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Gullifa G, Barone L, Papa E, Giuffrida A, Materazzi S, Risoluti R. Portable NIR spectroscopy: the route to green analytical chemistry. Front Chem 2023; 11:1214825. [PMID: 37818482 PMCID: PMC10561305 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1214825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest for cost-effective and nondestructive analytical techniques in both research and application fields. The growing approach by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) pushes to develop handheld devices devoted to be easily applied for in situ determinations. Consequently, portable NIR spectrometers actually result definitively recognized as powerful instruments, able to perform nondestructive, online, or in situ analyses, and useful tools characterized by increasingly smaller size, lower cost, higher robustness, easy-to-use by operator, portable and with ergonomic profile. Chemometrics play a fundamental role to obtain useful and meaningful results from NIR spectra. In this review, portable NIRs applications, published in the period 2019-2022, have been selected to indicate starting references. These publications have been chosen among the many examples of the most recent applications to demonstrate the potential of this analytical approach which, not having the need for extraction processes or any other pre-treatment of the sample under examination, can be considered the "true green analytical chemistry" which allows the analysis where the sample to be characterized is located. In the case of industrial processes or plant or animal samples, it is even possible to follow the variation or evolution of fundamental parameters over time. Publications of specific applications in this field continuously appear in the literature, often in unfamiliar journal or in dedicated special issues. This review aims to give starting references, sometimes not easy to be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gullifa
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Barone
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - E. Papa
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Giuffrida
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S. Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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2
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Du Y, Hua Z, Liu C, Lv R, Jia W, Su M. ATR-FTIR combined with machine learning for the fast non-targeted screening of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111761. [PMID: 37327724 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the diversity and fast evolution of new psychoactive substances (NPS), both public health and safety are threatened around the world. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), which serves as a simple and rapid technique for targeted NPS screening, is challenging with the rapid structural modifications of NPS. To achieve the fast non-targeted screening of NPS, six machine learning (ML) models were constructed to classify eight categories of NPS, including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, fentanyl analogues, tryptamines, phencyclidine types, benzodiazepines, and "other substances" based on the 1099 IR spectra data items of 362 types of NPS collected by one desktop ATR-FTIR and two portable FTIR spectrometers. All these six ML classification models, including k-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extra trees (ET), voting, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were trained through cross validation, and f1-scores of 0.87-1.00 were achieved. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed on 100 synthetic cannabinoids with the most complex structural variation to investigate the structure-spectral property relationship, which leads to a summary of eight synthetic cannabinoid sub-categories with different "linked groups". ML models were also constructed to classify eight synthetic cannabinoid sub-categories. For the first time, this study developed six ML models, which were suitable for both desktop and portable spectrometers, to classify eight categories of NPS and eight synthetic cannabinoids sub-categories. These models can be applied for the fast, accurate, cost-effective, and on-site non-targeted screening of newly emerging NPS with no reference data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, PR China; National Anti-Drug Laboratory of China, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Cuimei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, PR China; National Anti-Drug Laboratory of China, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Rulin Lv
- College of Forensic Science, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, PR China; National Anti-Drug Laboratory of China, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Mengxiang Su
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, PR China.
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3
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Wakiuchi A, Jasial S, Asano S, Hashizume R, Hatanaka M, Ohnishi YY, Matsubara T, Ajiro H, Sugawara T, Fujii M, Miyao T. Chemometrics Approach Based on Wavelet Transforms for the Estimation of Monomer Concentrations from FTIR Spectra. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19781-19788. [PMID: 37305275 PMCID: PMC10249027 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can detect the presence of functional groups and molecules directly from a mixed solution of organic molecules. Although it is quite useful to monitor chemical reactions, quantitative analysis of FTIR spectra becomes difficult when various peaks of different widths overlap. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a chemometrics approach to accurately predict the concentration of components in chemical reactions, yet interpretable by humans. The proposed method first decomposes a spectrum into peaks with various widths by the wavelet transform. Subsequently, a sparse linear regression model is built using the wavelet coefficients. Models by the method are interpretable using the regression coefficients shown on Gaussian distributions with various widths. The interpretation is expected to reveal the relation of broad regions in spectra to the model prediction. In this study, we conducted the prediction of monomer concentration in copolymerization reactions of five monomers against methyl methacrylate by various chemometric approaches including conventional methods. A rigorous validation scheme revealed that the proposed method overall showed better predictive ability than various linear and non-linear regression methods. The visualization results were consistent with the interpretation obtained by another chemometric approach and qualitative evaluation. The proposed method is found to be useful for calculating the concentrations of monomers in copolymerization reactions and for the interpretation of spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araki Wakiuchi
- Materials
Informatics Initiative, RD technology and digital transformation center, JSR Corporation, 3-103-9 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Swarit Jasial
- Data
Science Center, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shigehito Asano
- JSR
Corporation Yokkaichi Research Center, 100 Kawajiri-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-8552, Japan
| | - Ryo Hashizume
- JSR
Corporation Yokkaichi Research Center, 100 Kawajiri-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-8552, Japan
| | - Miho Hatanaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yu-ya Ohnishi
- Materials
Informatics Initiative, RD technology and digital transformation center, JSR Corporation, 3-103-9 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Matsubara
- Data
Science Center, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Ajiro
- Data
Science Center, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsunori Sugawara
- JSR
Corporation Yokkaichi Research Center, 100 Kawajiri-cho, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-8552, Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujii
- Data
Science Center, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyao
- Data
Science Center, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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4
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On-Line Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis: An Update-Part 2: EGA-FTIR. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248926. [PMID: 36558054 PMCID: PMC9788466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The on-line thermally induced evolved gas analysis (OLTI-EGA) is widely applied in many different fields. Aimed to update the applications, our group has systematically collected and published examples of EGA characterizations. Following the recently published review on EGA-MS applications, this second part reviews the latest applications of Evolved Gas Analysis performed by on-line coupling heating devices to infrared spectrometers (EGA-FTIR). The selected 2019, 2020, 2021 and early 2022 references are collected and briefly described in this review; these are useful to help researchers to easily find applications that are sometimes difficult to locate.
