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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Li Y, Zhao L, Li J, Xie S, Liang N. Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-based MOFs incorporating amino acid chiral ligands for chiral separation of naproxen enantiomers. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Zhang C, Ma X. Use of chiral ionic liquid as additive for synergistic enantioseparation of basic drugs in capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115204. [PMID: 36566722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a synergistic system for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a chiral ionic liquid (CIL) based on D-10-camphorsulfonic acid as additive and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as the chiral selector. The proposed method showed excellent enantioseparation performance towards sixteen chiral drugs. In contrast to the single CM-β-CD system, the notably improved resolution (Rs) and selectivity factor (α) of model drugs were observed in synergistic system. Several key parameters such as CIL concentration, CM-β-CD concentration, buffer pH and separation voltage were investigated, after which Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was used to prove the potential synergistic effect. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results further demonstrated the function of the CIL and the superiority of synergistic system. Finally, chiral impurity determination of chlorpheniramine maleate sample was successfully carried out using the established method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, PR China
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Kravchenko AV, Kolobova EA, Kechin AA, Kartsova LA. Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for determination of ketorolac enantiomers in human plasma using cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative as a chiral selector. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200601. [PMID: 36420913 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the separation of ketorolac enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis is presented. A cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative based on imidazole was synthesized and used as a chiral selector in the background electrolyte. The influence of pH and ionic strength of background electrolyte, as well as cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative concentration on the resolution of ketorolac enantiomers, was investigated. The highest value of the resolution for ketorolac enantiomers was 1.46 when the background electrolyte consisted of 25 mM NaH2 PO4 (pH 6.4) with 1 mM 1-butyl-3-β-cyclodextrinimidazolium tosylate. Additionally, the possibilities of cationic derivatives for the separation of ketoprofen enantiomers were shown (peak resolution 1.06). The two-step preconcentration mode was developed to reduce the limit of detection of individual enantiomers. The proposed approach was successfully applied to determine ketorolac enantiomers in tablet "Ketorol express" and human plasma. The calibration range of ketorolac enantiomers for plasma samples was 0.25-2.50 μg/ml with coefficients of determination ≥ 0.99. The relative standard deviation both of the peak area and migration time was less than 15%, as well as the accuracy ranged from 90.1% to 110.2% for both analytes. The limits of detection were 44 and 55 ng/ml for R- and S-ketorolac. The quantity of ketorolac in plasma was verified with high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Kravchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Kolobova
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,The Federal State Institute of Public Health 'The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine', The Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arseniy A Kechin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liudmila A Kartsova
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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5
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The Use of Antibiotics as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113601. [PMID: 35684535 PMCID: PMC9181903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is becoming an essential issue in modern pharmaceutical research as regulatory agencies emphasize the safety and efficiency of enantiomers in drug development. The development of efficient and reliable chiral separation methods became a necessity in the last 30 years, and capillary electrophoresis (CE), due to its relatively low costs and “green” features, is attracting increased attention. Cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives are the most frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, however, the use of antibiotics as CSs represents an interesting alternative. Various classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, ansamycins, glycopeptides, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines) have been used more or less successfully for the enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotics offer the possibility of a multitude of potential interactions (electrostatic, inclusion, hydrogen bonding, etc.) due to their chemical diversity, allowing the enantio-separation of analytes with a wide range of structural characteristics. This article aims to review the application of various classes of antibiotics in the CE enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic physiochemical characteristics, variables impacting enantio-separation, advantages, and disadvantages when certain antibiotics are used as CSs in CE are also explored.
