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Desai V, Modi K, Panjwani F, Seth BK, Vora M, Parikh J, Jain VK. Design and Synthesis of an Efficient Fluorescent Probe Based on Oxacalix[4]arene for the Selective Detection of Trinitrophenol (TNP) Explosives in Aqueous System. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1219-1228. [PMID: 37515663 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a new oxacalix[4]arene system, DMANSOC, wherein two 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalene sulfonamide subunits are attached to the lower rims of the basic oxacalix[4]arene platform. Extensive spectrophotometric studies were conducted to investigate the selectivity and sensitivity of DMANSOC towards nitroaromatic explosives. Detailed analysis of spectrophotometric data, utilizing techniques such as Stern-Volmer, Benesi-Hildebrand, Job's plot, and interference study, unequivocally demonstrated the effectiveness of DMANSOC as a highly efficient fluorescent sensor for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol explosive (TNP) detection in an aqueous medium. The sensor exhibited a linear concentration range of 7.5 μM to 50 μM, with a low detection limit of 4.64 μM and a high binding affinity of 2.45 × 104 M towards TNP. Furthermore, the efficiency of the sensor in environmental samples contaminated with TNP was evaluated, yielding excellent recovery rates. Complementary DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate the mechanism behind the selective fluorescence quenching of DMANSOC in the presence of TNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishv Desai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Krunal Modi
- Department of Humanities and Science, School of Engineering, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
| | - Falak Panjwani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Banabithi Koley Seth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Manoj Vora
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Jaymin Parikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, 384012, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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2
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Son CE, Choi HR, Choi SS. Test method for vapor collection and ion mobility detection of explosives with low vapor pressure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9645. [PMID: 37942691 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used for on-site detection of explosives. Air sampling method is applicable only when the concentration of explosive vapor is considerably high in the air, but vapor pressures of common explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are very low. A test method for analyzing the vapor detection efficiency of explosives with low vapor pressure via IMS was developed using artificial vapor and collection matrices. METHODS Artificial explosive vapor was produced by spraying an explosive solution in acetone. Fifteen collection matrices of various materials with woven or nonwoven structures were tested. Two arrangements of horizontal and vertical positions of the collection matrices were employed. Explosive vapor collected in the matrix was analyzed using IMS. RESULTS Only three collection matrices of stainless steel mesh (SSM), polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (PFS), and lens cleansing paper (LCP) showed the TNT and/or RDX ion peaks at an explosive vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. There was no collection matrix to detect PETN vapor at or lower than 49 ng/L. For the PFS, TNT and RDX were detected at a vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. For the LCP, TNT and RDX were detected at vapor concentrations of 14 and 49 ng/L, irrespectively. CONCLUSIONS The difference in the explosive vapor detection efficiencies could be explained by the adsorption and desorption capabilities of the collection matrices. The proposed method can be used for evaluating the vapor detection efficiency of hazardous materials with low vapor pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - He-Ryun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Shi L, Habib A, Bi L, Hong H, Begum R, Wen L. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Application and Prospective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-50. [PMID: 36206159 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a formidable analytical tool for the analysis of non-polar to polar compounds individually and/or from mixtures, providing information on the molecular weights and chemical structures of the analytes. During the last more than one-decade, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has developed quickly, producing a wide range of platforms and proving scientific improvements in a variety of domains, from biological imaging to quick quality control. These methods have made it possible to detect target analytes in real time without sample preparation in an open environment, and they can be connected to any MS system with an atmospheric pressure interface. They also have the ability to analyze explosives, illicit drugs, disease diagnostics, drugs in biological samples, adulterants in food and agricultural products, reaction progress, and environmental monitoring. The development of novel ambient ionization techniques, such as probe electrospray ionization, paper spray ionization, and fiber spray ionization, employed even at picolitre to femtolitre solution levels to provide femtogram to attogram levels of the target analytes. The special characteristic of this ambient ion source, which has been extensively used, is the noninvasive property of PESI of examination of biological real samples. The results in the current review supports the idea that AIMS has emerged as a pioneer in MS-based approaches and that methods will continue to be developed along with improvements to existing ones in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Hong