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Gallart-Mateu D, Béjar-Grimalt J, Esteve-Turrillas F, Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. A synergetic approach based on infrared spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry for the analysis of seized blotters: Boosting performance. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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Zhu M, He M, Zhu H. Forensic Identification of 3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), Ketamine, and Benzodiazepine by Handheld Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2126852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhu
- School of Forensic Science, Hunan Police Academy, Changsha, China
| | - MaoYun He
- Hunan Legal Forensic Center, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjian Zhu
- Yuelu Branch of Changsha Public Security Bureau of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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7
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Kranenburg RF, Ramaker HJ, van Asten AC. Portable near infrared spectroscopy for the isomeric differentiation of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 341:111467. [PMID: 36154979 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient identification of the precise isomeric form of new psychoactive substances (NPS) by forensic casework laboratories is a relevant challenge in the forensic field. Differences in legal status occur for ring-isomeric species of the same class, thus leading to different penalties and judicial control. Portable systems such as near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy recently emerged as suitable techniques for the on-scene identification of common drugs of abuse such as cocaine, MDMA and amphetamine. This way, the overall forensic process becomes more efficient as relevant information on substance identity becomes available directly at the scene of crime. Currently, no NIR-based applications exist for the rapid, on-scene detection of NPS isomers. Herein, we present the differentiation of cathinone and phenethylamine-type NPS analogues based on their NIR spectrum recorded in 2 seconds on a portable 1350 - 2600 nm spectrometer. A prior developed data analysis model was found suitable for the identification of the methylmethcathinone (MMC) isomers 2-MMC, 3-MMC and 4-MMC. In 51 mixtures and 22 seized casework samples, the correct isomeric form was detected in all cases except for a few mixtures with an active ingredient content of 10 wt%. These results show the feasibility of on-site NPS detection as presumptive test performed directly at the scene of crime with a small size NIR-spectrometer. Additionally, in the illicit drug analysis laboratory the combination of NIR and GC-MS analysis might be suitable for robust identification of NPS isomers and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben F Kranenburg
- Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam, Forensic Laboratory, Kabelweg 25, Amsterdam 1014 BA, the Netherlands; Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, the Netherlands.
| | - Henk-Jan Ramaker
- TIPb, Koningin Wilhelminaplein 30, Amsterdam 1062 KR, the Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, the Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, the Netherlands
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8
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Deidda R, Dispas A, De Bleye C, Hubert P, Ziemons É. Critical review on recent trends in cannabinoid determination on cannabis herbal samples: From chromatographic to vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Screening Test of Corrosive Solutions Concealed in Plastic Containers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of corrosive substances for criminal intent has recently increased in many countries, with 619 violent assaults recorded from 2019 to 2020 only in the UK. Criminals often conceal corrosive solutions, such as common household cleaners, in inconspicuous plastic bottles and splashing the content in order to incapacitate a victim while committing a robbery or to cause physical harm. There is currently no method available to law enforcement for the safe identification of these corrosive substances without being exposed to them. In this work, the feasibility of a near infrared (NIR) handheld spectrometer for the screening of corrosive inorganic solutions through plastic bottles is investigated. First, a training set comprising samples of five different corrosives was used to build a spectral library for data analysis and chemometric model design. Four models were then tested on three hundred samples of corrosive substances, as well as harmless substances such as water and soft drinks, to evaluate their performance. The models designed identified the corrosive substances in scenarios of concentrated solutions, showcasing the potential capability of this technique for the pre-screening of corrosive substances.