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Determination of Chiral Impurity of Naproxen in Different Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Polysaccharide-Based Stationary Phases in Reversed-Phased Mode. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092986. [PMID: 35566336 PMCID: PMC9101765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, validated, reversed-phase (RP), chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the enantiopurity control analysis of naproxen, a frequently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent using polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phase (CSP). In the screening phase of method development, seven columns were tested in polar organic (PO) mode using mobile phases consisting of 0.1% acetic acid in methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and acetonitrile. Enantiorecognition was observed only in five cases. The best enantioseparation was observed on a Lux Amylose-1 column with 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid in ethanol with a resolution (Rs) of 1.24. The enantiomer elution order was unfavorable, as the distomer eluted after the eutomer. When the ethanolic mobile phase was supplemented with water, enantiomer elution order reversal was observed, indicating a difference in the enantiorecognition mechanism upon switching from PO to RP mode. Furthermore, by changing ethanol to methanol, not only lower backpressure, but also higher resolution was obtained. Subsequent method optimization was performed using a face-centered central composite design (FCCD) to achieve higher chiral resolution in a shorter analysis time. Optimized parameters offering baseline separation were as follows: Lux Amylose-1 stationary phase, thermostated at 40 °C, and a mobile phase consisting of methanol:water:acetic acid 85:15:0.1 (v/v/v), delivered with 0.65 mL/min flow rate. Using these optimized parameters, a Rs = 3.21 ± 0.03 was achieved within seven minutes. The optimized method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and successfully applied for the analysis of different pharmaceutical preparations, such as film-coated tablets and gel, as well as fixed-dose combination tablets, containing both naproxen and esomeprazole.
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Cao S, Xie C, Ma Q, Wang S, Zhang J, Wang Z. Enantioselective separation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) stationary phase in HPLC with a focus on enantiomeric quality control in six pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures or single stereoisomers. Chirality 2021; 33:938-950. [PMID: 34651345 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an accurate, rapid, and simple chiral HPLC-UV method with amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) as stationary phase was developed and applied for enantiomeric determination of six nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the commercial pharmaceutical formulations, including (R,S)-ibuprofen, S-ibuprofen, (R,S)-ketoprofen, S-ketoprofen, S-naproxen, and (R,S)-loxoprofen sodium. Experiments on the influence of mobile phase composition, proportion of organic modifier, percentage of acid additives, and column temperature on enantioseparation were conducted to obtain the best separation condition. It was indicated that one mobile phase simply composed of acetonitrile-water (0.1% formic acid, v/v) at the proportion of 50:50 (v/v) with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min at 22°C could simultaneously provide the excellent enantiomeric resolutions for all selected NSAIDs, which made the enantioseparation process more applicable and operable. The newly developed method was then applied for determination of NSAID enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures or single stereoisomers. Calibration curve of each enantiomer at the concentration of 5.0-100 ug/ml showed good linearity with the correlation coefficient above 0.9996. Satisfactory recovery (96.54-101.54%), good intra-day precision (RSD 0.52-1.46%), and inter-day precision (RSD 0.13-1.09%) were also obtained. The newly developed method was then applied for determination of NSAID enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures or single stereoisomers. Quantitative results of the commercial capsules and tablets demonstrated that the difference between the declared and measured values did not exceed 1.52%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chunting Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qianyun Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Fanali C, D’Orazio G, Gentili A, Fanali S. Analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs by using Microfluidic Techniques: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200401124059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review paper, miniaturized techniques, including both electromigration and liquid
chromatographic techniques, have been discussed considering their main features in the analytical field
for the separation and analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). In Capillary Electrophoresis
(CE) and nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC), separation is performed in capillaries
with Internal Diameter (I.D.) lower than 100 μm and therefore flow rates in the range 100-1000 nL/min
are applied. Therefore, due to the low flow rate, high mass sensitivity can be obtained. Usually, conventional
UV detectors are used on-line; however, these techniques can be coupled with Mass Spectrometry
(MS). CE and nano-LC have also been applied to the separation of NSAIDs using silica stationary
phases (SP) modified with C<sub>18</sub> promoting interaction with analytes mainly based on hydrophobic
interaction. Besides, the use of chiral SP was found to be effective for the chiral resolution of these
compounds. In addition to silica phases, monolithic (both organic and inorganic) material has also been
used. Although most of the presented studies aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the considered
microfluidic techniques, some applications to real samples have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Faculty of Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome,Italy
