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Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Jamshidi M, Walcarius A, Thangamuthu M, Mehrgardi M, Ranjbar A. Electrochemical approaches based on micro- and nanomaterials for diagnosing oxidative stress. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:117. [PMID: 36879086 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This review article comprehensively discusses the various electrochemical approaches for measuring and detecting oxidative stress biomarkers and enzymes, particularly reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, highly reactive chemical molecules, which are the byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism and can oxidize cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. First, we address the latest research on the electrochemical determination of reactive oxygen species generating enzymes, followed by detection of oxidative stress biomarkers, and final determination of total antioxidant activity (endogenous and exogenous). Most electrochemical sensing platforms exploited the unique properties of micro- and nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), conductive polymers and metal-nano compounds, which have been mainly used for enhancing the electrocatalytic response of sensors/biosensors. The performance of the electroanalytical devices commonly measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, and linear range of detection is also discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of electrode fabrication, characterization and evaluation of their performances, which are assisting to design and manufacture an appropriate electrochemical (bio)sensor for medical and clinical applications. The key points such as accessibility, affordability, rapidity, low cost, and high sensitivity of the electrochemical sensing devices are also highlighted for the diagnosis of oxidative stress. Overall, this review brings a timely discussion on past and current approaches for developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors mainly based on micro and nanomaterials for the diagnosis of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jamshidi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Microbiology for Materials and the Environment, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
| | - Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Masoud Mehrgardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. .,Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Dual-signal intrinsic self-calibration ratio electrochemical sensor for glutathione based on silver nanoparticle decorated Prussian Blue analog. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xu Z, Li P, Chen H, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Liu M, Yao S. Picomolar glutathione detection based on the dual-signal self-calibration electrochemical sensor of ferrocene-functionalized copper metal-organic framework via solid-state electrochemistry of cuprous chloride. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:798-806. [PMID: 36029594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biosensing techniques are essential for food analysis and disease diagnosis. Nanomaterials with redox activity show great potential in electrochemical analysis, acting as signal labels or signal amplification unit, which can reflect the targets concentration in foods and biological samples. Here, an ultra-sensitive dual-signal intrinsic self-calibration electrochemical platform for GSH was firstly fabricated based on the novel electroactive nanomaterial of ferrocene-functionalized copper metal-organic framework (Fc-Cu-MOF). Due to the solid-state electrochemical property of cuprous chloride (CuCl), a sharp characteristic peak with an increased signal appears with the coexistence of chloride ions in solution. The stronger specific affinity between Cu+ and GSH than that of Cu+ and Cl- triggers a "crowding effect" that causes the current signal of CuCl decrease greatly. Meanwhile, the peak current of ferrocene keeps unchanged as an internal reference. Based on the ratio of the peak current variation (ΔICu/ΔIFc) as the signal output, Fc-Cu-MOF modified electrode showed wider linear range in 0.1 nM -1 μM for GSH with the detection limit as low as 0.025 nM. And the sensor was successfully applied in the determination of GSH with excellent recoveries in various real samples such as food and serum samples, providing good prospect in application of bioanalysis and food screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
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Ó Conghaile P, Arrigan DWM. Ubiquinone electrochemistry in analysis and sensing. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ó Conghaile
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Perth Australia
- School of Chemistry & Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 TK33 Ireland
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Perk B, Büyüksünetçi YT, Hakli Ö, Xue C, Li Q, Anik Ü. Centri‐Voltammetric GSH Detection with PDI‐C
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SH as a Carrier Material. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benay Perk
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Science Chemistry Department Kotekli Mugla/ Turkey
| | | | - Özgül Hakli
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Science Chemistry Department Kotekli Mugla/ Turkey
| | - Chenming Xue
- Liquid Crystal Institute Kent State University Kent Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute Kent State University Kent Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Ülkü Anik
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Science Chemistry Department Kotekli Mugla/ Turkey
- Sensors, Biosensors and Nano-Diagnostics Systems Lab Research Laboratory Center Mugla Sitki Kocman University Kotekli-Mugla/ Turkey
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Elugoke SE, Adekunle AS, Fayemi OE, Mamba BB, Nkambule TT, Sherif EM, Ebenso EE. Progress in electrochemical detection of neurotransmitters using carbon nanotubes/nanocomposite based materials: A chronological review. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saheed E. Elugoke
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
| | - Abolanle S. Adekunle
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
- Department of Chemistry Obafemi Awolowo University PMB Ile‐Ife Nigeria