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10
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Shishkanova TV, Pospíšilová E, Prokopec V. Screening of Synthetic Cathinones by Potentiometric Sensor Array and Chemometrics. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Shishkanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pospíšilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Vadim Prokopec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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11
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Dragan AM, Parrilla M, Feier B, Oprean R, Cristea C, De Wael K. Analytical techniques for the detection of amphetamine-type substances in different matrices: A comprehensive review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Nogueira RG, Alves VD, Matias EVS, Veras G. Applications of NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics to illicit drug analysis: An example from inhalant drug screening tests. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111043. [PMID: 34628103 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The "loló" stands out among the most used inhalant drugs in Brazil. This drug is a non-specific blend of organic solvents, traditionally composed of ether and chloroform. Reports in the literature and forensic practice have revealed changes in the composition profile of this drug, based on availability of acquisition. This diversity has an effect on the efficiency of the preliminary tests used to detect illicit substances in situations that require rapid response time from the criminal investigations, such as arrests in the act. Considering the diversity of volatile substances with potential use as inhalant drugs and the limited detection abilities of preliminary exams routinely used by forensic laboratories, this present work applied NIR spectroscopy associated with chemometric models to detect the presence of organic solvents in samples of "loló". Initially, the chemical profile of the seized samples was surveyed in the geographic region of study (Paraiba State, Brazilian northeast), and from the observation of the prevalent substances, classification models were produced using samples made in the laboratory and samples from real apprehensions. Then, an analysis protocol was developed, based on SIMCA models, to detect the predominant solvents in the regional composition profile (dichloromethane, trichloroethene and chloroform). The proposed analysis protocol obtained an overall accuracy of 94.7% in detecting halogenated hydrocarbons in suspect samples and 100% accuracy in characterizing the composition of samples composed exclusively of the studied halogenated hydrocarbons and their binary mixtures. Considering that the colorimetric tests used in the routine of forensic laboratories do not detect many components, the proposed method was technically and economically viable in preliminary tests for samples seized as suspicious of being "loló".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Guimarães Nogueira
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida Baraúnas, 351, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil; Instituto de Polícia Científica da Paraíba, Núcleo de Laboratório Forense, Rua José Fraga dos Santos, s/n., 58200-000 Guarabira, Brazil
| | - Vitor Dantas Alves
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida Baraúnas, 351, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Emilly Valeria Silva Matias
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida Baraúnas, 351, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Germano Veras
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Quimiometria, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida Baraúnas, 351, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil.
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Sauzier G, van Bronswijk W, Lewis SW. Chemometrics in forensic science: approaches and applications. Analyst 2021; 146:2415-2448. [PMID: 33729240 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Forensic investigations are often reliant on physical evidence to reconstruct events surrounding a crime. However, there remains a need for more objective approaches to evidential interpretation, along with rigorously validated procedures for handling, storage and analysis. Chemometrics has been recognised as a powerful tool within forensic science for interpretation and optimisation of analytical procedures. However, careful consideration must be given to factors such as sampling, validation and underpinning study design. This tutorial review aims to provide an accessible overview of chemometric methods within the context of forensic science. The review begins with an overview of selected chemometric techniques, followed by a broad review of studies demonstrating the utility of chemometrics across various forensic disciplines. The tutorial review ends with the discussion of the challenges and emerging trends in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Sauzier
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Wilhelm van Bronswijk
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Simon W Lewis
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
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Schram J, Parrilla M, Sleegers N, Van Durme F, van den Berg J, van Nuijs ALN, De Wael K. Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1282-1294. [PMID: 33624933 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new psychoactive drugs in the market demands rapid and accurate tools for the on-site classification of illegal and legal compounds with similar structures. Herein, a novel method for the classification of synthetic cathinones (SCs) is presented based on their electrochemical profile. First, the electrochemical profile of five common SC (i.e., mephedrone, ethcathinone, methylone, butylone, and 4-chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone) is collected to build calibration curves using square wave voltammetry on graphite screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Second, the elucidation of the oxidation pathways, obtained by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, allows the pairing of the oxidation products to the SC electrochemical profile, providing a selective and robust classification. Additionally, the effect of common adulterants and illicit drugs on the electrochemical profile of the SC is explored. Interestingly, a cathodic pretreatment of the SPE allows the selective detection of each SC in presence of electroactive adulterants. Finally, the electrochemical approach is validated with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by analyzing 26 confiscated samples from seizures and illegal webshops. Overall, the electrochemical method exhibits a successful classification of SC including structural derivatives, a crucial attribute in an ever-diversifying drug market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schram
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Parrilla
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Sleegers
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Durme
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorrit van den Berg
