a number of actual case studies dealing with verifying the authenticity of selected medicines supported by different chemometric approaches. In particular, a general data processing workflow is discussed with the major emphasis on the most frequently selected instrumental techniques to characterize drug samples and the chemometric methods being used to explore and/or model the analytical data. However, further discussion is limited to a situation in which the collected data describes two groups of drug samples - authentic ones and counterfeits.
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14
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Clustering and diagnostic modelling of slimming aids based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric fingerprints. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:230-242. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Custers D, Krakowska B, De Beer JO, Courselle P, Daszykowski M, Apers S, Deconinck E. Testing of complementarity of PDA and MS detectors using chromatographic fingerprinting of genuine and counterfeit samples containing sildenafil citrate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1643-56. [PMID: 26753972 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeit medicines are a global threat to public health. High amounts enter the European market, which is why characterization of these products is a very important issue. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method were developed for the analysis of genuine Viagra®, generic products of Viagra®, and counterfeit samples in order to obtain different types of fingerprints. These data were included in the chemometric data analysis, aiming to test whether PDA and MS are complementary detection techniques. The MS data comprise both MS1 and MS2 fingerprints; the PDA data consist of fingerprints measured at three different wavelengths, i.e., 254, 270, and 290 nm, and all possible combinations of these wavelengths. First, it was verified if both groups of fingerprints can discriminate between genuine, generic, and counterfeit medicines separately; next, it was studied if the obtained results could be ameliorated by combining both fingerprint types. This data analysis showed that MS1 does not provide suitable classification models since several genuines and generics are classified as counterfeits and vice versa. However, when analyzing the MS1_MS2 data in combination with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), a perfect discrimination was obtained. When only using data measured at 254 nm, good classification models can be obtained by k nearest neighbors (kNN) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), which might be interesting for the characterization of counterfeit drugs in developing countries. However, in general, the combination of PDA and MS data (254 nm_MS1) is preferred due to less classification errors between the genuines/generics and counterfeits compared to PDA and MS data separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Custers
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Research group NatuRA (Natural products and Food - Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Barbara Krakowska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacques O De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michal Daszykowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sandra Apers
- Research group NatuRA (Natural products and Food - Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Chromatographic impurity fingerprinting of genuine and counterfeit Cialis® as a means to compare the discriminating ability of PDA and MS detection. Talanta 2016; 146:540-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Custers D, Cauwenbergh T, Bothy J, Courselle P, De Beer J, Apers S, Deconinck E. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics: An interesting tool to discriminate and characterize counterfeit medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Custers D, Vandemoortele S, Bothy J, De Beer JO, Courselle P, Apers S, Deconinck E. Physical profiling and IR spectroscopy: simple and effective methods to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit samples of Viagra® and Cialis®. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:378-87. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Custers
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal ProductsScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV‐ISP) J. Wytsmanstraat 14 B‐1050 Brussels Belgium
- Research Group NatuRA (Natural products and Food ‐ Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Suzanne Vandemoortele
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal ProductsScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV‐ISP) J. Wytsmanstraat 14 B‐1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Jean‐Luc Bothy
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal ProductsScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV‐ISP) J. Wytsmanstraat 14 B‐1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Jacques O. De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal ProductsScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV‐ISP) J. Wytsmanstraat 14 B‐1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Patricia Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal ProductsScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV‐ISP) J. Wytsmanstraat 14 B‐1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Sandra Apers
- Research Group NatuRA (Natural products and Food ‐ Research and Analysis), Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B‐2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal ProductsScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV‐ISP) J. Wytsmanstraat 14 B‐1050 Brussels Belgium
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Acevska J, Stefkov G, Cvetkovikj I, Petkovska R, Kulevanova S, Cho J, Dimitrovska A. Fingerprinting of morphine using chromatographic purity profiling and multivariate data analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:18-27. [PMID: 25746503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic purity profiling (CPP) is the common name of a group of analytical and chemometric applications for detection, identification and quantitative determination of related substances and other impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished dosage forms (FDFs). CPP is used for fingerprinting and discriminating between samples, thus representing a core activity in modern drug analysis. The worldwide demand for morphine and its congeners is tremendous and depends entirely on the supply of natural opiates. The aim of this research was to develop a methodology that enables identification of a source of morphine, thus revealing falsification of the substance. The characteristic and reproducible features of impurity profiles for 28 samples of morphine (6 morphine sulfate, 9 morphine hydrochloride and 13 morphine base) were captured by a new LC/MS method for impurity profiling of morphine. The impurity profile encompasses the related substances specified in relevant Ph.Eur. monographs, as well as the other morphinane like impurities, including the naturally occurring co-extracted alkaloids. Different pattern recognition techniques (unsupervised and supervised) were used to reveal the differentiation features of the morphine fingerprints for classification and authentication purposes. The results described in this research open the possibility of using the chromatographic purity profile combined with multivariate data analysis for fingerprinting of morphine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Acevska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyryl and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
| | - Gjoshe Stefkov
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyryl and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Ivana Cvetkovikj