| | - Omolola E. Fayemi
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
| | - Bhekie B. Mamba
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Thabo T.I. Nkambule
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Johannesburg South Africa
| | - El‐Sayed M. Sherif
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM) King Saud University Al‐Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Electrochemistry and Corrosion Laboratory Department of Physical Chemistry National Research Centre Dokki Cairo Egypt
| | - Eno E. Ebenso
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences North‐West University (Mafikeng Campus) Mmabatho South Africa
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Johannesburg South Africa
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Hu Q, Sun H, Zhou X, Gong X, Xiao L, Liu L, Yang ZQ. Bright-yellow-emissive nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots as a fluorescent nanoprobe for the straightforward detection of glutathione in food samples. Food Chem 2020; 325:126946. [PMID: 32387942 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel yellow-emissive nanoprobe was for the first time developed for the fast detection of glutathione (GSH) based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (N-CNDs) prepared via hydrothermal heating of o-Phenylenediamine. The N-CNDs and GSH could form non-fluorescent complex via static interaction, resulting in the fluorescence quenching of N-CNDs. Under optimal conditions, the N-CNDs served as a fluorescent nanoprobe for GSH sensing in a straightforward way with high selectivity and sensitivity. Two good linear responses were found for GSH detection in concentration ranges of 0.1-1.0 μM and 1.0-220.0 μM, respectively. The corresponding detection limits are as low as 0.059 μM and 5.54 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, the proposed sensing system was successfully applied for GSH determination in vegetable and fruit samples with high accuracy. This work highlights the detection of GSH in a simple, fast, cost-effective, selective and ultrasensitive way, which paves a new way for other food quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China
| | - Huijuan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- College of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Lixia Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.
| | - Lizhen Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, PR China
| | - Zhen-Quan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China.
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Hanko M, Švorc Ľ, Planková A, Mikuš P. Overview and recent advances in electrochemical sensing of glutathione - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1062:1-27. [PMID: 30947984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is aimed at providing an overview of the recent advances in the electrochemical sensing of glutathione (GSH), an important electrochemically and biologically active molecule, for the period 2012-2018. Herein, the analytical performances of newly developed electrochemical methods, procedures and protocols for GSH sensing are comprehensively and critically discussed with respect to the type of method, electrodes used (new electrode modifications, advanced materials and formats), sample matrices, and basic validation parameters obtained (limit of detection, linear dynamic range, precision, selectivity/evaluation of interferences). This paper considers electrochemical methods used alone as well as the hyphenated methods with electrochemical detection (ECD), such as HPLC-ECD or CE-ECD. The practical applicability of the platforms developed for GSH detection and quantification is mostly focused on pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. The most significant electrochemical approaches for GSH detection in multicomponent analyte samples and multicomponent matrices and for real-time in vivo GSH analysis are highlighted. The great variability in the electrochemical techniques, electrode approaches, and obtainable performance parameters, discussed in this review, brought new insights not only on current GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) determinations, but, along with this, on the advances in electrochemical analysis from a more general point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hanko
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Planková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Dhanjai, Sinha A, Lu X, Wu L, Tan D, Li Y, Chen J, Jain R. Voltammetric sensing of biomolecules at carbon based electrode interfaces: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Olmos Moya PM, Martínez Alfaro M, Kazemi R, Alpuche-Avilés MA, Griveau S, Bedioui F, Gutiérrez Granados S. Simultaneous Electrochemical Speciation of Oxidized and Reduced Glutathione. Redox Profiling of Oxidative Stress in Biological Fluids with a Modified Carbon Electrode. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10726-10733. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rezvan Kazemi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | | | - Sophie Griveau
- Université
Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, UTCBS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- Université
Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, UTCBS, 75006 Paris, France
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Meng F, Miao P, Wang B, Tang Y, Yin J. Identification of glutathione by voltammetric analysis with rolling circle amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mu S, Yang Y. Recognition of glutathione based on its electrocatalytic oxidation on the bare fluorine doped tin oxide electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A hydrophobic coenzyme Q10 stabilized functionalized-MWCNT modified electrode as an efficient functional biomimetic system for the electron-transfer study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Labib M, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically Relevant Biomolecules. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9001-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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Recent advances in electrochemical detection of important sulfhydryl-containing compounds. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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