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Cai H, Zhang XC, Zhang L, Luo C, Lin HJ, Han DM, Chen FZ, Huang C. Molecule Engineering Metal-Organic Framework-Based Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Sensor for Ultrasensitive Bilirubin Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12739-12747. [PMID: 39056189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with organic small molecules by in situ postsynthetic modification has garnered considerable attention. However, the precise engineering of recognition sites using this method remains rarely explored in optically controlled bioelectronics. Herein, employing the Schiff base reaction to embed the small molecule (THBA) into a Zr-MOF, we fabricated a hydroxyl-rich MOF on the surface of titanium dioxide nanorod arrays (U6H@TiO2 NRs) to develop light-sensitive gate electrodes with tailored recognition capabilities. The U6H@TiO2 NR gate electrodes were integrated into organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensing systems to tailor a sensitive device for bilirubin (I-Bil) detection. In the presence of I-Bil, coordination effects, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions facilitated strong binding between U6H@TiO2 NRs and the target I-Bil. The electron-donating property of I-Bil influenced the gate voltage, enabling precise control of the channel status and modulation of the channel current. The OPECT device exhibited exceptional analytical performance toward I-Bil with wide linearity ranging from 1 × 10-16 to 1 × 10-9 M and a low limit detection of 0.022 fM. Leveraging the versatility of small molecules for boosting the functionalization of materials, this work demonstrates the great potential of the small molecule family for OPECT bioanalysis and holds promise for the advancement of OPECT sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chen Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Hui-Jin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - De-Man Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Feng-Zao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chaobiao Huang
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi, Zhejiang 321100, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
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Sharma P, Ganguly M, Doi A. Analytical developments in the synergism of copper particles and cysteine: a review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3476-3493. [PMID: 38989510 PMCID: PMC11232554 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00321g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a vital candidate for physiology. Coinage metal particles (both clusters and nanoparticles) are highly interesting for their spectacular plasmonic properties. In this case, copper is the most important candidate for its cost-effectiveness and abundance. However, rapid oxidation destroys the stability of copper particles, warranting the necessity of suitable capping agents and experimental conditions. Cysteine can efficiently carry out such a role. On the contrary, cysteine sensing is a vital step for biomedical science. This review article is based on a comparative account of copper particles with cysteine passivation and copper particles for cysteine sensing. For the deep understanding of readers, we discuss nanoparticles and nanoclusters, properties of cysteine, and importance of capping agents, along with various synthetic protocols and applications (sensing and bioimaging) of cysteine-capped copper particles (cysteine-capped copper nanoparticles and cysteine-capped copper nanoclusters). We also include copper nanoparticles and copper nanoclusters for cysteine sensing. As copper is a plasmonic material, fluorometric and colorimetric methods are mostly used for sensing. Real sample analysis for both copper particles with cysteine and copper particles for cysteine sensing are also incorporated in this review to demonstrate their practical applications. Both cysteine-capped copper particles and copper particles for cysteine sensing are the main essence of this review. The aspect of the synergism of copper and cysteine (unlike other amino acids) is quite promising for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur Dehmi Kalan Jaipur 303007 India
| | - Mainak Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur Dehmi Kalan Jaipur 303007 India
| | - Ankita Doi
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur Dehmi Kalan Jaipur 303007 India
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Albreht A, Martelanc M, Žiberna L. Simultaneous determination of free biliverdin and free bilirubin in serum: A comprehensive LC-MS approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342073. [PMID: 38182377 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases strongly rely on the sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of specific biomarkers in relevant biological samples. Free biliverdin and free bilirubin represent important new biomarkers of oxidative stress, however, the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination has hindered progress in biomedical and clinical research. RESULTS Here, we introduce a first comprehensive approach for robust and simultaneous determination of these bilins in serum using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The developed analytical method exhibits linearity for both analytes within the concentration range of 0.5-100 nM, with limits of detection and quantitation determined at 0.1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Moreover, several analytical pitfalls related to the intrinsic molecular structures of free bilirubin and free biliverdin and their trace concentration levels in biological samples are discussed here in detail for the first time. We have shown that the solubility, chemical stability, and affinity of these bilins to various materials strongly depend on the solvent, pH, and addition of stabilizing and chelating agents. Finally, the validated LC-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of both bilins in fetus bovine serums, yielding higher free bilirubin/biliverdin ratios compared with previously reported values for human serum. SIGNIFICANCE Failure to recognize and address the challenges presented here often leads to substantial analytical errors and consequently biased interpretation of the obtained results. This pertains not only to LC-MS, but also to many other analytical platforms due to the compound-derived sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Albreht
