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Croslow SW, Trinklein TJ, Sweedler JV. Advances in multimodal mass spectrometry for single-cell analysis and imaging enhancement. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:591-601. [PMID: 38243373 PMCID: PMC10963143 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Multimodal mass spectrometry (MMS) incorporates an imaging modality with probe-based mass spectrometry (MS) to enable precise, targeted data acquisition and provide additional biological and chemical data not available by MS alone. Two categories of MMS are covered; in the first, an imaging modality guides the MS probe to target individual cells and to reduce acquisition time by automatically defining regions of interest. In the second category, imaging and MS data are coupled in the data analysis pipeline to increase the effective spatial resolution using a higher resolution imaging method, correct for tissue deformation, and incorporate fine morphological features in an MS imaging dataset. Recent methodological and computational developments are covered along with their application to single-cell and imaging analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W. Croslow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy J. Trinklein
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Dugues P, Abe E, Etting I, Nguyen AH, Edel Y, Alvarez JC, Larabi IA. Consommation de cannabinoïdes de synthèse (CS) en région parisienne : profil d’un consommateur de 9 CS dérivés indoles et indazoles et premières données de la littérature. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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3
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Sisco E, Burns A, Moorthy AS. A framework for the development of targeted gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods: Synthetic cannabinoids. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1908-1918. [PMID: 34152013 PMCID: PMC10010759 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increased presence of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) in casework, drug analysis has become more challenging. To address these challenges, new screening technologies with improved specificity are being implemented, allowing for the creation and adoption of targeted confirmatory analyses that produce more conclusive results. This paper outlines a six-step, data-driven, framework to develop and evaluate gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods for targeted classes of drugs. The process emphasizes maximizing retention time differences (to minimize the potential for retention time acceptance windows to overlap) and understanding the trade-offs between sensitivity and reproducibility using a test solution containing pairs of compounds that are difficult to distinguish. The method is then evaluated by expanding the panel of compounds analyzed, identifying limitations in compound discrimination, comparing to current methods, and analyzing representative casework to establish usability. To demonstrate this framework, a method for synthetic cannabinoids was created. The developed method utilizes a DB-200 column and an isothermal temperature program. It was found that sensitivity could be adjusted, without compromising reproducibility, by altering the split ratio and injection volume. The targeted method successfully differentiated 50 cannabinoids based on either retention time differences or mass spectral dissimilarity - determined using a newly developed spectral comparison test. Compared to a general method used for casework, the targeted method was an order of magnitude more sensitive, a minute shorter, and provided major increases in retention time differences. This framework can be implemented and adapted to develop targeted methods for other applications or compound classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Amber Burns
- Maryland State Police, Forensic Sciences Division, Pikesville, MD, USA
| | - Arun S Moorthy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Salerno TMG, Donato P, Frison G, Zamengo L, Mondello L. Gas Chromatography-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Unambiguous Determination of Illicit Drugs: A Proof of Concept. Front Chem 2020; 8:624. [PMID: 32850646 PMCID: PMC7396574 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of synthetic molecules constantly introduced into the illicit drug market poses a great demand in terms of separation and identification power of the analytical tools. Therefore, forensic laboratories are challenged to develop multiple analytical techniques, allowing for the reliable analysis of illicit drugs. This goal is accomplished by means of spectroscopy measurements, usually after a separation step, consisting of liquid (LC) or gas (GC) chromatography. Within the wide range of hyphenated techniques, the coupling of GC to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) provides a powerful identification tool, also allowing discriminating between isobars and isomers. In this research, the effectiveness of GC-FTIR is demonstrated, in achieving structure elucidation of 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, commonly known as JWH-018, a synthetic cannabinoid identified as component of illegal “incense blends.” Moreover, solid deposition FTIR enabled for boosting the sensitivity of the technique, over conventional flow (light pipe) cells, scaling down the limit of identification to the ng scale. Calibration curves for JWH-018 standard were obtained in the 20–1,000 ng range, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were assessed as equal to 4.3 and 14.3 ng, respectively. Finally, the proposed methodology has been adopted for the identification of active principles in a real “street” sample seized by the law enforcement, consisting of an herbal matrix containing four different synthetic cannabinoids belonging to the JWH class. The correct identification of such compounds, with a high degree of chemical similarity, demonstrated the usefulness of the proposed approach for reliable analysis of complex mixtures of illicit drugs, as viable alternative to widespread mass spectrometry-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M G Salerno
