1
|
Subramanian P, Gnanasikamani B. Study of 4A and 5A zeolite as a catalyst material in a catalytic converter for NO emission reduction in a CI engine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:41726-41740. [PMID: 36637650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The major contribution to atmospheric air pollution is from the heavy vehicular emission. At present, it is rising at an alarming rate. These automotive pollutions can be reduced to a great extent by the exhaust gas after-treatment methods. Among these, catalytic converter (CC) is the major source to reduce regulatory emission in the internal combustion (IC) engine. Most catalytic materials work in some specific temperature ranges, and they are also costly. In this study, the zeolite 4A (ZSM 4A) and zeolite 5A (ZSM 5A) powder were converted into a solid mold and tested as a catalytic material in the converter. The experimental readings were taken with the fabricated CC at the exhaust with various loads (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 kg) in the single-cylinder Kirloskar 5.2 kW diesel engine. Waste plastics were pyrolyzed into oil and blended with diesel in the 50:50 ratio of diesel plastic blend (DPB) for this study. Nitrogen oxide (NO) and hydrocarbon (HC) were reduced by 18% and 22% respectively for ZSM 5A and 12% and 16% respectively for ZSM 4A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Subramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203
| | - Balaji Gnanasikamani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the field of volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, which are finding uses in healthcare, safety, environmental monitoring, food and agriculture, oil industry, and other fields. It starts by briefly explaining the basics of VOC sensing and reviewing the currently available and quickly progressing VOC sensing approaches. It then discusses the main trends in materials' design with special attention to nanostructuring and nanohybridization. Emerging sensing materials and strategies are highlighted and their involvement in the different types of sensing technologies is discussed, including optical, electrical, and gravimetric sensors. The review also provides detailed discussions about the main limitations of the field and offers potential solutions. The status of the field and suggestions of promising directions for future development are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thangamuthu M, Hsieh KY, Kumar PV, Chen GY. Graphene- and Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposite Platforms for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2975. [PMID: 31216691 PMCID: PMC6628170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) offer excellent electrical, mechanical and electrochemical properties. Further, due to the presence of high surface area, and a rich oxygen and defect framework, they are able to form nanocomposites with metal/semiconductor nanoparticles, metal oxides, quantum dots and polymers. Such nanocomposites are becoming increasingly useful as electrochemical biosensing platforms. In this review, we present a brief introduction on the aforementioned graphene derivatives, and discuss their synthetic strategies and structure-property relationships important for biosensing. We then highlight different nanocomposite platforms that have been developed for electrochemical biosensing, introducing enzymatic biosensors, followed by non-enzymatic biosensors and immunosensors. Additionally, we briefly discuss their role in the emerging field of biomedical cell capture. Finally, a brief outlook on these topics is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kuan Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Priyank V Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shishkova DK, Khodyrevskaya YI, Kutikhin AG, Rybakov MS, Mukhamadiyarov RA, Shandakov SD. Preparation of a Functional Enzyme–Carbon Nanotube Complex by the Immobilization of Superoxide Dismutase on Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078018040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Recent trends in electrochemical biosensors of superoxide dismutases. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 116:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
6
|
Label-Free Electrochemical Immunoassay for C-Reactive Protein. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8020034. [PMID: 29601504 PMCID: PMC6022967 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most expressed proteins in blood during acute phase inflammation, and its minute level increase has also been recognized for the clinical diagnosis of cardio vascular diseases. Unfortunately, the available commercial immunoassays are labour intensive, require large sample volumes, and have practical limitations, such as low stability and high production costs. Hence, we have developed a simple, cost effective, and label-free electrochemical immunoassay for the measurement of CRP in a drop of serum sample using an immunosensor strip made up of a screen printed carbon electrode (SPE) modified with anti-CRP functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The measurement relies on the decrease of the oxidation current of the redox indicator Fe3+/Fe2+, resulting from the immunoreaction between CRP and anti-CRP. Under optimal conditions, the present immunoassay measures CRP in a linear range from 0.4–200 nM (0.047–23.6 µg mL−1), with a detection limit of 0.15 nM (17 ng mL−1, S/N = 3) and sensitivity of 90.7 nA nM−1, in addition to a good reproducibility and storage stability. The analytical applicability of the presented immunoassay is verified by CRP measurements in human blood serum samples. This work provides the basis for a low-priced, safe, and easy-to-use point-of-care immunosensor assay to measure CRP at clinically relevant concentrations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Seenivasan R, Kolodziej C, Karunakaran C, Burda C. Nanotechnology for Electroanalytical Biosensors of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. CHEM REC 2017; 17:886-901. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Seenivasan
- Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of California San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Charles Kolodziej
- Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Chandran Karunakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Research Lab; VHNSN College (Autonomous); 3/151-1,College Road, Virudhunagar Tamil Nadu 626001 India