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mitja Martelanc
- University of Nova Gorica, Wine Research Centre, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia; University of Nova Gorica, School for Viticulture and Enology, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia
| | - Lovro Žiberna
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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Abdik E, Çakır T. Transcriptome-based biomarker prediction for Parkinson's disease using genome-scale metabolic modeling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:585. [PMID: 38182712 PMCID: PMC10770157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Identification of PD biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis and to develop target-based therapeutic agents. Integrative analysis of genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) and omics data provides a computational approach for the prediction of metabolite biomarkers. Here, we applied the TIMBR (Transcriptionally Inferred Metabolic Biomarker Response) algorithm and two modified versions of TIMBR to investigate potential metabolite biomarkers for PD. To this end, we mapped thirteen post-mortem PD transcriptome datasets from the substantia nigra region onto Human-GEM. We considered a metabolite as a candidate biomarker if its production was predicted to be more efficient by a TIMBR-family algorithm in control or PD case for the majority of the datasets. Different metrics based on well-known PD-related metabolite alterations, PD-associated pathways, and a list of 25 high-confidence PD metabolite biomarkers compiled from the literature were used to compare the prediction performance of the three algorithms tested. The modified algorithm with the highest prediction power based on the metrics was called TAMBOOR, TrAnscriptome-based Metabolite Biomarkers by On-Off Reactions, which was introduced for the first time in this study. TAMBOOR performed better in terms of capturing well-known pathway alterations and metabolite secretion changes in PD. Therefore, our tool has a strong potential to be used for the prediction of novel diagnostic biomarkers for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecehan Abdik
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tunahan Çakır
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Das J, Ta S, Salam N, Das S, Ghosh S, Das D. Polymeric copper(ii) and dimeric oxovanadium(v) complexes of amide-imine conjugate: bilirubin recognition and green catalysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13195-13205. [PMID: 37124003 PMCID: PMC10141293 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An exceptionally simple amide-imine conjugate, (E)-N'-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methylbenzohydrazide (L), derived by the condensation of 4-methyl-benzoic acid hydrazide (PTA) with 4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was utilized to prepare a dimeric oxo-vanadium (V1) and a one-dimensional (1D) copper(ii) coordination polymer (C1). The structures of L, V1 and C1 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results indicate that V1 is a promising green catalyst for the oxidation of sulfide, whereas C1 has potential for a C-S cross-coupling reaction in a greener way. Most importantly, C1 is an efficient 'turn-on' fluorescence sensor for bilirubin that functions via a ligand displacement approach. The displacement equilibrium constant is 7.78 × 105 M-1. The detection limit for bilirubin is 1.15 nM in aqueous chloroform (chloroform/water, 1/4, v/v, PBS buffer, and pH 8.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Sabyasachi Ta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Noor Salam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
- Department of Chemistry, Surendranath College 24/2 MG Road Kolkata 700009 WB India
| | - Sudipta Das
- Raina Swami Bholananda Vidyayatan Burdwan 713421 WB India
| | - Subhasis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
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Nanomaterials for fluorescent assay of bilirubin. Anal Biochem 2023; 666:115078. [PMID: 36754137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of bilirubin in blood is associated with many diseases. Sensitive and accurate detection of bilirubin is of great significance for personal health care. The rapid development of fluorescent nanomaterials promotes rapid development in the bilirubin assay. In this review, traditional methods for detection of bilirubin are briefly presented to compare with fluorescent nanosensors. Subsequently, the recent progress of different types of fluorescent nanomaterials for determination of bilirubin is summarized. Further, the performance of fluorescent nanosensors and conventional techniques for sensing bilirubin are compared. To this end, the challenges and prospects concerning the topics are discussed. This review will provide some introductory knowledge for researchers to understand the status and importance of fluorescent nanosensors for sensing bilirubin.