- BeSep S.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Donato
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giampietro Frison
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Forensic Toxicology, DMPO Department, AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Luca Zamengo
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Forensic Toxicology, DMPO Department, AULSS 3, Venice, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- BeSep S.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Chromaleont S.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Research Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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5
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Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, Belal TS, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Abiedalla Y, Neel L, Abdel-Hay KM, Clark CR. GC-MS and GC-IR Analyses of the Methoxy-1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles: Regioisomeric Designer Cannabinoids. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:779-788. [PMID: 29920587 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The indole ring regioisomeric methoxy-1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles represent indole ring-substituted analogs of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018. The electron ionization mass spectra show equivalent regioisomeric major fragments resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus. The characteristic (M-17)+ fragment ion at m/z 354 resulting from the loss of OH group is significant in the mass spectra of all four compounds. Fragmentation of the naphthoyl and/or pentyl groups yields the cations at m/z 314, 300, 244 and 216. The vapor-phase infrared spectra provide a number of characteristic absorption bands to identify the individual isomers. Gas chromatographic separations on a capillary column containing a film of trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane (Rtx-200) provided excellent resolution of these compounds, their precursor indoles and intermediate pentylindoles. The elution order appears related to the degree of crowding of indole ring substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Thaxton-Weissenfluh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tarek S Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Younis Abiedalla
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Karim M Abdel-Hay
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - C Randall Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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DeRuiter J, Smith F, Abiedalla Y, Neel L, Clark CR. GC-MS and GC-IR analysis of regioisomeric cannabinoids related to 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indole. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Belal TS, Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Abiedalla Y, Abdel-Hay KM, Clark CR. Differentiation of methylated indole ring regioisomers of JWH-007: GC–MS and GC–IR studies. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, Alsegiani AS, Abiedalla Y, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Clark CR. Analytical studies on the 2-naphthoyl substituted-1-n-pentylindoles: Regioisomeric synthetic cannabinoids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1077-1078:77-84. [PMID: 29413581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The six 1-n-pentyl-2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-(2-naphthoyl)-indoles each have the same substituents attached to the indole ring, identical elemental composition (C24H23NO) yielding identical nominal and accurate masses. The electron ionization mass spectra of the 2-naphthoyl substituted isomers share equivalent major fragment ions resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus with some differences in relative abundances. These six regioisomers were successfully resolved on an Rtx-5 and Rxi-17Sil MS stationary phases and the molecules having both substituent groups on the same side of the indole ring (1,2- and 1,7-substituents) show the least retention. The more linear molecules have higher relative retention properties. A comparison of the GC properties of the 1-naphthoyl- and 2-naphthoyl groups attached at identical positions of the indole ring showed higher GC retention for the 2-naphthoyl substituted isomer in all cases evaluated. The amide inverse isomers (1-naphthoyl-3-n-pentylindoles) were separated from the 1-n-pentyl-3-naphthoyl-indoles on an Rtx-200 stationary phase. The two inverse amide isomers having the 1- and 2-naphthoyl groups substituted at the 1-position of the indole ring elute before either of the N-alkyl-indole isomers having the 1- and 2-naphthoyl groups substituted at the 3-position of the indole ring. The amide inverse isomers yield EI mass spectra easily distinguishing these amides from the ketone isomers having the naphthoyl groups at the indole 3-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Thaxton-Weissenfluh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Amsha S Alsegiani
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Younis Abiedalla
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - C Randall Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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9