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rockshana Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Luhong Wen
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Buryakov TI, Buryakov IA. Detection of Trace Amounts of Explosives in the Presence of Lactic Acid by Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Hong H, Habib A, Bi L, Wen L. Gas phase ion-molecule reactions of nitroaromatic explosive compounds studied by hollow cathode discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 236:122834. [PMID: 34635224 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a variable pressure operating hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion source to investigate the gas phase ion-molecule reactions of nitroaromatic explosive compounds. The developed HCD ion source coupled MS system has also been validated as an analytical method to analyze explosives at trace levels. The ion source was designed in such a way that the plasma can be generated alternatively at high pressure (~30 Torr), medium pressure (~5 Torr) and low pressure (~1 Torr) regions. The plasma contains a sufficient amount of reactant ions, electrons and excited species, thus the gaseous analyte molecules were efficiently ionized when they passed through the plasma. In the ion-molecule reactions of the nitroaromatic explosives, the discharge products of NOx- (x = 2,3), O3 and HNO3 originating from the plasma-excited air were suggested to contribute to the formation of mostly [M - H]-, [M - NO]-, [M+NO3-HNO2]- and [M-NO+HNO3]- adduct ions at the higher ion source pressures (~5 and 28 Torr) while the electron rich plasma leads to the formation of molecular ion, M-•, at the lower ion source pressure (~1 Torr). Formation of the hydride-adduct ions of the nitroaromatic compounds reveals the surface-assisted Birch type reduction in the HCD plasma. The variety of spectral patterns in the air-assisted glow discharge would be useful for high through-put detection of TNT and TNT-related explosives. An ambient helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ion source was also used and gave identical mass spectra of the nitroaromatic explosive compounds to those observed by the HCD ion source, but did not give any hydride-adduct ions of the explosive compounds. Ion formation mechanism of these ions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Hong
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Lei Bi
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luhong Wen
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
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6
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Habib A, Bi L, Wen L. Simultaneous detection and quantification of explosives by a modified hollow cathode discharge ion source. Talanta 2021; 233:122596. [PMID: 34215084 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of explosives at trace levels is crucial for security purposes because of increasing worldwide terrorist threats at public places. Previously, a hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion source has been fabricated for detection of explosives. Recently, the HCD ion source has been modified for a dual pressures operating system and coupled to a linear ion trap MS to analyze explosives simultaneously. Here, trinitrotoluene (TNT), nitroglycerin (NG), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) were taken as model explosive compounds and the mass spectra were recorded in the negative mode ionization. At the higher ion source pressure (~28.0-30.0 Torr), NG, PETN and RDX gave adduct ions with the NO3- ion while TNT showed the [TNT + NO3-HNO2]- (m/z 242) simultaneously. However, NG and PETN did not give any ion signals at the lower ion source pressure (~0.8-1.0 Torr) while TNT exhibited its molecular ion, [TNT]-• (m/z 227), as a major ion through electron attachment and RDX showed fragment ions that followed electron capture dissociation concurrently. The modified HCD ion source exhibited better sensitivity in simultaneous detection and quantification of the explosives. The NO3- and NO2- as reagent ions in the air HCD plasma form stable adduct ions with the NG, PETN and RDX even with TNT at the higher temperature (140-200 °C). The formation of the NO3-, NO2- in the HCD plasma also causes the formation of [TNT-H]- (m/z 226) at the higher ion source pressure. The inner metallic surface of the hollow tube assists the Birch reduction type reaction that results in the formation of hydride ion of the TNT, [TNT + H]- (m/z 228). No significant difference in the spectral pattern for simultaneous and individual measurements for the explosives was observed at the higher ion source pressure. Therefore, it may conclude that the present modified HCD ion source can be used for simultaneous detection and quantification of the explosive compounds at trace and/or ultra-trace levels using air as a carrier gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Habib
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Lei Bi
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luhong Wen