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Khabibullin VR, Franko M, Proskurnin MA. Accuracy of Measurements of Thermophysical Parameters by Dual-Beam Thermal-Lens Spectrometry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:430. [PMID: 36770391 PMCID: PMC9920435 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal-lens spectrometry is a sensitive technique for determination of physicochemical properties and thermophysical parameters of various materials including heterogeneous systems and nanoparticles. In this paper, we consider the issues of the correctness (trueness) of measurements of the characteristic time of the thermal-lens effect and, thus, of the thermal diffusivity determined by dual-beam mode-mismatching thermal lensing. As sources of systematic errors, major factors-radiation sources, sample-cell and detector parameters, and general measurement parameters-are considered using several configurations of the thermal-lens setups, and their contributions are quantified or estimated. Furthermore, with aqueous ferroin and Sudan I in ethanol as inert colorants, the effects of the intermolecular distance of the absorbing substance on the correctness of finding the thermophysical parameters are considered. The recommendations for checking the operation of the thermal-lens setup to ensure the maximum accuracy are given. The results obtained help reducing the impact of each investigated factor on the value of systematic error and correctly measure the thermophysical parameters using thermal-lens spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav R. Khabibullin
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, d. 1, str. 3, Lenin Hills, GSP-1 V-234, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mladen Franko
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Rožna Dolina, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Mikhail A. Proskurnin
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, d. 1, str. 3, Lenin Hills, GSP-1 V-234, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Barik B, Mohapatra S. Selective and sensitive fluorescence turn-on detection of bilirubin using resorcinol-sucrose derived carbon dot. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114813. [PMID: 35863463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots have been prepared from resorcinol and sucrose (rsCDs) hydrothermally, which show green emission at 525 nm with a fluorescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 17.2%. The intense emission of rsCDs is quenched upon the addition of Cu2+. In the presence of bilirubin (BR), the emission intensity is enhanced due to the competitive binding of Cu2+ with bilirubin and hence releasing rsCDs to the sensing medium. It is the first time report on turn-on fluorescence sensing towards BR with a detection limit of 85 nM. Even in the presence of other comparable biomolecules, the sensor is selective and ultrasensitive to bilirubin. A cellulose paper-based sensor strip has also been designed for the naked-eye detection of BR in blood serum. Due to the specific recognition of this rsCDs towards BR, it can be applied to detect BR in practical human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Barik
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Sasmita Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Li N, Hu C, Zhang W, Ma R, Zhang L, Qiao J. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots as a Fluorescent Probe for the Highly Sensitive Detection of Bilirubin and Cell Imaging. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:913-921. [PMID: 35322522 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) with bright blue fluorescence were constructed by a hydrothermal method using sucrose and L-proline as raw materials. The NCDs were characterized by transmitted electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible absorption (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties. The NCDs had good water solubility, high dispersibility with an average diameter of only 1.7 nm, and satisfactory optical properties with a fluorescence quantum yield of 23.4%. The NCDs were employed for the detection of bilirubin. A good linear response of the NCDs in the range 0.35-9.78 μM was obtained for bilirubin with a detection limit of 33 nM. The NCDs were also applied to the analysis of real samples, serum and urine, with a recovery of 95.34%-104.66%. The low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility of the NCDs were indicated by an MTT assay and cell imaging of HeLa cells. Compared with other detection systems, using NCDs for bilirubin detection was a facile and efficient method with good selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuqian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenkun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Fluorescent sensing of free bilirubin at nanomolar level using a Langmuir-Blodgett film of glucuronic acid-functionalized gold nanoclusters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7009-7019. [PMID: 34535815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum bilirubin is an important indicator to assess liver function and diagnose various types of liver diseases. The level of serum bilirubin is also negatively correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. We had fabricated a fluorescent film sensor aiming at free bilirubin detection at the nanomolar level. Gold nanoclusters capped by human serum albumin (HSA-AuNCs) were utilized as a fluorescent platform for bilirubin biorecognition. HSA-AuNCs were functionalized with glucuronic acid to increase the binding sites for bilirubin. An ultrathin film of glucuronic acid-functionalized gold nanoclusters was obtained by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. When exposed to bilirubin, the interaction between free bilirubin and the functionalized AuNCs resulted in fluorescent quenching of the film. Good linearity could be achieved for the quenching efficiency versus the logarithm of free bilirubin concentration over a concentration range of 1.00 nM~5.00 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be (2.70 ± 0.14) × 10-1 nM (S/N = 3). The film sensor presents a good anti-interference capability towards common substances coexisting with bilirubin in serum. Satisfactory results achieved in the tests of real serum samples indicate that the LB film sensor can be used for bilirubin determination in nanomolar concentration.