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ARM-microcontroller based portable nitrite electrochemical analyzer using cytochrome c reductase biofunctionalized onto screen printed carbon electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:410-417. [PMID: 27836596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO2-) supplementation limits hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and activates the alternate NO pathway which may partially account for the nitrite-mediated cardioprotection. So, sensitive and selective biosensors with point-of-care devices need to be explored to detect the physiological nitrite level due to its important role in human pathophysiology. In this work, cytochrome c reductase (CcR) biofunctionalized self assembled monolayer (SAM) functionalized on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite onto the screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was investigated as a biosensor for the detection of nitrite based on its electrochemical and catalytic properties. CcR was covalently coupled with SAM layers on GNPs by using EDC and NHS. Direct electrochemical response of CcR biofunctionalized electrodes showed a couple of well-defined and nearly reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks at -0.34 and -0.45 vs. Ag/AgCl. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor could be used for the determination of NO2- with a linear range from 0.1-1600µm and a detection limit of 60nM with a sensitivity of 0.172µAµM-1cm-2. Further, we have designed and developed a novel and cost effective portable electrochemical analyzer for the measurement of NO2- in hypoxia induced H9c2 cardiac cells using ARM microcontroller. The results obtained here using the developed portable electrochemical nitrite analyzer were also compared with the standard cyclic voltammetry instrument and found in agreement with each other.
Collapse
|
9
|
Maniscalco M, Vitale C, Vatrella A, Molino A, Bianco A, Mazzarella G. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide-measuring devices: technology update. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2016; 9:151-60. [PMID: 27382340 PMCID: PMC4922771 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s91201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been employed in the diagnosis of specific types of airway inflammation, guiding treatment monitoring by predicting and assessing response to anti-inflammatory therapy and monitoring for compliance and detecting relapse. Various techniques are currently used to analyze exhaled NO concentrations under a range of conditions for both health and disease. These include chemiluminescence and electrochemical sensor devices. The cost effectiveness and ability to achieve adequate flexibility in sensitivity and selectivity of NO measurement for these methods are evaluated alongside the potential for use of laser-based technology. This review explores the technologies involved in the measurement of exhaled NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maniscalco
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital "S Maria della Pietà" of Casoria, Naples
| | - Carolina Vitale
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno
| | - Antonio Molino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Federico II
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Mazzarella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vishinkin R, Haick H. Nanoscale Sensor Technologies for Disease Detection via Volatolomics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6142-64. [PMID: 26448487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of many diseases is missed because of delayed diagnoses or the low efficacy of some treatments. This emphasizes the urgent need for inexpensive and minimally invasive technologies that would allow efficient early detection, stratifying the population for personalized therapy, and improving the efficacy of rapid bed-side assessment of treatment. An emerging approach that has a high potential to fulfill these needs is based on so-called "volatolomics", namely, chemical processes involving profiles of highly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from body fluids, including breath, skin, urine and blood. This article presents a didactic review of some of the main advances related to the use of nanomaterial-based solid-state and flexible sensors, and related artificially intelligent sensing arrays for the detection and monitoring of disease with volatolomics. The article attempts to review the technological gaps and confounding factors related to VOC testing. Different ways to choose nanomaterial-based sensors are discussed, while considering the profiles of targeted volatile markers and possible limitations of applying the sensing approach. Perspectives for taking volatolomics to a new level in the field of diagnostics are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Vishinkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Electrochemical assay for the determination of nitric oxide metabolites using copper(II) chlorophyllin modified screen printed electrodes. Anal Biochem 2015; 478:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
12
|
Mathew TL, Pownraj P, Abdulla S, Pullithadathil B. Technologies for Clinical Diagnosis Using Expired Human Breath Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2015; 5:27-60. [PMID: 26854142 PMCID: PMC4665550 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics5010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review elucidates the technologies in the field of exhaled breath analysis. Exhaled breath gas analysis offers an inexpensive, noninvasive and rapid method for detecting a large number of compounds under various conditions for health and disease states. There are various techniques to analyze some exhaled breath gases, including spectrometry, gas chromatography and spectroscopy. This review places emphasis on some of the critical biomarkers present in exhaled human breath, and its related effects. Additionally, various medical monitoring techniques used for breath analysis have been discussed. It also includes the current scenario of breath analysis with nanotechnology-oriented techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prabhahari Pownraj
- Nanosensor Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore641 004, India.