| | - Giovanni D’Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29,300 - 00015 Monterotondo,Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza“, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma,Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona,Italy
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Suliman FO, Al Burtomani SK, Elbashir AA, Schmitz OJ. Capillary electrophoresis and molecular modeling of the chiral separation of aromatic amino acids using α/β-cyclodextrin and 18-crown-6. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1800-1809. [PMID: 33539040 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work, chiral separation of enantiomers of three amino acids was achieved using capillary electrophoresis technique with α-cyclodextrin (αCD) as a running buffer additive. Only tryptophan has exhibited baseline separation in the presence of αCD, while the enantiomers of the other two amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, were only partially separated. The addition of 18-crown-6 (18C6) as a second additive imparted only slight improvement to the separation of all enantiomers. On the other hand, all three racemic amino acid mixtures demonstrated no indication of separation when the larger cavity cyclodextrin members, β- and γCD, are used as running buffer chiral additives. However, remarkable improvements in the separation of the enantiomers of phenylalanine and tyrosine were obtained when 18C6 is used together with βCD as a running buffer additive. Surprisingly, tryptophan enantiomers were not separated by the dual additive system of cyclodextrin and crown ether. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), all amino acids were found to form stable binary complexes with individual hosts as well as ternary compounds involving the crown ether and the cyclodextrin. Furthermore, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to build a clear picture about the interaction between the guest and the hosts. Most of these complexes remained stable throughout the simulation times, and the molecular dynamics study allowed better understanding of these supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- FakhrEldin O Suliman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Suad K Al Burtomani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, 123, Oman
| | - Abdulla A Elbashir
- University of Khartoum, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Khartoum, 11114, Sudan.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Ke J, Yang K, Bai X, Luo H, Ji Y, Chen J. A novel chiral polyester composite membrane: Preparation, enantioseparation of chiral drugs and molecular modeling evaluation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gondal HY, Mumtaz S, Abbaskhan A, Mumtaz N, Cano I. New alkoxymethyl-functionalized pyridinium-based chiral ionic liquids: synthesis, characterization and properties. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Nie L, Yohannes A, Yao S. Recent advances in the enantioseparation promoted by ionic liquids and their resolution mechanisms. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461384. [PMID: 32797857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More and more various chemical media are being applied in enantioseparation; among them, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted the long-term attention in this decade as green designable solvents. This paper provides comprehensive overview for the applications of ILs in chiral extraction, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and other techniques for enantioseparation. Additionally, the important resolution mechanisms based on ILs have also been summarized and discussed. This review focuses on the latest development of enantioseparation methods by using ILs in various modes, leading to meaningful and valuable information to related fields and thus promotes further research and application of reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Nie
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Alula Yohannes
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Abed RI, Hadi H. Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Forms and Urine Samples Using Modified Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Treder N, Bączek T, Wychodnik K, Rogowska J, Wolska L, Plenis A. The Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Effectiveness of Analytical Methods Used in the Monitoring of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Biological and Environmental Samples-Trends and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:E286. [PMID: 31936806 PMCID: PMC7024248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen the increased utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) in the development and optimization of analytical methods. Their unique and eco-friendly properties and the ability to modify their structure allows them to be useful both at the sample preparation stage and at the separation stage of the analytes. The use of ILs for the analysis of pharmaceuticals seems particularly interesting because of their systematic delivery to the environment. Nowadays, they are commonly detected in many countries at very low concentration levels. However, due to their specific physiological activity, pharmaceuticals are responsible for bioaccumulation and toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as possibly upsetting the body's equilibrium, leading to the dangerous phenomenon of drug resistance. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the use of ILs in various sample preparation procedures and separation methods for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and biological matrices based on liquid-based chromatography (LC, SFC, TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and electromigration techniques (e.g., capillary electrophoresis (CE)). Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of ILs, which can appear during extraction and separation, will be presented and attention will be given to the criteria to be followed during the selection of ILs for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Treder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Wychodnik
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Justyna Rogowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.W.); (J.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.T.); (T.B.)