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Anand SK, Mathew MR, Girish Kumar K. A dual channel optical sensor for biliverdin and bilirubin using glutathione capped copper nanoclusters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Gao D, Yang X, Teng P, Luo M, Zhang H, Liu Z, Yang J, Li Z, Wen X, Yuan L, Li K, Bowkett M, Copner N. On-line SERS detection of bilirubin based on the optofluidic in-fiber integrated GO/Ag NPs for rapid diagnosis of jaundice. Talanta 2021; 234:122692. [PMID: 34364489 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a self-assembled graphene oxide (GO)/Ag NPs SERS Raman sensor based on a novel type of optofluidic MHF as a point-of-care testing (POCT) device. This device is used to diagnose jaundice and its related diseases through on-line detection of free bilirubin content in human serum. This optofluidic Raman sensor is composed of a microstructured hollow fiber (MHF) with a microstructured channel and a suspended core, which allows the sample solution to flow in the channel while interacting with the strong evanescent field on the suspended core. Here, the suspended core was modified by a GO/Ag NPs SERS substrate. When the sample flows through the channel, and interacts with the strong evanescent field generated by the suspended core, the on-line SERS signal is generated and can be coupled back to the suspended core to be detected. In addition, both the electrostatic interaction and interference between GO/Ag NPs with the target enriched bilirubin. The results show that the detection concentration range of bilirubin aqueous, bilirubin in albumin and bilirubin in human blood are all in the range of 2 μM-100 μM, and all have a good linear response. The limit of detection reaches the order of 10-6 M. This rapid, sensitive and label-free SERS Raman sensor of free bilirubin in blood can detect excessive levels of bilirubin in the actual blood environment of the human body, providing a broad prospect for clinically accurate diagnosis of jaundice and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Pingping Teng
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Meng Luo
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haoxin Zhang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhihai Liu
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhanao Li
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xingyue Wen
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Libo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China; Photonics Research Center, Guilin University of Electronics Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Kang Li
- Wireless & Optoelectronics Research & Innovation Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Science, University of South Wales, Wales, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Mark Bowkett
- Wireless & Optoelectronics Research & Innovation Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Science, University of South Wales, Wales, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Nigel Copner
- Wireless & Optoelectronics Research & Innovation Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Science, University of South Wales, Wales, CF37 1DL, UK
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Zhu X, Feng S, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Yang H, Wang Z. An ultra-red fluorescent biosensor for highly sensitive and rapid detection of biliverdin. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1174:338709. [PMID: 34247733 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The important role of BV in clinical diagnostics of liver-related diseases has been established in veterinary medicine. However, the sensitivity and selectivity of the current BV assays remain relatively low compromising its wider application in clinical diagnosis. Herein, we developed a rapid and sensitive BV-detecting biosensor based on a novel far-red fluorescent protein smURFP, which produced fluorescence only through specific interaction with its cofactor BV. In our study, the binding of BV to smURFP was then systematically optimized based on the structures of the smURFP + BV complex to increase the sensitivity of our biosensor. A wide linear range from 0 μM to 25 μM was obtained in both chicken and human serum. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for BV was as low as 0.4 nM and 1.5 nM in human serum, and 0.4 nM and 1.2 nM in chicken serum. To our knowledge, this is the lowest LOD that has ever been reported for a BV biosensor. Our study sheds light on the biological and clinical analysis of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuren Feng
- Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Centre (TWCHC), Tianjin, 300051, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Huayue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Yi K, Li H, Zhang X, Zhang L. Designed Tb(III)-Functionalized MOF-808 as Visible Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring Bilirubin and Identifying Fingerprints. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3172-3180. [PMID: 33599496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal bilirubin (BR) level is a sign of several fatal diseases, so it is of great significance and challenge to develop a facile and effective family routine strategy for BR sensing. Herein, novel water-stable Tb3+@MOF-808 has been synthesized using a coordinated postsynthetic modification strategy and designed as a convenient and efficient fluorescence probe. The fabricated fluorescent probe exhibits a remarkable fluorescence quenching effect with the successive addition of BR, which displays fascinating features, such as fast response time, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. The quenching mechanism between the fluorescent probe and BR was also illustrated in detail. Importantly, the devised fluorescent probe successfully achieved the determination of BR in serum and urine, which has also been successfully used in the design of portable BR test paper. The developed monitoring platform for BR levels in vivo provides promising application potential for the prevention and early diagnosis of fatal diseases. Additionally, a molecular logic gate device that performs intelligent fluorescent sensing of BR was constructed. More interestingly, Tb3+@MOF-808 is used for development of latent fingerprints on different guest surfaces. The lines of the fluorescent fingerprints are clear and coherent, the details are obvious, and even sweat pores can be observed by naked eyes, which provides new means for tracking the criminal clue and handling cases efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyu Yi