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Regioisomeric differentiation of synthetic cannabinoids with an N-fluorobenzyl indole core by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Smolianitski-Fabian E, Cohen E, Dronova M, Voloshenko-Rossin A, Lev O. Discrimination between closely related synthetic cannabinoids by GC-Cold-EI-MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:474-487. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Smolianitski-Fabian
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Etia Cohen
- Analytical Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National HQ; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Marina Dronova
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Anna Voloshenko-Rossin
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
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11
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Petrov AA, Pakal’nis VV, Zerov AV, Yakimovich SI. N → N acyl group migration in N-acylpyrazoles: Isomerization of 1,4-diacyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazoles to 1,4-diacyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazoles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Development of visual peak selection system based on multi-ISs normalization algorithm to apply to methamphetamine impurity profiling. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 268:116-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Murakami T, Iwamuro Y, Ishimaru R, Chinaka S, Sugimura N, Takayama N. Differentiation of AB-FUBINACA positional isomers by the abundance of product ions using electron ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1016-1022. [PMID: 27441731 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric differentiation of structural isomers is important for the analysis of forensic samples. Presently, there is no mass spectrometric method for differentiating halogen positional isomers of cannabimimetic compounds. We describe here a novel and practical method for differentiating one of these compounds, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA (para)), and its fluoro positional (ortho and meta) isomers in the phenyl ring by electron ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. It was found that the three isomers differed in the relative abundance of the ion at m/z 109 and 253 in the product ion spectra, while the detected product ions were identical. The logarithmic values of the abundance ratio of the ions at m/z 109 to 253 (ln(A109 /A253 )) were in the order meta < ortho < para and increased linearly with collision energy. The differences in abundances were attributed to differences in the dissociation reactivity between the indazole moiety and the fluorobenzyl group because of the halogen-positional effect on the phenyl ring. Our methodology, which is based on the abundance of the product ions in mass spectra, should be applicable to determination of the structures of other newly encountered designer drugs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Murakami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q., 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Iwamuro
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q., 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Reiko Ishimaru
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q., 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q., 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Natsuhiko Sugimura
- Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Nariaki Takayama
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q., 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
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Kill JB, Oliveira IF, Tose LV, Costa HB, Kuster RM, Machado LF, Correia RM, Rodrigues RR, Vasconcellos GA, Vaz BG, Romão W. Chemical characterization of synthetic cannabinoids by electrospray ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:474-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Kohyama E, Chikumoto T, Tada H, Kitaichi K, Ito T. Analytical differentiation of quinolinyl- and isoquinolinyl-substituted 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1 H-indole-3-carboxylates: 5F-PB-22 and its ten isomers. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 35:56-65. [PMID: 28127408 PMCID: PMC5215287 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation among regioisomers of synthetic cannabinoids in forensic drug analysis is a crucial issue, since all isomers are not regulated by law. New equivalent analogs obtained via minor modification of their preexisting molecules keep on emerging. Isomers formed via substitutional exchange are also a cause for concern. This study is focused on the isomeric molecules that stem from minor modifications of 5F-PB-22. The analytical properties of these molecules and methods of differentiation are reported. Scan mode analysis using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) was performed using the authentic 5F-PB-22 standard, five regioisomeric quinolinyl ester indoles, and five regioisomeric isoquinolinyl ester indoles. Because it was not possible to separate 5F-PB-22 from the 5-hydroxyquinoline isomer using GC and all analytes showed similar EI mass spectra, liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed. Using LC, a successful separation of 5F-PB-22 from all isomers could be achieved. Based on the electrospray ionization-mass spectra, the protonated molecular ion at m/z 377.2 was selected as the precursor ion for the regioisomeric and structural isomeric differentiation. Collision-induced dissociation provides relative intensity differences in the product ions among the isomers, enabling mass spectrometric differentiation of the isomers. To our knowledge, this is the first report on mass spectrometric differentiation of 5F-PB-22 and its ten isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Kohyama