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Casado N, Valimaña-Traverso J, García MÁ, Marina ML. Enantiomeric Determination of Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Samples by Electrokinetic Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:554-584. [PMID: 31569950 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1670043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is a relevant issue in the pharmaceutical field due to the different biological activity that enantiomers of a chiral drug can show. In fact, the desired biological or pharmaceutical activity might be present in only one of the enantiomers, while the other enantiomer(s) may have different biological activity, be inactive or even toxic. This has motivated in recent years the development of drugs marketed as pure enantiomers to avoid exposing the organism to the action of enantiomers that may not be active or even harmful to health. Thus, it is of high interest to develop enantioselective analytical methodologies to control the presence of enantiomeric impurities and to understand the enantioselective metabolism of chiral drugs. This review gives an overview about the analytical strategies developed by electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) from 2010 to June 2019 for the enantiomeric determination of drugs in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. The types of chiral selectors used, the migration order of enantiomers, their resolution, the detection technique employed and the sensitivity achieved are revised and compared. Also, applications to assess the enantiomeric purity control of pharmaceutical formulations and to determine chiral drugs in biological samples to study their metabolism are included. Advantages and limitations of the chiral methods developed by EKC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Valimaña-Traverso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Ma X, Du Y, Sun X, Liu J, Huang Z. Synthesis and application of amino alcohol-derived chiral ionic liquids, as additives for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:340-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Ma X, Du Y, Zhu X, Feng Z, Chen C, Yang J. Evaluation of an ionic liquid chiral selector based on clindamycin phosphate in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5855-5866. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Yu T, Zhang J, Sun X, Du Y. Evaluation of cyclodextrin‐micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with pyrrolidinium‐based ionic liquid surfactant as a pseudostationary phase for chiral separation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical ChemistryChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
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19
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Xiao Y, Xiong H, Sun S, Yu J, Cheng J. Rh(iii)-Catalyzed dual C-H functionalization of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitriles with sulfoxonium ylides or diazo compounds toward polysubstituted carbazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:8715-8718. [PMID: 30411773 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rhodium-catalyzed annulation of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitriles with sulfoxonium ylides or diazo compounds has been developed, leading to a series of polysubstituted carbazoles in moderate to good yields. This procedure proceeded with formal Rh(iii)-catalyzed (4 + 2) cycloaddition, with the functionalization of 2-C-H bonds of indole in a step-economical procedure. Additionally, this reaction could also be conducted under acidic conditions when diazo compounds were employed as the reaction partners, which was a complement to the annulation of sulfoxonium ylides under weak basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
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20
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Zhang Y, Du Y, Yu T, Feng Z, Chen J. Investigation of dextrin-based synergistic system with chiral ionic liquids as additives for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:413-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Sun X, Yu T, Xu G, Du Y, Chen J, Li X. Evaluation of the enantioselectivity of capillary electrokinetic chromatography using ethanediamine-bonded poly (glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres as the pseudostationary phases. Chirality 2019; 31:118-126. [PMID: 30609130 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new capillary electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) approach using ethanediamine-bonded poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (Ami-PGMA) microspheres as pseudostationary phases (PSPs) for enantioseparation with a polysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate E (CSE), as the chiral selector. The CSE@Ami-PGMA EKC system was applied to enantioseparate basic drugs, and distinct improved separations of tested enantiomers were obtained while comparing with the single CSE system (the resolution increased from 0.41 to 1.26 for nefopam, from 1.24 to 2.15 for laudanosine, and from 0.92 to 2.36 for amlodipine). The Ami-PGMA microspheres were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and the results showed Ami-PGMA microspheres were uniform and spherical in size (1 μm). Several principal parameters were systematically investigated, and the optimal chiral separations were obtained with Tris/H3 PO4 (20 mM, pH 2.4, and 3.4 for NEF) containing 2.5% (w/v) CSE and 20-μg Ami-PGMA microspheres in 20°C. Subsequently, the concentrations of Ami-PGMA microspheres and CSE were proved to be the dominant factors for the separation in the CSE@Ami-PGMA EKC system by Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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22
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Ma X, Kan Z, Du Y, Yang J, Feng Z, Zhu X, Chen C. Enantioseparation of amino alcohol drugs by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with a maltobionic acid-based ionic liquid as the chiral selector. Analyst 2019; 144:7468-7477. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation of twenty-two amino alcohol drugs with a maltobionic acid (MA)-based ionic liquid (tetramethylammonium maltobionic acid, TMA-MA) as the novel chiral selector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Zigui Kan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Jiangxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Xinqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