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, People's Republic of China
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15
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Xu D, Duan L, Jia W, Yang G, Gu Y. Fabrication of Ag@Fe2O3 hybrid materials as ultrasensitive SERS substrates for the detection of organic dyes and bilirubin in human blood. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Xiao W, Zhi D, Pan Q, Liang Y, Zhou F, Chen Z. A ratiometric bilirubin sensor based on a fluorescent gold nanocluster film with dual emissions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5691-5698. [PMID: 33205788 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin originates from hemoglobin metabolism and is an important biomarker for liver function. A ratiometric film sensor based on gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) was fabricated for highly sensitive determination of free bilirubin (fBR). Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a template, AuNCs that can emit blue and red fluorescence were prepared by the hydrothermal method at different pH values. Two kinds of AuNCs were incorporated into a single film by the layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) technique. The obtained thin-film showed dual fluorescence peaks excited at 372 nm, corresponding to the blue (443 nm) and red (622 nm) emissions of AuNCs respectively. When fBR interacted with the film, both fluorescence peaks were quenched at different degrees. A ratiometric method for fBR detection was established based on the fluorescence intensity ratio of the two emissions. The linear calibration curve for fBR lay in the concentration range of 0.01-2.00 μmol L-1 with a detection limit of 8.90 ± 0.34 nmol L-1 (S/N = 3). The film sensor showed a quick and sensitive response to fBR and could detect fBR in real samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Xiao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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17
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Topić Božič J, Butinar L, Ćurko N, Kovačević Ganić K, Mozetič Vodopivec B, Korte D, Franko M. Implementation of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to thermal lens spectrometry (HPLC-TLS) for quantification of pyranoanthocyanins during fermentation of Pinot Noir grapes. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Abbasgholi Nejad Asbaghi B, Shokoufi N, Nouri Hajibaba S. Bovine serum albumin determination based on methylene blue detection by photothermal lens spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2020; 594:113621. [PMID: 32057729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on a new sensitive method, for bovine serum albumin quantification, which is based on the use of methylene blue as a labelling agent combined with photothermal lens detection. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, methylene blue forms a dimer which can react with bovine serum albumin producing dedimerization. We found that, the photothermal signal decreases proportional to the concentration of bovine serum albumin added to the system composed by dodecyl sulfate and methylene blue. Therefore, the change of the signal intensity is linearly proportional to the concentration of bovine serum albumin. Under the optimized analytical conditions, used in this work, the photothermal signal is linearly dependent on the concentration of bovine serum albumin in the range of 0.5 × 10-6-7.5 × 10-5 gmL-1 with a regression coefficient R2 = 0.9954. The relative standard deviation for BSA determination at 3.5 × 10-5 gmL-1 (n = 5) is 2.3% and the achieved detection limit is 3.5 × 10-7 gmL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nader Shokoufi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Cabrera H, Goljat L, Korte D, Marín E, Franko M. A multi-thermal-lens approach to evaluation of multi-pass probe beam configuration in thermal lens spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:182-190. [PMID: 31987139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Rawal R, Kharangarh PR, Dawra S, Tomar M, Gupta V, Pundir C. A comprehensive review of bilirubin determination methods with special emphasis on biosensors. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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A Simple and Cost Effective Turn off Fluorescence Sensor for Biliverdin and Bilirubin Based on L-Cysteine Modulated Copper Nanoclusters. J Fluoresc 2019; 30:63-70. [PMID: 31858352 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present article reports the efficiency of L-cysteine modulated copper nanoclusters (L-cys-CuNCs) as a fluorescent probe for the selective determination of naturally occurring bile pigments biliverdin (BVD) and bilirubin (BLR). These pigments were found to quench the fluorescence of L-cys-CuNCs through static processes. Under optimized conditions, the proposed strategy permitted the quantification of BVD and BLR in the range 4.00 × 10-5 to 5.00 × 10-7M and 1.00×10-5 to 1.00×10-6 M respectively with limits of detection 2.33 × 10-7M and 2.29 × 10-7 M. The practical utility of the developed sensor have been investigated in spiked blood and urine samples.