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China; China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Huang Y, Liu W, Gong Z, Wu W, Fan M, Wang D, Brolo AG. Detection of Buried Explosives Using a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate Tailored for Miniaturized Spectrometers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2933-2939. [PMID: 32799533 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The advent of miniaturized, fiber-based, Raman spectrometers provides a clear path for the wide implementation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in analytical chemistry. For instance, miniaturized systems are especially useful in field applications due to their simplicity and low cost. However, traditional SERS substrates are generally developed and optimized using expensive Raman microscope systems equipped with high numerical aperture (NA) objective lenses. Here, we introduced a new type of SERS substrate with intrinsic Raman photon directing capability that compensates the relatively low signal collection power of fiber-based Raman spectrometers. The substrate was tested for the detection of buried 2,4-dinitrotoluene in simulated field conditions. A linear calibration curve (R2 = 0.98) for 2,4-dinitrotoluene spanning 3 orders of magnitude (from μg kg-1 to mg kg-1) was obtained with a limit of detection of 10 μg kg-1 within a total volume of 10 μL. This detection level is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that possible with the current state-of-the-art technologies, such as ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. The approach reported here demonstrated a high-performance detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in field conditions by a SERS platform optimized for miniaturized Raman systems that can be deployed for a routine inspection of landmine-contaminated sites and homeland security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Huang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Meikun Fan
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Alexandre G. Brolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
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8
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To KC, Ben-Jaber S, Parkin IP. Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10804-10833. [PMID: 32790331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explosive trace detection (ETD) technologies play a vital role in maintaining national security. ETD remains an active research area with many analytical techniques in operational use. This review details the latest advances in animal olfactory, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and Raman and colorimetric detection methods. Developments in optical, biological, electrochemical, mass, and thermal sensors are also covered in addition to the use of nanomaterials technology. Commercially available systems are presented as examples of current detection capabilities and as benchmarks for improvement. Attention is also drawn to recent collaborative projects involving government, academia, and industry to highlight the emergence of multimodal screening approaches and applications. The objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of ETD by highlighting challenges in ETD and providing an understanding of the principles, advantages, and limitations of each technology and relating this to current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chuen To
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Ben-Jaber
- Department of Science and Forensics, King Fahad Security College, Riyadh 13232, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Lee J, Kim MS, Kim HS, Choe YK, Cho SG, Goh EM, Kim J. Characterization of RDX and HMX explosive adduct ions using ESI FT-ICR MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 56:e4632. [PMID: 32767485 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of two common explosives such as cyclonite (RDX) and cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX) using a mass spectrometer with ultrahigh resolution and accuracy has not been comprehensively performed. Here, ultrahigh mass accuracy 15-T Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) spectra were utilized to comprehensively characterize the adduct ions of RDX and HMX. Two different ionization sources such as a conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a chip-based static nano-ESI source were used to investigate the adduct ions of RDX and HMX. The ESI-MS analyses of two explosives in negative ion mode provide some adduct ions of RDX and HMX even without prior addition of their corresponding anions. A total of six types of adduct ion were characterized: [M + Cl]- , [M + HCOO]- , [M + NO2 ]- , [M + CH3 COO]- , [M + NO3 ]- , and [M + C3 H5 O3 ]- , where M is either RDX or HMX. The ultrahigh accuracy of the 15-T FT-ICR MS was utilized to distinguish two closely spaced peaks representing the monoisotopic [M + NO2 ]- and second isotopic [M + HCOO]- ions, thereby enabling the discovery of a [M + NO2 ]- adduct ion in the ESI analysis of RDX or HMX. [M + NO2 ]- and [M + CH3 COO]- adduct ions were only observed when using a static nano-ESI source. It is the first report explaining the discovery of [M + NO2 ]- adduct ion in the ESI-MS analyses of RDX and HMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-Ro, Ochang-Eup, Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-Do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoong-Kee Choe
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Soo Gyeong Cho
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mee Goh
- Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Smith BL, Boisdon C, Young IS, Praneenararat T, Vilaivan T, Maher S. Flexible Drift Tube for High Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry (Flex-DT-IMS). Anal Chem 2020; 92:9104-9112. [PMID: 32479060 PMCID: PMC7467419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This paper describes,
in detail, the development of a novel, low-cost,
and flexible drift tube (DT) along with an associated ion mobility
spectrometer system. The DT is constructed from a flexible printed
circuit board (PCB), with a bespoke “dog-leg” track
design, that can be rolled up for ease of assembly. This approach
incorporates a shielding layer, as part of the flexible PCB design,
and represents the minimum dimensional footprint conceivable for a
DT. The low thermal mass of the polyimide substrate and overlapping
electrodes, as afforded by the dog-leg design, allow for efficient
heat management and high field linearity within the tube–achieved
from a single PCB. This is further enhanced by a novel double-glazing