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23
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Hussain A, AlAjmi MF, Hussain I, Ali I. Future of Ionic Liquids for Chiral Separations in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:289-305. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1523706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina, Al-Munawara, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
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24
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Singh A, Chopra HK. Synthesis, characterization and applications of some novel DMAP-based chiral ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Mumtaz S, Cano I, Mumtaz N, Abbas A, Dupont J, Gondal HY. Supramolecular interaction of non-racemic benzimidazolium based ion pairs with chiral substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20821-20826. [PMID: 30059112 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel benzimidazolium-based non-racemic ionic liquids (ILs) was synthesized from low-cost chiral terpenoid alcohols and fully characterized by the use of a wide variety of techniques, such as DSC, ESI-MS, ATR FT-IR, polarimetry as well as 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The ILs were investigated as chiral shift agents for the chiral recognition of racemic mixtures of Mosher's acid potassium salt by 19F NMR spectroscopy, leading to high splitting values of the CF3 signal. Supramolecular interactions between salt and H-C2 of chiral benzimidazolium cation are responsible for the chiral recognition, as was demonstrated by experimental evidences. Indeed, the enantiomeric excess value of enantioenriched substrates depends mainly on the strength of the contact ion pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. and GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2GA, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Israel Cano
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2GA, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Nargis Mumtaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmed Abbas
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Jairton Dupont
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, NG7 2GA, Nottingham, UK. and Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
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26
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Chen J, Wang X, Ghulam M, Chen H, Qu F. Predefine resolution of enantiomers in partial filling capillary electrophoresis and two discontinuous function plugs coupling in-capillary. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2391-2397. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Murtaza Ghulam
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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27
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Chalavi S, Fakhari AR, Nojavan S, Mirzaei P. Evaluation of the synergistic effect with amino acids for enantioseparation of basic drugs using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2202-2209. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Chalavi
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran I. R. Iran
| | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran I. R. Iran
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran I. R. Iran
| | - Peyman Mirzaei
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran I. R. Iran
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28
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Greño M, Marina ML, Castro-Puyana M. Enantioseparation by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Ionic Liquids as Chiral Selectors. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:429-446. [PMID: 29641220 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most widely employed analytical techniques to achieve enantiomeric separations. In spite of the fact that there are many chiral selectors commercially available to perform enantioseparations by CE, one of the most relevant topics in this field is the search for new selectors capable of providing high enantiomeric resolutions. Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) have interesting characteristics conferring them a high potential in chiral separations although only some of them are commercially available. The aim of this article is to review all the works published on the use of CILs as chiral selectors in the development of enantioselective methodologies by CE, covering the period from 2006 (when the first research work on this topic was published) to 2017. The use of CILs as sole chiral selectors, as chiral selectors in dual systems or as chiral ligands will be considered. This review also provides detailed analytical information on the experimental conditions used to carry out enantioseparations in different fields as well as on the separation mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Greño
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
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29
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30
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Yu X, Chau MC, Tang WK, Siu CK, Yao ZP. Self-Assembled Binuclear Cu(II)–Histidine Complex for Absolute Configuration and Enantiomeric Excess Determination of Naproxen by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4089-4097. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Man-Chu Chau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Shenzhen Research Institute of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
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31
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Wang H, Wang Z, Wang YL, Zhou RR, Wu GC, Yin SY, Yan X, Wang B. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization: An Annulation of Alkynes with Electron Withdrawing Group (EWG)-Substituted Acetyl Indoles for the Synthesis of Carbazoles. Org Lett 2017; 19:6140-6143. [PMID: 29094599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An N-bromosuccinimide-catalyzed intermolecular annulation of acetyl indoles with alkynes was developed, allowing for regioselective formation of valuable carbazoles through direct C-H bond functionalization. The readily available catalyst, wide substrate scope, gram scale synthesis, and mild conditions make this method practical. Mechanistic investigations indicate that the bromination of acetyl indole takes place to generate a bromide intermediate, followed by coupling with an alkyne and intramolecular cycloaromatization to furnish carbazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Chuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, People's Republic of China