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan
| | - Takao Chikumoto
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tada
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ito
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan ; Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
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Abdel-Hay KM, De Ruiter J, Smith F, Alsegiani AS, Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, Clark CR. GC–MS differentiation of the six regioisomeric dimethoxybenzoyl-1-pentylindoles: Isomeric cannabinoid substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:360-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Cannabinoïdes de synthèse : méthodes analytiques. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Thaxton A, Belal TS, Smith F, DeRuiter J, Abdel-Hay KM, Clark CR. Mass spectral studies on 1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018), three deuterium-labeled analogues and the inverse isomer 1-naphthoyl-3-n-pentylindole. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:871-877. [PMID: 26377015 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A number of synthetic cannabinoids such as the 1-alkyl-3-acylindoles are the target of significant designer drug activity. One of the first waves of these compounds identified in clandestine samples was 1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, JWH-018. These totally synthetic molecules can be prepared in a number of regioisomeric forms. METHODS The electron ionization mass spectrometric (EI-MS) fragmentation of the 1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole is compared to its inverse isomer 1-naphthoyl-3-n-pentylindole. These two substances are directly available from indole using identical precursor reagents and similar reaction conditions. Stable isotope deuterium labeling of the three major regions of the JWH-018 molecule allows confirmation of the structures of the major fragment ions. The spectra for the 1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-d(5) -indole, 1-n-pentyl-3-(1-d(7) -naphthoyl)indole and 1-d(11) -n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole provide significant assistance in elucidating the structures for the major fragment ions in JWH-018. RESULTS The EI mass spectra for these isomers show a number of unique ions which allow for the differentiation of the 1-alkyl-3-acylindole compounds from the inverse regioisomeric 1-acyl-3-alkylindoles. The fragment ion [M-17](+) at m/z 324 for JWH-018 was formed by the elimination of a hydroxyl radical and the spectra of the three deuterium-labeled derivatives indicated the loss of hydrogen from the naphthalene ring. Further structural analogues suggest the hydrogen to come from the 8-position of the naphthalene ring. CONCLUSIONS The three deuterium-labeled analogues provide significant assistance in confirming the structures for the major fragment ions in the mass spectrum of the traditional synthetic cannabinoid compound, 1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole, JWH-018. The 1-naphthoyl-3-n-pentylindole inverse regioisomer can be easily differentiated from the traditional synthetic cannabinoid compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Thaxton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Tarek S Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Karim M Abdel-Hay
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - C Randall Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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GC-MS studies on the six naphthoyl-substituted 1-n-pentyl-indoles: JWH-018 and five regioisomeric equivalents. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 252:107-13. [PMID: 25965306 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The GC-MS properties of the synthetic cannabinoid drug of abuse 3-(1-naphthoyl)-1-pentylindole (JWH-018) and all 5 of its' regioisomeric 1-naphthoyl substituted 1-n-pentylindoles are compared in this report. These compounds have the 1-naphthoyl-group attached at each of the possible substituent positions of the indole ring. The six compounds have the same elemental composition C24H23NO and the same substituents attached to the indole ring. The electron ionization mass spectra showed equivalent regioisomeric major fragment ions resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus. The characteristic (M-17)(+) fragment ion at m/z 324 resulting from the loss of an OH group was significant in the EI-MS of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-(1-naphthoyl)-1-pentylindole. Fragment ions occurred at m/z 127 and 155 for the naphthyl and naphthoyl cations common to all six regioisomeric substances. Indole containing fragments produced the cations at m/z 284, 270, 214 and 186. The unique fragment at m/z 141 observed in the 1,2- and 1,7-isomers resulted from a rearrangement involving the two indole substituents to yield the C10H7CH2(+) cation. The major points of EI-MS differentiation of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 from the other five isomers are the high relative abundance of both the m/z 144 ion and the m/z 324 ion in the JWH-018 spectrum. GC separations on a capillary column containing a trifluoropropyl methyl polysiloxane (Rtx-200) stationary phase provided excellent resolution of these six compounds. The elution order appears related to the relative distance between the two indole substituents with the lowest retention associated with minimum distance between the groups attached to the indole nucleus.