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyryl and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Rumenka Petkovska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyryl and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Kulevanova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyryl and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - JungHwan Cho
- Sookmyung Women's Univ. College of Pharmacy, 100, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Aneta Dimitrovska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyryl and Methodius, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Loethen YL, Kauffman JF, Buhse LF, Rodriguez JD. Rapid screening of anti-infective drug products for counterfeits using Raman spectral library-based correlation methods. Analyst 2015; 140:7225-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01679g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new spectral library-based approach that is capable of screening a diverse set of finished drug products using only an active pharmaceutical ingredient spectral library is described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette L. Loethen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - John F. Kauffman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Lucinda F. Buhse
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Jason D. Rodriguez
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- St. Louis
- USA
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21
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Johansson M, Fransson D, Rundlöf T, Huynh NH, Arvidsson T. A general analytical platform and strategy in search for illegal drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:215-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Anzanello MJ, Ortiz RS, Limberger R, Mariotti K. A framework for selecting analytical techniques in profiling authentic and counterfeit Viagra and Cialis. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 235:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Custers D, Canfyn M, Courselle P, De Beer JO, Apers S, Deconinck E. Headspace-gas chromatographic fingerprints to discriminate and classify counterfeit medicines. Talanta 2014; 123:78-88. [PMID: 24725867 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Counterfeit medicines are a global threat to public health. These pharmaceuticals are not subjected to quality control and therefore their safety, quality and efficacy cannot be guaranteed. Today, the safety evaluation of counterfeit medicines is mainly based on the identification and quantification of the active substances present. However, the analysis of potential toxic secondary components, like residual solvents, becomes more important. Assessment of residual solvent content and chemometric analysis of fingerprints might be useful in the discrimination between genuine and counterfeit pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the fingerprint approach might also contribute in the evaluation of the health risks different types of counterfeit medicines pose. In this study a number of genuine and counterfeit Viagra(®) and Cialis(®) samples were analyzed for residual solvent content using headspace-GC-MS. The obtained chromatograms were used as fingerprints and analyzed using different chemometric techniques: Principal Component Analysis, Projection Pursuit, Classification and Regression Trees and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy. It was tested whether these techniques can distinguish genuine pharmaceuticals from counterfeit ones and if distinct types of counterfeits could be differentiated based on health risks. This chemometric analysis showed that for both data sets PCA clearly discriminated between genuine and counterfeit drugs, and SIMCA generated the best predictive models. This technique not only resulted in a 100% correct classification rate for the discrimination between genuine and counterfeit medicines, the classification of the counterfeit samples was also superior compared to CART. This study shows that chemometric analysis of headspace-GC impurity fingerprints allows to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit medicines and to differentiate between groups of counterfeit products based on the public health risks they pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Custers
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M Canfyn
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Courselle
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J O De Beer
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Apers
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Patel DN, Li L, Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Koh HL. Screening of synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues as adulterants: analytical techniques and challenges. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:176-90. [PMID: 23721687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to the increase in prevalence of illicit sexual performance enhancement products. PDE-5 inhibitors, namely sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, and their unapproved designer analogues are being increasingly used as adulterants in the herbal products and health supplements marketed for sexual performance enhancement. To date, more than 50 unapproved analogues of prescription PDE-5 inhibitors were found as adulterants in the literature. To avoid detection of such adulteration by standard screening protocols, the perpetrators of such illegal products are investing time and resources to synthesize exotic analogues and devise novel means for adulteration. A comprehensive review of conventional and advance analytical techniques to detect and characterize the adulterants is presented. The rapid identification and structural elucidation of unknown analogues as adulterants is greatly enhanced by the wide myriad of analytical techniques employed, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (LC-FT-ICR-MS), liquid chromatograph-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer with information dependent acquisition, ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and immunoassay methods. The many challenges in detecting and characterizing such adulterants, and the need for concerted effort to curb adulteration in order to safe guard public safety and interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar Narendrabhai Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Margot P. Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:167-75. [PMID: 23384475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue, involving networks of manufacture and distribution that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Despite the potentially devastating health repercussions involved, legal sanctions are often inappropriate or simply not applied. The difficulty in agreeing on a definition of counterfeiting, the huge profits made by the counterfeiters and the complexity of the market are the other main reasons for the extent of the phenomenon. Above all, international cooperation is needed to thwart the spread of counterfeiting. Moreover effort is urgently required on the legal, enforcement and scientific levels. Pharmaceutical companies and agencies have developed measures to protect the medicines and allow fast and reliable analysis of the suspect products. Several means, essentially based on chromatography and spectroscopy, are now at the disposal of the analysts to enable the distinction between genuine and counterfeit products. However the determination of the components and the use of analytical data for forensic purposes still constitute a challenge. The aim of this review article is therefore to point out the intricacy of medicine counterfeiting so that a better understanding can provide solutions to fight more efficiently against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Science, School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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