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22
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Edachana RP, Kumaresan A, Balasubramanian V, Thiagarajan R, Nair BG, Thekkedath Gopalakrishnan SB. Paper-based device for the colorimetric assay of bilirubin based on in-situ formation of gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Tabatabaee RS, Golmohammadi H, Ahmadi SH. Easy Diagnosis of Jaundice: A Smartphone-Based Nanosensor Bioplatform Using Photoluminescent Bacterial Nanopaper for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Hyperbilirubinemia. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1063-1071. [PMID: 30896150 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the concerns of parents in the first days of their baby's birth is the baby's risk of jaundice/hyperbilirubinemia. This is because more than 60% of babies are born with jaundice that, if not timely diagnosed and subsequently treated, can lead to serious damage to their health. On the other hand, despite recent progress in sensor technology for clinical applications, the development of easy-to-use, cost-effective, sensitive, specific, and portable diagnostic devices, which use nontoxic and biodegradable materials in their design and fabrication, is still in high demand. Herein we present an easy-to-use, cost-effective, selective, nontoxic, and disposable photoluminescent nanopaper-based assay kit with a smartphone readout for easy diagnosis of neonatal jaundice through visual determination of Bilirubin (BR) in infants' blood samples. The developed BR assay kit comprises highly photoluminescent carbon dot (CD) sensing probes embedded in a bacterial cellulose (BC) nanopaper substrate (CDBN). The photoluminescence (PL) of the developed BR sensor is quenched in the presence of BR as a PL quencher and then selectively recovered upon blue light (λ = 470 nm) exposure, due to conversion of the unconjugated BR to the colorless oxidation products (non-PL quencher) through BR photoisomerization and photooxidation, that subsequently leads to selective PL enhancement of CDBN. The recovered PL intensity of the developed BR assay kit, which was monitored by integrated smartphone camera, was linearly proportional to the concentration of BR in the range of 2-20 mg dL-1. The feasibility of real application of the fabricated smartphone-based BR assay kit was also confirmed via comparing the results of our method with a clinical reference method for determination of BR concentration in infant's blood samples. With the advantages of nontoxicity and the extraordinary physicochemical properties of photoluminescent BC nanopaper as the sensing substrate, along with those of smartphone technology, we believe that our developed smartphone-based BR assay kit, as an easy-to-use, cost-effective (∼0.01 Euro per test), portable and novel sensing bioplatform, can be potentially exploited for sensitive, specific, rapid, and easy BR detection and jaundice diagnosis at the point of care (POC) and in routine clinical laboratories as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Golmohammadi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hamid Ahmadi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Ngashangva L, Bachu V, Goswami P. Development of new methods for determination of bilirubin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 162:272-285. [PMID: 30273817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for a sensitive, rapid and reliable method for determination of serum bilirubin level has been inciting the interest of the researchers to develop new methods for both laboratory set up and point of care applications. These efforts embrace measurement of different forms of bilirubin, such as, unconjugated (free and albumin bound) bilirubin, conjugated (direct) bilirubin, and total (both conjugated and unconjugated) bilirubin in the serum that may provide critical information useful for diagnosis of many diseases and metabolic disorders. Herein, an effort has been made to provide a broad overview on the subject starting from the conventional spectroscopy based analytical methods widely practiced in the laboratory setup along with the sophisticated instrument based sensitive methods suitable for determination of different forms of bilirubin to various portable low cost systems applicable in point of care (POC) settings. In all these discussions emphasis is given on the novel methods and techniques bearing potential to measure the bilirubin level in biological samples reliably with less technical complexity and cost. We expect that this review will serve as a ready reference for the researchers and clinical professionals working on the subject and allied fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lightson Ngashangva