- Team Illicit Drugs, The Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kamińska K, Świt P, Malek K. 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOME): A Harmful Hallucinogen Review. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 44:947-956. [PMID: 32128596 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NBOMes are N-benzylmethoxy derivatives of the 2C family compounds with N-2-methoxybenzyl moiety substituted by the methoxy group at the 2- and 5-position and the halogen group at the 4-position of the phenyl ring. These substances are a new class of potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens with potential harmful effects. The substitution with halogen of the already psychoactive phenethylamine produces a derivative (2C-I) with increased hallucinogenic effects. This class of hallucinogens has chemical structures very similar to natural hallucinogenic alkaloid mescaline and these are sold mainly via internet as a 'legal' alternative to other hallucinogenic drug-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). 25I-NBOMe is the first synthesized and one of the most common compound from NBOMes. Knowledge of pharmacological properties of 25I-NBOMe is very limited so far. There are only a few in vivo and in vitro so far published studies. The behavioral experiments are mainly related with the hallucinogenic effect of 25I-NBOMe while the in vitro studies concerning mainly the affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. The 25I-NBOMe Critical Review 2016 reported 51 non-fatal intoxications and 21 deaths associated with 25I-NBOMe across Europe. Case reports describe various toxic effects of 25I-NBOMe usage including tachycardia, hypertension, hallucinations, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury and death. The growing number of fatal and non-fatal intoxication cases indicates that 25I-NBOMe should be considered as a serious danger to public health. This review aims to present the current state of knowledge on pharmacological effects and chemical properties of 25I-NBOMe and to describe reported clinical cases and analytical methods available for identification of this agent in biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kamińska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Paweł Świt
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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16
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Tcharkhetian AEG, Bruni AT, Rodrigues CHP. Combining experimental and theoretical approaches to study the structural and spectroscopic properties of Flakka (α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone). RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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17
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Eliaerts J, Meert N, Dardenne P, Baeten V, Pierna JAF, Van Durme F, De Wael K, Samyn N. Comparison of Spectroscopic Techniques Combined with Chemometrics for Cocaine Powder Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:851-860. [PMID: 33313888 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics are a promising tool for analysis of seized drug powders. In this study, the performance of three spectroscopic techniques [Mid-InfraRed (MIR), Raman and Near-InfraRed (NIR)] was compared. In total, 364 seized powders were analyzed and consisted of 276 cocaine powders (with concentrations ranging from 4 to 99 w%) and 88 powders without cocaine. A classification model (using Support Vector Machines [SVM] discriminant analysis) and a quantification model (using SVM regression) were constructed with each spectral dataset in order to discriminate cocaine powders from other powders and quantify cocaine in powders classified as cocaine positive. The performances of the models were compared with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID). Different evaluation criteria were used: number of false negatives (FNs), number of false positives (FPs), accuracy, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) and determination coefficients (R2). Ten colored powders were excluded from the classification data set due to fluorescence background observed in Raman spectra. For the classification, the best accuracy (99.7%) was obtained with MIR spectra. With Raman and NIR spectra, the accuracy was 99.5% and 98.9%, respectively. For the quantification, the best results were obtained with NIR spectra. The cocaine content was determined with a RMSECV of 3.79% and a R2 of 0.97. The performance of MIR and Raman to predict cocaine concentrations was lower than NIR, with RMSECV of 6.76% and 6.79%, respectively and both with a R2 of 0.90. The three spectroscopic techniques can be applied for both classification and quantification of cocaine, but some differences in performance were detected. The best classification was obtained with MIR spectra. For quantification, however, the RMSECV of MIR and Raman was twice as high in comparison with NIR. Spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics can reduce the workload for confirmation analysis (e.g., chromatography based) and therefore save time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Eliaerts
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Department drugs and toxicology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Natalie Meert
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Department drugs and toxicology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dardenne
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Product Valorization, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vincent Baeten
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Product Valorization, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Filip Van Durme
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Department drugs and toxicology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioengineering, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nele Samyn
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Department drugs and toxicology, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Clancy L, Philp M, Shimmon R, Fu S. Development and validation of a color spot test method for the presumptive detection of 25-NBOMe compounds. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:929-943. [PMID: 32744773 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The great increase of new psychoactive substances over the past decade has substantially transformed the illicit drug industry to an ever-changing dynamic market. 25-NBOMe compounds are just one of these new substance groups that pose a public health risk in many countries around the world. These highly potent, hallucinogenic phenethylamines have previously been sold as "legal highs" or "synthetic LSD" and the necessity to rapidly identify their presence is crucial. While there are many laboratory-based analytical methods capable of identifying these compounds, the lack of presumptive test methods indicates the need for a specific and timely test that could be used in the field. Herein we outline the developed chemical spot test that can selectively identify the presence of 25-NBOMe compounds and related analogs through the reaction with a substituted benzoquinone reagent under basic conditions. This test method has been comprehensively validated showing a high level of selectivity, specificity, and precision with only two other illicit substances producing similar positive results as 25-NBOMe and few false-negative results seen. The working limit of detection was determined to be 225 μg and there was no cross-reactivity from potential adulterants of significance. This test has also been shown to work directly with blotter papers containing 25-NBOMe compounds, indicating no interference from this common matrix and the ability to differentiate these compounds from LSD. This method shows a high potential to be translated to a field compatible test that is simple, rapid, and selective for 25-NBOMe compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clancy