configuration which provides a simple and effective means for gas
management, minimizing thermal variation within the assembly. Herein,
we provide a full experimental characterization of the flexible DT
ion mobility spectrometer (Flex-DT-IMS) with corresponding electrodynamic
(Simion 8.1) and fluid dynamic (SolidWorks) simulations. The Flex-DT-IMS
is shown to have a resolution >80 and a detection limit of low
nanograms
for the analysis of common explosives (RDX, PETN, HMX, and TNT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry L Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Cedric Boisdon
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Iain S Young
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Thanit Praneenararat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
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Pu J, Dai J, He F, Zhu S, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Interpretation of Ionization Mechanism Responsible for Reagent Ion and Analyte Formation in Microwave-Induced Plasma Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:752-762. [PMID: 32003981 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) sources coupled to mass spectrometer have gained increasing interest in the field of analytical chemistry for its fast and direct analysis of samples. Among many ADI sources, plasma-based ADI sources are an important branch. Despite its extensive use in mass spectrometry analysis, the ionization mechanism of these sources still remain uncertain. The study on ionization mechanism is of great significance to optimize the design of ion sources and to improve ionization efficiency. In this study, targeted research on a better understanding of afterglow distance effects on ionization process was conducted. Based on the quantified signal expression of reagent ions in mass spectrum, the concept that optimal atmospheric analysis distance of plasma ADI source is defined for the first time. From the perspective of mutual restriction effect between atmospheric components, the formation progress of reagent ions was visually revealed in detail, which involved the initial step of forming precursor reagent ions, the clusters reaction for increasing production of reagent ions, and the matrix effect results in reagent ion depletion. The formation mechanism of reagent ions further clarified the explicit reason for abundant reagent ions generated at an optimal distance. Most importantly, the analyte analysis results verified the significant impact of appropriate distance on ionization efficiency in afterglow region. It was confirmed that the quantity and type of reagent ions intimately influenced the status of analyte ions in mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P.R. China
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12
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Mullen M, Giordano BC. Combined secondary electrospray and corona discharge ionization (SECDI) for improved detection of explosive vapors using drift tube ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 209:120544. [PMID: 31892090 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary electrospray corona discharge ionization (SECDI) combines the principles of secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) and corona discharge (CD) to achieve higher sensitivity, which is demonstrated through the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) vapors using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Using SECDI, enhancements in the IMS signal for TNT and 2,6-DNT vapors at trace concentrations are as much as 2-26 times that observed with CD or SESI alone. The enhancement in sensitivity is hypothesized to result from an increase in ionization efficiency driven by a higher number of reactant ions associated with SECDI compared to either technique individually. The ability of SECDI to achieve higher sensitivity without the aid of dopant molecules demonstrates its merit as an alternative ionization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mullen
- NRC Post-Doctoral Fellow, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, D.C., 20375, USA.
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13
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Mussel-inspired immobilization of silver nanoparticles toward sponge for rapid swabbing extraction and SERS detection of trace inorganic explosives. Talanta 2019; 204:189-197. [PMID: 31357281 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is fairly crucial to detect inorganic explosives through a sensitive and fast method in the field of public safety, nevertheless, the high non-volatility and stability characteristics severely confine their accurate on-site detection from a real-world surface. In this work, an efficient, simple and cost effective method was developed to fabricate uniform silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized on polyurethane (PU) sponge through the in-situ reduction of polydopamine (PDA) based on mussel-inspired surface chemistry, in virtue of a large quantities catechol and amine functional groups. The formed PU@PDA@Ag sponges exhibited high SERS sensitivity, uniformity and reproducibility to 4-Aminothiophenol (4-ATP) probe molecule, and the limit of detection was calculated to be about 0.02 nmol L-1. Moreover, these PU@PDA@Ag sponges could be served as excellent flexible SERS substrates to rapidly detect trace inorganic explosives with high collection efficiency via swabbing extraction. The detection limit for perchlorates (ClO4-), chlorates (ClO3-) and nitrates (NO3-) were approximately down to 0.13, 0.13 and 0.11 ng respectively. These flexible substrates not only could drastically increase the sample collection efficiency, but also enhance analytical sensitivity and reliability for inorganic explosive, and would have a great potential application in the future homeland security fields.