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32
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Capillary electrophoresis separation of phenethylamine enantiomers using amino acid based ionic liquids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:245-250. [PMID: 29059613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years increasing interest was drawn towards ionic liquids in analytical separation science, such as capillary electrophoresis. Ionic liquids combining tetrabutylammonium cations with chiral amino acid based anions were prepared and investigated as capillary electrophoresis background electrolyte additives for the enantioseparation of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine isomers. For the optimization of buffer pH and ionic liquid concentration a design of experiments approach was performed. The best results for the separation of all enantiomers were achieved using 125mmol/L tetrabutylammonium l-argininate in a 75mmol/L phosphate buffer pH 1.5 containing 30mmol/L β-cyclodextrin.
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33
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Chen J, Du Y, Sun X. Investigation of maltodextrin-based synergistic system with amino acid chiral ionic liquid as additive for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. Chirality 2017; 29:824-835. [PMID: 28971527 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) and chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to establish a synergistic system has proven to be an effective approach for enantioseparation. In this article, tetramethylammonium-L-arginine, a kind of amino acid chiral IL, was applied to investigate its potential synergistic effect with maltodextrin in CE enantioseparation. The established maltodextrin-based synergistic system showed markedly improved enantioseparations compared with the single maltodextrin system. Parameters such as the chiral IL concentration, maltodextrin concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage, and capillary temperature were optimized. Satisfactory enantioseparation of the five studied drugs, including nefopam, duloxetine, ketoconazole, cetirizine, and citalopram was achieved in 50 mM Tris-H3 PO4 buffer solution (pH 3.0) containing 7.0% (m/v) maltodextrin and 60 mM tetramethylammonium-L-arginine. In addition, the chiral configuration of tetramethylammonium-L-arginine was also investigated to demonstrate the existence of a synergistic effect between chiral ILs and maltodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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34
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A novel enantioseparation approach based on liposome electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:186-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Wu D, Cai P, Zhao X, Kong Y, Pan Y. Recent progress of task-specific ionic liquids in chiral resolution and extraction of biological samples and metal ions. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:373-384. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Datong Wu
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University; Changzhou China
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - Yong Kong
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center; Changzhou University; Changzhou China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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36
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Zhou C, Deng J, Shi G, Zhou T. β-cyclodextrin-ionic liquid polymer based dynamically coating for simultaneous determination of tetracyclines by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1060-1067. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhou
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Zhou
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; East China Normal University; Shanghai P. R. China
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37
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Feder-Kubis J, Flieger J, Tatarczak-Michalewska M, Płazińska A, Madejska A, Swatko-Ossor M. Renewable sources from plants as the starting material for designing new terpene chiral ionic liquids used for the chromatographic separation of acidic enantiomers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of cheap and natural resources is an important topic in green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- 50-370 Wrocław
- Poland
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Medical University of Lublin
- 20-093 Lublin
- Poland
| | | | - Anita Płazińska
- Department of Biopharmacy
- Medical University of Lublin
- 093 Lublin
- Poland
| | - Anna Madejska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Medical University of Lublin
- 20-093 Lublin
- Poland
| | - Marta Swatko-Ossor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Medical University of Lublin
- 20-093 Lublin
- Poland
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38
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Zercher B, Hopkins TA. Induction of Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Europium by Amino Acid Based Ionic Liquids. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:10899-10906. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zercher
- Department of Chemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Todd A. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
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39
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Zhang Q, Qi X, Feng C, Tong S, Rui M. Three chiral ionic liquids as additives for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis and their comparison with conventional modifiers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Singh A, Chopra HK. New benzimidazolium-based chiral ionic liquids: synthesis and application in enantioselective sodium borohydride reductions in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Evaluation of synergistic enantioseparation systems with chiral spirocyclic ionic liquids as additives by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Kartsova LA, Bessonova EA, Kolobova EA. Ionic Liquids as Modifiers of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Abstract
