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van der Waals MJ, Thornton SF, Rolfe SA, Rock L, Smith JWN, Bosma TNP, Gerritse J. Potential of stable isotope analysis to deduce anaerobic biodegradation of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in groundwater: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16150-16163. [PMID: 38319419 PMCID: PMC10894111 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding anaerobic biodegradation of ether oxygenates beyond MTBE in groundwater is important, given that it is replaced by ETBE as a gasoline additive in several regions. The lack of studies demonstrating anaerobic biodegradation of ETBE, and its product TBA, reflects the relative resistance of ethers and alcohols with a tertiary carbon atom to enzymatic attack under anoxic conditions. Anaerobic ETBE- or TBA-degrading microorganisms have not been characterized. Only one field study suggested anaerobic ETBE biodegradation. Anaerobic (co)metabolism of ETBE or TBA was reported in anoxic microcosms, indicating their biodegradation potential in anoxic groundwater systems. Non-isotopic methods, such as the detection of contaminant loss, metabolites, or ETBE- and TBA-degrading bacteria are not sufficiently sensitive to track anaerobic biodegradation in situ. Compound- and position-specific stable isotope analysis provides a means to study MTBE biodegradation, but isotopic fractionation of ETBE has only been studied with a few aerobic bacteria (εC -0.7 to -1.7‰, εH -11 to -73‰) and at one anoxic field site (δ2H-ETBE +14‰). Similarly, stable carbon isotope enrichment (δ13C-TBA +6.5‰) indicated TBA biodegradation at an anoxic field site. CSIA and PSIA are promising methods to detect anaerobic ETBE and TBA biodegradation but need to be investigated further to assess their full potential at field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle J van der Waals
- Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, 3484 BK, The Netherlands
- Present address: KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F Thornton
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Stephen A Rolfe
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luc Rock
- Shell Global Solutions International BV, Carel van Bylandtlaan 30, The Hague, 2596 HR, The Netherlands
- Present address: Shell Global Solutions (Canada) Inc, 4000 - 500 Centre Street SE, Calgary, AB, T2G 1A6, Canada
| | - Jonathan W N Smith
- Shell Global Solutions (UK) Ltd, Shell Centre, York Road, London, SE1 7NA, UK
| | - Tom N P Bosma
- Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, 3484 BK, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Gerritse
- Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, 3484 BK, The Netherlands.
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Akoka S, Remaud GS. NMR-based isotopic and isotopomic analysis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 120-121:1-24. [PMID: 33198965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecules exist in different isotopic compositions and most of the processes, physical or chemical, in living systems cause selection between heavy and light isotopes. Thus, knowing the isotopic fractionation of the common atoms, such as H, C, N, O or S, at each step during a metabolic pathway allows the construction of a unique isotope profile that reflects its past history. Having access to the isotope abundance gives valuable clues about the (bio)chemical origin of biological or synthetic molecules. Whereas the isotope ratio measured by mass spectrometry provides a global isotope composition, quantitative NMR measures isotope ratios at individual positions within a molecule. We present here the requirements and the corresponding experimental strategies to use quantitative NMR for measuring intramolecular isotope profiles. After an introduction showing the historical evolution of NMR for measuring isotope ratios, the vocabulary and symbols - for describing the isotope content and quantifying its change - are defined. Then, the theoretical framework of very accurate quantitative NMR is presented as the principle of Isotope Ratio Measurement by NMR spectroscopy, including the practical aspects with nuclei other than 2H, that have been developed and employed to date. Lastly, the most relevant applications covering three issues, tackling counterfeiting, authentication, and forensic investigation, are presented, before giving some perspectives combining technical improvements and methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Julien M, Gori D, Höhener P, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Intramolecular isotope effects during permanganate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of methyl tert-butyl ether. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:125975. [PMID: 32007772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes have been widely used to monitor remediation of environmental contaminants over the last decades. This approach gives a good mechanistic description of natural or assisted degradation of organic pollutants, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Since abiotic degradation seems to be the most promising assisted attenuation method, the isotopic fractionation associated with oxidation and hydrolysis processes need to be further investigated in order to understand better these processes and make their monitoring more efficient. In this study, position-specific isotope effects (PSIEs) associated with permanganate oxidation and acid hydrolysis of MTBE were determined using isotope ratio monitoring by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (irm-13C NMR) combined with isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS). The use of this Position-Specific Isotopic Analysis (PSIA) method makes it possible to observe a specific normal isotope effect (IE) associated with each of these two abiotic degradation mechanisms. The present work demonstrates that the 13C isotope pattern of the main degradation product, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), depends on the chemical reaction by which it is produced. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that PSIA at natural abundance can give new insights into reaction mechanisms and that this methodology is very promising for the future of modeling the remediation of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Julien
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan; EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France.