| | | | - Biji Pullithadathil
- Nanosensor Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore641 004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Madasamy T, Santschi C, Martin OJF. A miniaturized electrochemical assay for homocysteine using screen-printed electrodes with cytochrome c anchored gold nanoparticles. Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00752f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical point-of-care analysis of homocysteine in a drop of the blood plasma samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangamuthu Madasamy
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Christian Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Broza YY, Haick H. Nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of disease by volatile organic compounds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:785-806. [PMID: 23656265 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of developing new diagnostic and detection technologies for the growing number of clinical challenges is rising each year. Here, we present a concise, yet didactic review on a new diagnostics frontier based on the detection of disease-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by means of nanomaterial-based sensors. Nanomaterials are ideal for such sensor arrays because they are easily fabricated, chemically versatile and can be integrated into currently available sensing platforms. Following a general introduction, we provide a brief description of the VOC-related diseases concept. Then, we focus on detection of VOC-related diseases by selective and crossreactive sensing approaches, through chemical, optical and mechanical transducers incorporating the most important classes of nanomaterials. Selected examples of the integration of nanomaterials into selective sensors and crossreactive sensor arrays are given. We conclude with a brief discussion on the integration possibilities of different types of nanomaterials into sensor arrays, and the expected outcomes and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Madasamy T, Pandiaraj M, Balamurugan M, Bhargava K, Sethy NK, Karunakaran C. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase and nitrate reductase coimmobilized bienzymatic biosensor for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 52:209-15. [PMID: 24055935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel bienzymatic biosensor for the simultaneous determination of nitrite (NO2(-)) and nitrate (NO3(-)) ions using copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and nitrate reductase (NaR) coimmobilized on carbon nanotubes (CNT)-polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite modified platinum electrode. Morphological changes of the PPy and CNT modified electrodes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the bienzymatic electrode (NaR-SOD1-CNT-PPy-Pt) was characterized by cyclic voltammetry exhibiting quasi-reversible redox peak at +0.06 V and reversible redox peaks at -0.76 and -0.62V vs. Ag/AgCl, for the immobilized SOD1 and NaR respectively. The electrocatalytic activity of SOD1 towards NO2(-) oxidation observed at +0.8 V was linear from 100 nM to 1mM with a detection limit of 50 nM and sensitivity of 98.5 ± 1.7 nA µM(-1)cm(-2). Similarly, the coimmobilized NaR showed its electrocatalytic activity towards NO3(-) reduction at -0.76 V exhibiting linear response from 500 nM to 10mM NO3(-) with a detection limit of 200 nM and sensitivity of 84.5 ± 1.56 nA µM(-1)cm(-2). Further, the present bienzymatic biosensor coated with cellulose acetate membrane for the removal of non-specific proteins was used for the sensitive and selective determinations of NO2(-) and NO3(-) present in human plasma, whole blood and saliva samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thangamuthu Madasamy
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|