Recently, a great interest was drawn toward ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical separation techniques. ILs possess many properties making them excellent additives in capillary electrophoresis (CE) background electrolytes (BGE). The most important property is the charge of the dissolved ions in BGE enabling the cations to interact with deprotonated silanol groups on the capillary surface and thereby modifying the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Ionic and/or proton donor-acceptor interactions between analyte and IL are possible interactions facilitating new kinds of separation mechanisms in CE. Further advantages of ILs are the high conductivity, the environmentally friendliness, and the good solubility for organic and inorganic compounds. The most commonly used ILs in capillary electrophoresis are dialkylimidazolium-based ILs, whereas for enantioseparation a lot of innovative chiral cations and anions were investigated.ILs are reported to be additives to a normal CE background electrolyte or the sole electrolyte in CE, nonaqueous CE (NACE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and in enantioseparation. An overview of applications and separation mechanisms reported in the literature is given here, in addition to the enantioseparation of pseudoephedrine using tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as IL additive to an ammonium formate buffer containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
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44
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Domínguez-Vega E, Montealegre C, Marina ML. Analysis of antibiotics by CE and their use as chiral selectors: An update. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:189-211. [PMID: 26471773 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and as growth-promoting agents has increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for their analysis. Analytical methods based on CE or miniaturized CE systems have proved over the years their ability for the analysis of antibiotics. Since our last review (Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 28-49) several new CE methodologies have been reported for antibiotic analysis. This review presents an update of the literature published from June 2013 to June 2015 for the analysis of antibiotics by CE. UV continues being the most used detection system for antibiotics analysis by CE. Strategies to improve sensitivity as the use of sensitive detection systems and the application of preconcentration techniques appear to be the major developments. Furthermore, the use of portable and miniaturized devices for antibiotic analysis is presented in detail. Applications of the developed methodologies to the determination of residues of antibiotics in biological, food, and environmental samples are carefully described. Finally, new developments and applications of antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Stavrou IJ, Breitbach ZS, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Combined use of cyclofructans and an amino acid ester-based ionic liquid for the enantioseparation of huperzine A and coumarin derivatives in CE. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:3061-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary S. Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington USA
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46
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Mavroudi MC, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Combined use ofl-alanine tert butyl ester lactate and trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin for the enantiomeric separations of 2-arylpropionic acids nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2442-50. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Xu G, Du Y, Du F, Chen J, Yu T, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Du S, Feng Z. Establishment and Evaluation of the Novel Tetramethylammonium-L-Hydroxyproline Chiral Ionic Liquid Synergistic System Based on Clindamycin Phosphate for Enantioseparation by Capillary Electrophoresis. Chirality 2015; 27:598-604. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Fan Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Shuaijing Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
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48
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Zhang Q, Du Y, Du S, Zhang J, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Li X. Tetramethylammonium-lactobionate: A novel ionic liquid chiral selector based on saccharides in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1216-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Shuaijing Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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49
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Su Y, Mu X, Qi L. Development of a capillary electrophoresis system with Mn(ii) complexes and β-cyclodextrin as the dual chiral selectors for enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids and its application in screening enzyme inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02744f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel CLE-CE system with Mn(ii)–[BMIm][l-Ala] complexes and β-CD as the dual chiral selectors based on the synergistic effect was successfully constructed for enantioseparation of Dns-d,l-AAs and applied in screening the tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
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50
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Wang B, Chai W, Ding G. The application of functional silica nanoparticles to fulfill the rapid and improved enantioselective capillary electrophoresis separation of amino acid derivatives. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:332-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Weibo Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
- Analysis Center; Tianjin University; Tianjin P.R. China
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