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Vinay Bachu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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25
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Čvorović J, Passamonti S. Membrane Transporters for Bilirubin and Its Conjugates: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:887. [PMID: 29259555 PMCID: PMC5723324 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bilirubin is a highly-hydrophobic tetrapyrrole which binds to plasma albumin. It is conjugated in the liver to glucuronic acid, and the water-soluble glucuronides are excreted in urine and bile. The membrane transporters of bilirubin diglucuronide are well-known. Still undefined are however the transporters performing the uptake of bilirubin from the blood into the liver, a process known to be fast and not rate-limited. The biological importance of this process may be appraised by considering that in normal adults 200–300 mg of bilirubin are produced daily, as a result of the physiologic turnover of hemoglobin and cellular cytochromes. Nevertheless, research in this field has yielded controversial and contradicting results. We have undertaken a systematic review of the literature, believing in its utility to improve the existing knowledge and promote further advancements. Methods: We have sourced the PubMed database until 30 June 2017 by applying 5 sequential searches. Screening and eligibility criteria were applied to retain research articles reporting results obtained by using bilirubin molecules in membrane transport assays in vitro or by assessing serum bilirubin levels in in vivo experiments. Results: We have identified 311 articles, retaining 44, reporting data on experimental models having 6 incremental increases of complexity (isolated proteins, membrane vesicles, cells, organ fragments, in vivo rodents, and human studies), demonstrating the function of 19 membrane transporters, encoded by either SLCO or ABC genes. Three other bilirubin transporters have no gene, though one, i.e., bilitranslocase, is annotated in the Transporter Classification Database. Conclusions: This is the first review that has systematically examined the membrane transporters for bilirubin and its conjugates. Paradoxically, the remarkable advancements in the field of membrane transport of bilirubin have pointed to the elusive mechanism(s) enabling bilirubin to diffuse into the liver as if no cellular boundary existed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Čvorović
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Yuan Y, Panwar N, Yap SHK, Wu Q, Zeng S, Xu J, Tjin SC, Song J, Qu J, Yong KT. SERS-based ultrasensitive sensing platform: An insight into design and practical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Bilirubin is an Endogenous Antioxidant in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29240. [PMID: 27381978 PMCID: PMC4933905 DOI: 10.1038/srep29240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin is a standard serum biomarker of liver function. Inexplicably, it is inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease risk. Given the role of endothelial dysfunction in originating cardiovascular diseases, direct analysis of bilirubin in the vascular endothelium would shed light on these relationships. Hence, we used high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with thermal lens spectrometric detection and diode array detection for the determination of endogenous cellular IXα-bilirubin. To confirm the isomer IXα-bilirubin, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization source, as well as tandem mass spectrometric detection. We measured bilirubin in both arterial and venous rat endothelium (0.9-1.5 pmol mg(-1) protein). In the human endothelial Ea.hy926 cell line, we demonstrated that intracellular bilirubin (3-5 pmol mg(-1) protein) could be modulated by either extracellular bilirubin uptake, or by up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1, a cellular enzyme related to endogenous bilirubin synthesis. Moreover, we determined intracellular antioxidant activity by bilirubin, with EC50 = 11.4 ± 0.2 nM, in the range of reported values of free serum bilirubin (8.5-13.1 nM). Biliverdin showed similar antioxidant properties as bilirubin. We infer from these observations that intra-endothelial bilirubin oscillates, and may thus be a dynamic factor of the endothelial function.
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