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14
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Bain RM, Fedick PW, Dilger JM, Cooks RG. Analysis of Residual Explosives by Swab Touch Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Patrick W. Fedick
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Jonathan M. Dilger
- Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division Crane, Indiana 47522 United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
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15
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Shahraki H, Tabrizchi M, Farrokhpor H. Detection of explosives using negative ion mobility spectrometry in air based on dopant-assisted thermal ionization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 357:1-9. [PMID: 29859459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ionization source is an essential component of most explosive detectors based on negative ion mobility spectrometry. Conventional ion sources suffer from such inherent limitations as special safety regulations on radioactive sources or generating interfering ions (for non-radioactive sources) such as corona discharge operating in the air. In this study, a new negative ion source is introduced for ion mobility spectrometry that is based on thermal ionization and operates in the air, applicable to explosives detection. Our system consists of a heating filament powered by an isolated power supply connected to negative high voltage. The ionization is assisted by doping chlorinated compounds in the gas phase using chlorinated hydrocarbons in contact with the heating element to yield Cl- reactant ions. Several chlorinated hydrocarbons are evaluated as the reagent chemicals for providing Cl- reactant ions, of which CCl4 is identified as the best ionizing reagent. The ion source is evaluated by recording the ion mobility spectra of common explosives, including TNT, RDX, and PETN in the air. A detection limit of 150 pg is obtained for TNT. Compared to other ionization sources, the new source is found to be low-cost, simple, and long-lived, making it suited to portable explosives detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Tabrizchi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Hossein Farrokhpor
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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16
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Zhang W, Tang Y, Shi A, Bao L, Shen Y, Shen R, Ye Y. Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1364. [PMID: 30082670 PMCID: PMC6120018 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science; public safety; and global counter-terrorism. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Spectroscopy-based techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and non-contact. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the advances made over the past few years in the fields of the applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy; and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for trace explosives detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various spectroscopy-based detection techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development for the detection of explosives is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Anran Shi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Lirong Bao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yinghua Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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17
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Fluorescence chemical sensor for determining trace levels of nitroaromatic explosives in water based on conjugated polymer with guanidinium side groups. Talanta 2018; 187:314-320. [PMID: 29853053 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent conjugated polymer (poly(2-amino-N-(2-((4-ethynylphenyl) ethynyl) phenyl)-5-guanidinopentanamide)-1,4-phenylethynylene-1,4-phenyleneethynylene, PPE-Arg) was synthesized in this paper. We found that PPE-Arg could be quenched by picric acid (PA). Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism can be used to describe the fluorescence quenching of PPE-Arg. It could be speculated that the photo-induced electrons may be transferred from PPE-Arg to nitroaromatic explosives. In this paper, the experiment conditions and detection performance of PPE-Arg were systematically studied. The experiment results demonstrate PPE-Arg as a sensor for PA has a good linear range from 5 × 10-7 to 6 × 10-5 mol L-1 with the calculated limit of detection (LOD) to be 1.0 × 10-7 mol L-1. Meanwhile, reaction time between PPE-Arg and PA is less than 1 min. This proposed sensor was applied to rapidly detect nitroaromatic explosives in environmental water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.
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18
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Choi SS, Son CE. Testing Method for On-Site Measurement of Explosive Materials Contaminated on Travel Luggage Bag and Backpack Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Seen Choi
- Department of Chemistry; Sejong University; Seoul 05006 Korea
| | - Chae Eun Son
- Department of Chemistry; Sejong University; Seoul 05006 Korea
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19
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Hagan N, Goldberg I, Graichen A, St Jean A, Wu C, Lawrence D, Demirev P. Ion Mobility Spectrometry - High Resolution LTQ-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Homemade Explosives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1531-1539. [PMID: 28409445 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The detailed chemical characterization of homemade explosives (HMEs) and other chemicals that can mimic or mask the presence of explosives is important for understanding and improving the performance of commercial instrumentation used for explosive detection. To that end, an atmospheric-pressure drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) instrument has been successfully coupled to a commercial tandem mass spectrometry (MS) system. The tandem MS system is comprised of a linear ion trap and a high resolution Orbitrap analyzer. This IMS-MS combination allows extensive characterization of threat chemical compounds, including HMEs, and complex real-world background chemicals that can interfere with detection. Here, the composition of ion species originating from a specific HME, erythritol tetranitrate, has been elucidated using accurate mass measurements, isotopic ratios, and tandem MS. Gated IMS-MS and high-resolution MS have been used to identify minor impurities that can be indicative of the HME source and/or synthesis route. Comparison between data obtained on the IMS/MS system and on commercial stand-alone IMS instruments used as explosive trace detectors (ETDs) has also been performed. Such analysis allows better signature assignments of threat compounds, modified detection algorithms, and improved overall ETD performance. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hagan
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA.