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan Philp
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald Shimmon
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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19
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Metternich S, Fischmann S, Münster-Müller S, Pütz M, Westphal F, Schönberger T, Lyczkowski M, Zörntlein S, Huhn C. Discrimination of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal matrices and of cathinone derivatives by portable and laboratory-based Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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21
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Saar-Reismaa P, Brilla CA, Leiman K, Kaljurand M, Vaher M, Kulp M, Mazina-Šinkar J. Use of a newly-developed portable capillary electrophoresis analyser to detect drugs of abuse in oral fluid: A case study. Talanta 2020; 211:120662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Fine JA, Rajasekar AA, Jethava KP, Chopra G. Spectral deep learning for prediction and prospective validation of functional groups. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4618-4630. [PMID: 34122917 PMCID: PMC8152587 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art identification of the functional groups present in an unknown chemical entity requires the expertise of a skilled spectroscopist to analyse and interpret Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), mass spectroscopy (MS) and/or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. This process can be time-consuming and error-prone, especially for complex chemical entities that are poorly characterised in the literature, or inefficient to use with synthetic robots producing molecules at an accelerated rate. Herein, we introduce a fast, multi-label deep neural network for accurately identifying all the functional groups of unknown compounds using a combination of FTIR and MS spectra. We do not use any database, pre-established rules, procedures, or peak-matching methods. Our trained neural network reveals patterns typically used by human chemists to identify standard groups. Finally, we experimentally validated our neural network, trained on single compounds, to predict functional groups in compound mixtures. Our methodology showcases practical utility for future use in autonomous analytical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Anand A Rajasekar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Krupal P Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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23
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Risoluti R, Caprari P, Gullifa G, Diana L, Luciani M, Amato A, Materazzi S. TGA/Chemometric Test Is Able to Detect the Presence of a Rare Hemoglobin Variant Hb Bibba. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:101. [PMID: 31632985 PMCID: PMC6781652 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the TGA/Chemometric test was applied for diagnosis of a case of congenital hemolytic anemia for which the common first level diagnostic tests were not able to find the erythrocyte congenital defect. A 6 years old girl presented chronic hemolytic anemia characterized by hyperbilirubinemia, increased spleen, negative Coombs tests, normal hemoglobin values, decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), increased red cell distribution width (RDW), reticulocytes and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and altered erythrocyte morphology (ovalocytes, spherocytes, and rare schizocytes). The diagnostic protocols for differential diagnosis of hereditary hemolytic anemia were carried out by the investigation of the congenital hemolytic anemias due to defects of membrane proteins and the most common erythrocyte enzymes, but no defect was found. The TGA/Chemometric test was applied and the PLS-DA model of prediction was used to process results. The thermogravimetric profile of the patient was very distinct from those of healthy subjects and comparable with those of thalassemia patients. The classification model applied to the patient identified a chronic hemolytic anemia due to a hemoglobin defect and the molecular characterization confirmed the TGA/Chemometrics results, demonstrating the presence of a very rare hemoglobin variant Hb Bibba (α2136(H19)Leu → Proβ2). In conclusion the TGA/Chemometric test proved to be a promising tool for the screening of the hemoglobin defects, in a short time and at low cost, of this case of congenital hemolytic anemia of difficult diagnosis. This method results particularly suitable in pediatric patients as it requires small sample volumes and is able to characterize patients subjected to transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Caprari
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Loretta Diana
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Luciani
- UO Ematologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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24
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Risoluti R, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Materazzi S. Miniaturized analytical platform for cocaine detection in oral fluids by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. Talanta 2019; 202:546-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Modeling Solid State Stability for Speciation: A Ten-Year Long Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163013. [PMID: 31434223 PMCID: PMC6720163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation studies are based on fundamental models that relate the properties of biomimetic coordination compounds to the stability of the complexes. In addition to the classic approach based on solution studies, solid state properties have been recently proposed as supporting tools to understand the bioavailability of the involved metal. A ten-year long systematic study of several different complexes of imidazole substituted ligands with transition metal ions led our group to the definition of a model based on experimental evidences. This model revealed to be a useful tool to predict the stability of such coordination complexes and is based on the induced behavior under thermal stress. Several different solid state complexes were characterized by Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis by Mass Spectrometry (TI-EGA-MS). This hyphenated technique provides fundamental information to determine the solid state properties and to create a model that relates stability to coordination. In this research, the model resulting from our ten-year long systematic study of complexes of transition metal ions with imidazole substituted ligands is described. In view of a systematic addition of information, new complexes of Cu(II), Zn(II), or Cd(II) with 2-propyl-4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid were precipitated, characterized, and studied by means of Thermally Induced Evolved Gas Analysis performed by mass spectrometry (TI-EGA-MS). The hyphenated approach was applied to enrich the information related to thermally induced steps, to confirm the supposed decomposition mechanism, and to determine the thermal stability of the studied complexes. Results, again, allowed supporting the theory that only two main characteristic and common thermally induced decomposition behaviors join the imidazole substituted complexes studied by our group. These two behaviors could be considered as typical trends and the model allowed to predict coordination behavior and to provide speciation information.