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Abdel-Hay KM, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Belal TS, Clark CR. GC-MS analysis of the regioisomeric methoxy- and methyl-benzoyl-1-pentylindoles: Isomeric synthetic cannabinoids. Sci Justice 2015; 55:291-8. [PMID: 26385710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The regioisomeric 1-n-pentyl-3-(methoxybenzoyl)indoles and the 1-n-pentyl-3-(methylbenzoyl)indoles represent potential designer modifications in the synthetic cannabinoid drug category. These six compounds were prepared by a two-step synthetic method. The analytical properties and methods of regioisomeric differentiation were developed in this study. The molecular ion represents the base peak in the EI mass spectra for most of the compounds in this group. The meta- and para-isomers in each series display fragment ions at equivalent masses with some differences in relative abundance of these ions. The ortho-substituted isomers for both the methoxybenzoyl and methylbenzoyl series show a unique fragment ion occurring at M-17. Deuterium labeling for the methoxy group in the ortho-methoxybenzoyl isomer (ortho-OCD3) confirmed the ortho-substituent as the source of the hydrogen in OH (M-17) elimination. The two sets of regioisomers were well resolved by capillary gas chromatography and the elution order reflected increasing molecular linearity. In both sets of compounds the ortho-isomer eluted first and the para-isomer showed the highest retention time. The HPLC separation showed the ortho-isomer eluting first and the meta-isomer eluting last in both sets of regioisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M Abdel-Hay
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Dept. of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tarek S Belal
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - C Randall Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Marginean I, Rowe WF, Lurie IS. The role of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with time of flight detection for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids in seized drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:83-91. [PMID: 25679986 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Separation and mass spectrometric techniques are integral parts of forensic drug analysis for both screening and confirmation. The Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG), which is responsible for setting standards for drug analysis, requires for drug identification a Category A test such as mass spectrometry with an additional test from either Category B or C. If a Category A method is not used at least two uncorrelated tests from Category B must be included, for which separation techniques such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography would qualify. The utility and validity of using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids is presented. The separation of 32 solutes, including 23 controlled substances and nine non-controlled positional isomers of JWH-018, are compared using UHPLC with TOF detection and capillary GC with electron ionization (EI). For these solutes, the reversed phase UHPLC separation on three different 2.1 mm × 150 mm × 2.7 μm superficially porous (SPP) columns (C18, Phenyl-Hexyl and Dimethylpentafluorophenylpropyl (PFP)) compared favorably with the capillary gas chromatography (GC) separation using an Elite-5MS column 0.25 mm × 30 m × 0.25 μm. Principal component analysis revealed that all three UHPLC separations for the separation of the controlled substances are orthogonal to the capillary GC separation. It was also revealed by principal component analysis that the separation of JWH-018 and the nine non-controlled positional isomers for the various techniques were significantly more correlated than the separation of the controlled substances. Although most of the controlled synthetic cannabinoids gave unique TOF in-source collision-induced dissociation MS spectra and EI spectra, it was not possible to discriminate among the geometric isomers (CP47, 497, Epi CP47, 497; Cp47, 497 C8 homologue, Epi CP47, 497 C8 homologue). JWH-018 could be distinguished from the non-controlled isomers based on its EI spectra. In contrast, several of the non-controlled JWH-018 isomers give identical TOF in-source collision-induced dissociation MS spectra to JWH-018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Marginean
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Somers Hall, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Walter F Rowe
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Somers Hall, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Ira S Lurie
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Somers Hall, Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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