| | - Ilana Goldberg
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Adam Graichen
- Excellims Corporation, 20 Main Street, Acton, MA, 01720, USA
| | - Amanda St Jean
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Ching Wu
- Excellims Corporation, 20 Main Street, Acton, MA, 01720, USA
| | - David Lawrence
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Plamen Demirev
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
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20
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Li D, Lv DY, Zhu QX, Li H, Chen H, Wu MM, Chai YF, Lu F. Chromatographic separation and detection of contaminants from whole milk powder using a chitosan-modified silver nanoparticles surface-enhanced Raman scattering device. Food Chem 2017; 224:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Rapid identification and desorption mechanisms of nitrogen-based explosives by ambient micro-fabricated glow discharge plasma desorption/ionization (MFGDP) mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 167:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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23
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Click-modified hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arenes as fluorometric and colorimetric dual-modal chemosensors for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Zou N, Chen R, Qin Y, Song S, Tang X, Pan C. Comparison of pulse glow discharge‐ion mobility spectrometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry based on multiplug filtration cleanup for the analysis of tricaine mesylate residues in fish and water. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3638-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of ScienceChina Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of ScienceChina Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental ToxicologyGuangxi University Nanning People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Qin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of ScienceChina Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyu Song
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of ScienceChina Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglin Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of ScienceChina Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of ScienceChina Agricultural University Beijing People's Republic of China
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25
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Zou N, Yuan C, Liu S, Han Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Xu X, Li X, Pan C. Coupling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane coated stir bar sorptive extraction with pulse glow discharge-ion mobility spectrometry for analysis of triazine herbicides in water and soil samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Design and fabrication of optical chemical sensor for detection of nitroaromatic explosives based on fluorescence quenching of phenol red immobilized poly(vinyl alcohol) membrane. Talanta 2016; 150:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Pavlačka M, Bajerová P, Kortánková K, Bláha J, Zástěra M, Mázl R, Ventura K. Analysis of explosives using differential mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis instrumentation for the analysis of explosives. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Chen W, Hou K, Hua L, Li H. Dopant-assisted reactive low temperature plasma probe for sensitive and specific detection of explosives. Analyst 2015; 140:6025-30. [PMID: 26191543 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A dopant-assisted reactive low temperature plasma (DARLTP) probe was developed for sensitive and specific detection of explosives by a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer. The DARLTP probe was fabricated using a T-shaped quartz tube. The dopant gas was introduced into the plasma stream through a side-tube. Using CH2Cl2 doped wet air as the dopant gas, the detection sensitivities were improved about 4-fold (RDX), 4-fold (PETN), and 3-fold (tetryl) compared with those obtained using the conventional LTP. Furthermore, the formation of [M + (35)Cl](-) and [M + (37)Cl](-) for these explosives enhanced the specificity for their identification. Additionally, the quantities of fragment ions of tetryl and adduct ions such as [RDX + NO2](-) and [PETN + NO2](-) were dramatically reduced, which simplified the mass spectra and avoided the overlap of mass peaks for different explosives. The sensitivity improvement may be attributed to the increased intensity of reactant ion [HNO3 + NO3](-), which was enhanced 4-fold after the introduction of dopant gas. The limits of detection (LODs) for RDX, tetryl, and PETN were down to 3, 6, and 10 pg, respectively. Finally, an explosive mixture was successfully analyzed, demonstrating the potential of the DARLTP probe for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complicated explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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30
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Brown KE, Greenfield MT, McGrane SD, Moore DS. Advances in explosives analysis--part I: animal, chemical, ion, and mechanical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:35-47. [PMID: 26462922 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number and capability of explosives detection and analysis methods have increased substantially since the publication of the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry special issue devoted to Explosives Analysis (Moore and Goodpaster, Anal Bioanal Chem 395(2):245-246, 2009). Here we review and critically evaluate the latest (the past five years) important advances in explosives detection, with details of the improvements over previous methods, and suggest possible avenues towards further advances in, e.g., stand-off distance, detection limit, selectivity, and penetration through camouflage or packaging. The review consists of two parts. This part, Part I, reviews methods based on animals, chemicals (including colorimetry, molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry), ions (both ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry), and mechanical devices. Part II will review methods based on photons, from very energetic photons including X-rays and gamma rays down to the terahertz range, and neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Brown