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26
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Muhamadali H, Watt A, Xu Y, Chisanga M, Subaihi A, Jones C, Ellis DI, Sutcliffe OB, Goodacre R. Rapid Detection and Quantification of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Using Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Front Chem 2019; 7:412. [PMID: 31275919 PMCID: PMC6593286 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than a million seizures of illegal drugs reported annually across Europe, the variety of psychoactive compounds available is vast and ever-growing. The multitude of risks associated with these compounds are well-known and can be life threatening. Hence the need for the development of new analytical techniques and approaches that allow for the rapid, sensitive, and specific quantitative detection and discrimination of such illicit materials, ultimately with portability for field testing, is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the application of Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) combined with chemometrics approaches, as rapid and portable techniques for the quantitative detection and discrimination of a wide range of novel psychoactive substances (methcathinone and aminoindane derivatives), both in powder form and in solution. The Raman spectra of the psychoactive compounds provided clear separation and classification of the compounds based on their core chemical structures; viz. methcathinones, aminoindanes, diphenidines, and synthetic cannabinoids. The SERS results also displayed similar clustering patterns, with improved limits of detections down to ~2 mM (0.41 g L−1). As mephedrone is currently very popular for recreational use we performed multiplexed quantitative detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), and its two major metabolites (nor-mephedrone and 4-methylephedrine), as tertiary mixtures in water and healthy human urine. These findings readily illustrate the potential application of SERS for simultaneous detection of multiple NPS as mixtures without the need for lengthy prior chromatographic separation or enrichment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howbeer Muhamadali
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Watt
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Malama Chisanga
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu Subaihi
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carys Jones
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David I Ellis
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver B Sutcliffe
- MANchester DRug Analysis and Knowledge Exchange, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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27
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Bovens M, Ahrens B, Alberink I, Nordgaard A, Salonen T, Huhtala S. Chemometrics in forensic chemistry - Part I: Implications to the forensic workflow. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:82-90. [PMID: 31132550 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The forensic literature shows a clear trend towards increasing use of chemometrics (i.e. multivariate analysis and other statistical methods). This can be seen in different disciplines such as drug profiling, arson debris analysis, spectral imaging, glass analysis, age determination, and more. In particular, current chemometric applications cover low-dimensional (e.g. drug impurity profiles) and high-dimensional data (e.g. Infrared and Raman spectra) and are therefore useful in many forensic disciplines. There is a dominant and increasing need in forensic chemistry for reliable and structured processing and interpretation of analytical data. This is especially true when classification (grouping) or profiling (batch comparison) is of interest. Chemometrics can provide additional information in complex crime cases and enhance productivity by improving the processes of data handling and interpretation in various applications. However, the use of chemometrics in everyday work tasks is often considered demanding by forensic scientists and, consequently, they are only reluctantly used. This article and following planned contributions are dedicated to those forensic chemists, interested in applying chemometrics but for any reasons are limited in the proper application of statistical tools - usually made for professionals - or the direct support of statisticians. Without claiming to be comprehensive, the literature reviewed revealed a sufficient overview towards the preferably used data handling and chemometric methods used to answer the forensic question. With this basis, a software tool will be designed (part of the EU project STEFA-G02) and handed out to forensic chemist with all necessary elements of data handling and evaluation. Because practical casework is less and less accompanied from the beginning to the end out of the same hand, more and more interfaces are built in through specialization of individuals. This article presents key influencing elements in the forensic workflow related to the most meaningful chemometric application and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bovens
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, P.O. Box, 8021 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - B Ahrens
- Federal Criminal Police Office, KT45, 65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - I Alberink
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - A Nordgaard
- National Forensic Centre, Swedish Police Authority, 58194 Linköping, Sweden
| | - T Salonen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - S Huhtala
- National Bureau of Investigation, Jokiniemenkuja 4, 01370 Vantaa, Finland
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28
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Risoluti R, Gullifa G, Battistini A, Materazzi S. "Lab-on-Click" Detection of Illicit Drugs in Oral Fluids by MicroNIR-Chemometrics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6435-6439. [PMID: 31034204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel, entirely automated MicroNIR-chemometric platform was developed for the "lab-on-click" detection of illicit drugs in nonpretreated oral fluids, and a novel tool for the first-level test is proposed. Calibration of the method was achieved by collecting oral-fluid specimens from volunteers, and chemometric analysis was considered for the development of models for prediction for cocaine, amphetamine, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. In addition, a comprehensive model was optimized for the simultaneous prediction of positive-negative samples and the specific illicit drug used by abusers in a single "click". The detection ability of the method was checked for true-positive and false-positive outcomes, and results were validated by a GC-MS reference official method. The MicroNIR-chemometric platform provided the simultaneous prediction of the three most frequently abused addictive drugs with the sensitivity and accuracy of the confirmatory analyses, offering the advantages of rapidity and simplicity and demonstrating that it is a promising tool for supporting public-health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry , "Sapienza" University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Gullifa
- Department of Chemistry , "Sapienza" University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Alfredo Battistini
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria , Centro di Politiche e Bioeconomia , via Pò 14 , 00198 Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry , "Sapienza" University of Rome , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
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29
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X-Ray powder diffraction – A non-destructive and versatile approach for the identification of new psychoactive substances. Talanta 2019; 195:414-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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30
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Metternich S, Zörntlein S, Schönberger T, Huhn C. Ion mobility spectrometry as a fast screening tool for synthetic cannabinoids to uncover drug trafficking in jail via herbal mixtures, paper, food, and cosmetics. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:833-846. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Metternich