| | - Didier Gori
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- University of Aix-Marseille-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, UMR 7376, Place Victor Hugo 3, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, University of Nantes-CNRS UMR 6230, 2 Rue de la Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes, France
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Wang X, Zou W, Kamal GM, Wang J, Zhou M, Chen L, Jiang B, Khalid M, Zhang X, Liu M. An untargeted 13C isotopic evaluation approach for the discrimination of fermented food matrices at natural abundance: Application to vinegar. Talanta 2020; 210:120679. [PMID: 31987205 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A non-destructive and comprehensive 13C isotopic evaluation approach based on 1H NMR spectroscopy was developed. The carbon isotope distribution (CID) of most of the components (S/N ≥ 1000) in food matrices were evaluated using frequency distribution of peak area ratios (PAR) of decoupling to non-13C-decoupling spectra at natural abundance. The approach was applied successfully to vinegar and it was found that the PAR of fermented vinegars is obviously narrower than that of the blended one and the one produced via chemically defined culture medium. Besides, the extra additives can also be evaluated by their characteristic PAR values. It was found that the sugars are the most commonly added components into the blended vinegars. The results obtained from the developed approach show good validity (baseline effect, RSD < 0.1%) and internal reproducibility (RSD < 0.1%). Practicability of the method is confirmed by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) detection method. The results imply that the proposed approach could be used not only for the discrimination but also for the primary authentication of the blended components in the fermented food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Food Quality and Safety Test, Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, 430075, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Food Quality and Safety Test, Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, 430075, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonances in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Joubert V, Silvestre V, Ladroue V, Besacier F, Blondel P, Akoka S, Baguet E, Remaud GS. Forensic application of position-specific isotopic analysis of trinitrotoluene (TNT) by NMR to determine 13C and 15N intramolecular isotopic profiles. Talanta 2020; 213:120819. [PMID: 32200922 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a molecule which is easily identified with current instrumental techniques but it is generally impossible to distinguish between sources of the same substance (TNT). To overcome this difficulty, we present a multi stable isotope approach using isotope ratio monitoring by mass spectrometry (irm-MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometry (irm-NMR). In the one hand, irm-MS provides bulk isotopic composition at natural abundance in 13C and 15N. The range of variation between samples is rather small particularly for 13C. In the other hand, irm-13C NMR and irm-15N NMR enable the determination of positional intramolecular 13C/12C ratios (δ13Ci) and 15N/14N ratios (δ15Ni) with high precision that lead to larger variation between samples. The present work reports an application of the recent methodology using irm-15N NMR to determine position-specific 15N isotope content of TNT. The interest of this methodology is compared to irm-13C NMR and irm-MS (13C and 15N) in terms of TNT samples discrimination. Thanks to the use of irm-NMR the results show a unique isotopic fingerprint for each TNT which enable origin discrimination between the samples without ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Joubert
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR6230, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR6230, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Ladroue
- Institut National de Police Scientifique, Laboratoire de Lyon, 31 avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Besacier
- Institut National de Police Scientifique, Laboratoire de Lyon, 31 avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France
| | - Paule Blondel
- Institut National de Police Scientifique, Laboratoire de Lyon, 31 avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 69134, Ecully Cedex, France
| | - Serge Akoka
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR6230, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Evelyne Baguet
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR6230, F-44322, Nantes, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, University of Nantes, CNRS UMR6230, F-44322, Nantes, France.
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Höhener P, Li ZM, Julien M, Nun P, Robins RJ, Remaud GS. Simulating Stable Isotope Ratios in Plumes of Groundwater Pollutants with BIOSCREEN-AT-ISO. GROUND WATER 2017; 55:261-267. [PMID: 27696411 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BIOSCREEN is a well-known simple tool for evaluating the transport of dissolved contaminants in groundwater, ideal for rapid screening and teaching. This work extends the BIOSCREEN model for the calculation of stable isotope ratios in contaminants. A three-dimensional exact solution of the reactive transport from a patch source, accounting for fractionation by first-order decay and/or sorption, is used. The results match those from a previously published isotope model but are much simpler to obtain. Two different isotopes may be computed, and dual isotope plots can be viewed. The dual isotope assessment is a rapidly emerging new approach for identifying process mechanisms in aquifers. Furthermore, deviations of isotope ratios at specific reactive positions with respect to "bulk" ratios in the whole compound can be simulated. This model is named BIOSCREEN-AT-ISO and will be downloadable from the journal homepage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi M Li
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7376, Marseille, F-13331, France
| | - Maxime Julien
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, Nantes University, CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, F-44322, France
| | - Pierrick Nun
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, Nantes University, CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, F-44322, France
| | - Richard J Robins
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, Nantes University, CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, F-44322, France
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- EBSI Team, CEISAM, Nantes University, CNRS UMR 6230, Nantes, F-44322, France
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Jézéquel T, Joubert V, Giraudeau P, Remaud GS, Akoka S. The new face of isotopic NMR at natural abundance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:77-90. [PMID: 27921330 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used method for isotope analysis at natural abundance is isotope ratio monitoring by Mass Spectrometry (irm-MS) which provides bulk isotopic composition in 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, 18 O or 34 S. However, in the 1980s, the direct access to Site-specific Natural Isotope Fractionation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNIF-NMRTM ) was immediately recognized as a powerful technique to authenticate the origin of natural or synthetic products. The initial - and still most popular - application consisted in detecting the chaptalization of wines by irm-2 H NMR. The approach has been extended to a wide range of methodologies over the last decade, paving the way to a wide range of applications, not only in the field of authentication but also to study metabolism. In particular, the emerging irm-13 C NMR approach delivers direct access to position-specific 13 C isotope content at natural abundance. After highlighting the application scope of irm-NMR (2 H and 13 C), this article describes the major improvements which made possible to reach the required accuracy of 1‰ (0.1%) in irm-13 C NMR. The last part of the manuscript summarizes the different steps to perform isotope analysis as a function of the sample properties (concentration, peak overlap) and the kind of targeted isotopic information (authentication, affiliation). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangi Jézéquel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
| | | | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes, France
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Remaud GS, Akoka S. A review of flavors authentication by position-specific isotope analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry: the example of vanillin. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gérald S. Remaud
- Université de Nantes; CNRS Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM); UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F-44322 Nantes cedex 3 France
| | - Serge Akoka
- Université de Nantes; CNRS Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM); UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208 F-44322 Nantes cedex 3 France
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Lab on smartphone with interfaced electrochemical chips for on-site gender verification. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Evaluation of on-line pyrolysis coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the determination of position-specific 13C isotope composition of short chain n-alkanes (C6–C12). Talanta 2016; 153:158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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