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Margo T Greenfield
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Shawn D McGrane
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - David S Moore
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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31
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Jjunju FPM, Maher S, Li A, Syed SU, Smith B, Heeren RMA, Taylor S, Cooks RG. Hand-held portable desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion source for in situ analysis of nitroaromatic explosives. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10047-55. [PMID: 26329926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel, lightweight (0.6 kg), solvent- and gas-cylinder-free, hand-held ion source based on desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization has been developed and deployed for the analysis of nitroaromatic explosives on surfaces in open air, offering portability for in-field analysis. A small, inexpensive, rechargeable lithium polymer battery was used to power the custom-designed circuitry within the device, which generates up to ±5 kV dc voltage to ignite a corona discharge plasma in air for up to 12 h of continuous operation, and allowing positive- and negative-ion mass spectrometry. The generated plasma is pneumatically transported to the surface to be interrogated by ambient air at a rate of 1-3.5 L/min, compressed using a small on-board diaphragm pump. The plasma source allows liquid or solid samples to be examined almost instantaneously without any sample preparation in the open environment. The advantages of low carrier gas and low power consumption (<6 W), as well as zero solvent usage, have aided in developing the field-ready, hand-held device for trigger-based, "near-real-time" sampling/ionization. Individual nitroaromatic explosives (such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) can be easily detected in amounts as low as 5.8 pg with a linear dynamic range of at least 10 (10-100 pg), a relative standard deviation of ca. 7%, and an R(2) value of 0.9986. Direct detection of several nitroaromatic compounds in a complex mixture without prior sample preparation is demonstrated, and their identities are confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred P M Jjunju
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd. , 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Anyin Li
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sarfaraz U Syed
- M4I, the Maastricht Multi Modal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht , Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Barry Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd. , 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- M4I, the Maastricht Multi Modal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht , Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd. , 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool L15 6UX, U.K
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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32
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Čapka L, Večeřa Z, Mikuška P, Šesták J, Kahle V, Bumbová A. A portable device for fast analysis of explosives in the environment. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Gong Z, Du H, Cheng F, Wang C, Wang C, Fan M. Fabrication of SERS swab for direct detection of trace explosives in fingerprints. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21931-7. [PMID: 25455731 DOI: 10.1021/am507424v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Swab sampling is of great importance in surface contamination analysis. A cotton swab (cotton Q-tip) was successfully transformed into surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate (SERS Q-tip) through a bottom-up strategy, where Ag NPs were first self-assembled onto the Q-tip followed by in situ growing. The capability for direct swab detection of Raman probe Nile Blue A (NBA) and a primary explosive marker 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) using the SERS Q-tip was explored. It was found that at optimum conditions, a femotogram of NBA on glass surface could be swab-detected. The lowest detectable amount for 2,4-DNT is only ∼1.2 ng/cm(2) (total amount of 5 ng) on glass surface, 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than similar surface analysis achieved with infrared technique, and comparable even with that obtained by ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Finally, 2,4-DNT left on fingerprints was also analyzed. It was found that SERS signal of 2,4-DNT from 27th fingerprint after touching 2,4-DNT powder can still be clearly identified by swabbing with the SERS Q-tip. We believe this is the first direct SERS swabbing test of explosives on fingerprint on glass. Considering its relative long shelf life (>30 d), the SERS Q-tip may find great potential in future homeland security applications when combined with portable Raman spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, 610031, China
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34
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Bianchi F, Gregori A, Braun G, Crescenzi C, Careri M. Micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to desorption electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of explosives in soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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