- State Office of Criminal Investigation Rhineland‐PalatinateDepartment of Forensic Science Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried Zörntlein
- State Office of Criminal Investigation Rhineland‐PalatinateDepartment of Forensic Science Mainz Germany
| | | | - Carolin Huhn
- Eberhard Karls Universität TübingenInstitute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Tübingen Germany
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31
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Identification of NBOMe and NBOH in blotter papers using a handheld NIR spectrometer and chemometric methods. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Risoluti R, Materazzi S. MicroNIR/Chemometrics Assessement of Occupational Exposure to Hydroxyurea. Front Chem 2018; 6:228. [PMID: 29974049 PMCID: PMC6020770 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Portable Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) coupled to chemometrics was investigated for the first time as a novel entirely on-site approach for occupational exposure monitoring in pharmaceutical field. Due to a significant increase in the number of patients receiving chemotherapy, the development of reliable, fast, and on-site analytical methods to assess the occupational exposure of workers in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, has become more and more required. In this work, a fast, accurate, and sensitive detection of hydroxyurea, a cytotoxic antineoplastic agent commonly used in chemotherapy, was developed. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents was evaluated by collecting hydroxyurea on a membrane filter during routine drug manufacturing process. Spectra were acquired in the NIR region in reflectance mode by the means of a miniaturized NIR spectrometer coupled with chemometrics. This MicroNIR instrument is a very ultra-compact portable device with a particular geometry and optical resolution designed in such a manner that the reduction in size does not compromise the performances of the spectrometer. The developed method could detect up to 50 ng of hydroxyurea directly measured on the sampling filter membrane, irrespective of complexity and variability of the matrix; thus extending the applicability of miniaturized NIR instruments in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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33
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Verma N, Kumar R, Sharma V. Analysis of laser printer and photocopier toners by spectral properties and chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 196:40-48. [PMID: 29428895 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of printers to generate falsified documents has become a common practice in today's world. The examination and identification of the printed matter in the suspected documents (civil or criminal cases) may provide important information about the authenticity of the document. In the present study, a total number of 100 black toner samples both from laser printers and photocopiers were examined using diffuse reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The present research is divided into two parts; visual discrimination and discrimination by using multivariate analysis. A comparison between qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that multivariate analysis (Principal component analysis) provides 99.59%pair-wise discriminating power for laser printer toners while 99.84% pair-wise discriminating power for photocopier toners. The overall results obtained confirm the applicability of UV-Vis spectroscopy and chemometrics, in the nondestructive analysis of toner printed documents while enhancing their evidential value for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Verma
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; DFSS Fellow, Central Forensic Science Laboratory (Document Division), Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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34
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Garrido E, Pla L, Lozano‐Torres B, El Sayed S, Martínez‐Máñez R, Sancenón F. Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Probes for the Detection of Illicit Drugs. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:401-428. [PMID: 29872615 PMCID: PMC5974560 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of illicit drugs has increased exponentially in recent years and has become a problem that worries both governments and international institutions. The rapid emergence of new compounds, their easy access, the low levels at which these substances are able to produce an effect, and their short time of permanence in the organism make it necessary to develop highly rapid, easy, sensitive, and selective methods for their detection. Currently, the most widely used methods for drug detection are based on techniques that require large measurement times, the use of sophisticated equipment, and qualified personnel. Chromo- and fluorogenic methods are an alternative to those classical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Garrido
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y, Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
| | - Luis Pla
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y, Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
| | - Beatriz Lozano‐Torres
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y, Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
| | - Sameh El Sayed
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y, Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
| | - Ramón Martínez‐Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y, Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
- Departmento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y, Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
- CIBER de BioingenieríaBiomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN)
- Departmento de QuímicaUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaCamí de Vera s/n46022ValènciaSpain
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Risoluti R, Gregori A, Schiavone S, Materazzi S. “Click and Screen” Technology for the Detection of Explosives on Human Hands by a Portable MicroNIR–Chemometrics Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4288-4292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Scientific Investigation Department, Carabinieri RIS, Viale Tor di Quinto 151, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Schiavone
- Scientific Investigation Department, Carabinieri RIS, Viale Tor di Quinto 151, 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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36
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Risoluti R, Materazzi S, Sorrentino F, Bozzi C, Caprari P. Update on thalassemia diagnosis: New insights and methods. Talanta 2018; 183:216-222. [PMID: 29567167 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach based on Thermogravimetric analysis followed by Chemometrics (TGA/Chemometrics) is provided for Thalassemia diagnosis and a comprehensive study consisting of the coupled approach TGA/Chemometrics, the Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Red Blood Cell (RBC) indices is developed and results are compared. A number of 128 subjects were involved in this study included 16 thalassemia intermedia transfusion-dependent (TI-TD) patients, 18 thalassemia intermedia non transfusion-dependent (TI-NTD) patients, and 14 thalassemia major β (TM-TD) patients. Thalassemic patients were found to be clearly distinct from healthy donors as a function of a different thermal behavior. The chemometric analysis identifies the differences in the composition of blood and a model of prediction for β-thalassemia was developed and validated to distinguish all patients. TGA/Chemometrics method also permitted to differentiate thalassemic patients according to the severity of anaemia while the evaluation of the indices and the CBC are not able to identify TI-TD, TI-NTD and TM-TD patients at first level test. TGA/Chemometrics was successfully applied for thalassemia diagnosis with 100% of correct classification rate. Chemometric analysis demonstrated that red cell distribution width (RDW), haemoglobin (Hb) and RBC are the diagnostic features in thalassemia compared to mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH). New insights into the significance of the haematological features were provided for an update of the thalassemia classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza - University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Carlotta Bozzi
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Caprari
- National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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37
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Risoluti R, Materazzi S, Tau F, Russo A, Romolo FS. Towards innovation in paper dating: a MicroNIR analytical platform and chemometrics. Analyst 2018; 143:4394-4399. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a miniaturized near infrared spectrometer associated to chemometrics we developed a rapid and non destructive procedure to characterise paper and investigate its aging with the aim of solving dating problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Risoluti
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza – University of Rome
- piazzale Aldo Moro 5
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Stefano Materazzi
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza – University of Rome
- piazzale Aldo Moro 5
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Federica Tau
- Department of Chemistry
- Sapienza – University of Rome
- piazzale Aldo Moro 5
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Amalia Russo
- “Archivist
- Bibliography and librarianship” and “Diagnostic lab and Book Conservation”
- “Suor Orsola Benincasa” University of Naples
- Convento di S. Caterina da Siena
- Naples
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38
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Risoluti R, Gullifa G, Fabiano MA, Iona R, Zuccatosta F, Wo LW, Materazzi S. Divalent Transition Metal Complexes of 2-(Pyridin-2-yl)imidazole: Evolved Gas Analysis Predicting Model to Provide Characteristic Coordination. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217120313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Materazzi S, Gullifa G, Fabiano MA, Frati P, Santurro A, Scopetti M, Fineschi V, Risoluti R. New frontiers in thermal analysis. JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 2017; 130:549-557. [DOI: 10.1007/s10973-017-6239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
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40
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Materazzi S, Peluso G, Ripani L, Risoluti R. High-throughput prediction of AKB48 in emerging illicit products by NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Pereira LS, Lisboa FL, Neto JC, Valladão FN, Sena MM. Direct classification of new psychoactive substances in seized blotter papers by ATR-FTIR and multivariate discriminant analysis. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Materazzi S, Risoluti R, Pinci S, Saverio Romolo F. New insights in forensic chemistry: NIR/Chemometrics analysis of toners for questioned documents examination. Talanta 2017; 174:673-678. [PMID: 28738640 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) coupled to chemometrics was investigated for the first time as a new tool for the analysis of black toners to evaluate its application in forensic cases. Ten black toners from four manufacturers were included in this study and the acquired spectra were compared in order to differentiate toners. Multivariate statistical analysis based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was considered to develop a model of comparison of toners in questioned documents. Results demonstrated the capabilities of the approach NIR/Chemometrics to correctly identify toners when printed on different papers and to be not affected by the printing process. This study has shown that NIRs can be considered as a useful, fast, non-destructive tool providing the characterisation of toners in forensic caseworks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Pinci
- Department of Chemistry - "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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43
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Materazzi S, Gregori A, Ripani L, Apriceno A, Risoluti R. Cocaine profiling: Implementation of a predictive model by ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics in forensic chemistry. Talanta 2017; 166:328-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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Risoluti R, Gullifa G, Fabiano MA, Wo LW, Materazzi S. Biomimetic complexes of Cd(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) with 2-aminomethylbenzimidazole. EGA/MS characterization of the thermally induced decomposition. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Risoluti R, Fabiano MA, Gullifa G, Wo LW, Materazzi S. Biomimetic complexes of Cd(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) with 1,1-diaminobutane–Schiff base. EGA/MS study of the thermally induced decomposition. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321703029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Guirguis A, Girotto S, Berti B, Stair JL. Identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) using handheld Raman spectroscopy employing both 785 and 1064nm laser sources. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 273:113-123. [PMID: 28260646 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in the field is challenging due not only to the plethora of substances available, but also as a result of the chemical complexity of products and the chemical similarity of NPS analogues. In this study, handheld Raman spectroscopy and the use of two excitation wavelengths, 785 and 1064nm, were evaluated for the identification of 60 NPS products. The products contained a range of NPS from classes including the aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, benzodiazepines, and piperidines & pyrrolidines. Identification was initially assessed using the instruments' in built algorithm (i.e., % HQI) and then further by visual inspection of the Raman spectra. Confirmatory analysis was preformed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. For the 60 diverse products, an NPS was successfully identified via the algorithm in 11 products (18%) using the 785nm source and 29 products (48%) using the 1064nm source. Evaluation of the Raman spectra showed that increasing the excitation wavelength from 785 to 1064nm improved this 'first pass' identification primarily due to a significant reduction in fluorescence, which increased S/N of the characteristic peaks of the substance identified. True positive correlations between internet products and NPS signatures ranged from 57.0 to 91.3% HQI with typical RSDs<10%. Tablet formulations and branded products were particularly challenging as a result of low NPS concentration and high chemical complexity, respectively. This study demonstrates the advantage of using a 1064nm source with handheld Raman spectroscopy for improved 'first pass' NPS identification when minimal spectral processing is required, such as when working in field. Future investigations will focus on the use of mixture algorithms, effect of NPS concentration, and further improvement of spectral libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Guirguis
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Sarah Girotto
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Benedetta Berti
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Jacqueline L Stair
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
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47
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Jin C, Zhang Q, Lu W. Selective turn-on near-infrared fluorescence probe for hypoxic tumor cell imaging. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01466j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we designed a new selective turn on near-infrared fluorescence probe by conjugating (1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol to DCPO with ether linkage for hypoxic tumor cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Qiumeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
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