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Malik S, Chakraborty D, Agnihotri P, Kumar V, Biswas S. Unveiling the Nexus: Cellular Metabolomics Unravels the Impact of Estrogen on Nicotinamide Metabolism in Mitigating Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis. Metabolites 2024; 14:214. [PMID: 38668342 PMCID: PMC11052502 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a metabolic joint disorder influenced by hormonal regulation, notably estrogen, which plays a cytoprotective role against inflammation. While estrogen's impact on RA pathogenesis has been studied, the altered metabolite expression under estrogen's influence remains unexplored. This study investigated the changes in the metabolome of synovial fibroblasts isolated from RA patients under 17β-estradiol (E2) using the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach followed by multivariate and biological pathway analysis along with in vitro validation. Results identified 3624 m/z, among which eight metabolites were significant (p < 0.05). Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism was found to be highly correlated with the treatment of E2, with metabolites NAD+ and 1-methynicotinamide (1-MNA) upregulated by E2 induction in RA-FLS. PharmMapper analysis identified potential gene targets of 1-MNA, which were further matched with RA gene targets, and thus, STAT1, MAPK14, MMP3, and MMP9 were concluded to be the common targets. E2 treatment affected the expression of these gene targets and ameliorated the development of oxidative stress associated with RA inflammation, which can be attributed to increased concentration of 1-MNA. Thus, an LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics study revealed the prominent role of estrogen in preventing inflammatory progression in RA by altering metabolite concentration, which can support its therapeutic capacity in remitting RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Malik
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debolina Chakraborty
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prachi Agnihotri
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS—All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Zhang C, Hu Z, Pan Z, Ji Z, Cao X, Yu H, Qin X, Guan M. The arachidonic acid metabolome reveals elevation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in colorectal cancer. Analyst 2024; 149:1907-1920. [PMID: 38372525 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01723k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolites are a family of bioactive lipids derived from membrane phospholipids. They are involved in cancer progression, but arachidonic acid metabolite profiles and their related biosynthetic pathways remain uncertain in colorectal cancer (CRC). To compare the arachidonic acid metabolite profiles between CRC patients and healthy controls, quantification was performed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analysis of serum and tissue samples. Metabolomics analysis delineated the distinct oxidized lipids in CRC patients and healthy controls. Prostaglandin (PGE2)-derived metabolites were increased, suggesting that the PGE2 biosynthetic pathway was upregulated in CRC. The qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that the expression level of PGE2 synthases, the key protein of PGE2 biosynthesis, was upregulated in CRC and positively correlated with the CD68+ macrophage density and CRC development. Our study indicates that the PGE2 biosynthetic pathway is associated with macrophage infiltration and progression of CRC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zuojian Hu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Ziyue Pan
- Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaodong Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongxiu Yu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China.
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Marra PS, Nishizawa Y, Yamanashi T, Sullivan EJ, Comp KR, Crutchley KJ, Wahba NE, Shibata K, Nishiguchi T, Yamanishi K, Noiseux NO, Karam MD, Shinozaki G. NSAIDs use history: impact on the genome-wide DNA methylation profile and possible mechanisms of action. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3509-3516. [PMID: 37341931 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase, but their role in aging and other diseases is not well understood. Our group previously showed the potential benefit of NSAIDs in decreasing the risk of delirium and mortality. Concurrently, epigenetics signals have also been associated with delirium. Therefore, we sought to find differentially methylated genes and biological pathways related to exposure with NSAIDs by comparing the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of patients with and without a history of NSAIDs use. METHODS Whole blood samples were collected from 171 patients at the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics from November 2017 to March 2020. History of NSAIDs use was assessed through a word-search function in the subjects' electronic medical records. DNA was extracted from the blood samples, processed with bisulfite conversion, and analyzed using Illumina's EPIC array. The analysis of top differentially methylated CpG sites and subsequent enrichment analysis were conducted using an established pipeline using R statistical software. RESULTS Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) showed several biological pathways relevant to NSAIDs' function. The identified GO terms included "arachidonic acid metabolic process," while KEGG results included "linoleic acid metabolism," "cellular senescence," and "circadian rhythm." Nonetheless, none of the top GO and KEGG pathways and the top differentially methylated CpG sites reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential role of epigenetics in the mechanisms of the action of NSAIDs. However, the results should be viewed with caution as exploratory and hypothesis-generating given the lack of statistically significant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro S Marra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yoshitaka Nishizawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Faculty of Medicine, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago-Shi, Tottori, Japan
| | - Eleanor J Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katie R Comp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Nadia E Wahba
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nishiguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago-Shi, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nicolas O Noiseux
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew D Karam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gen Shinozaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3165 Porter Dr. Room 2175, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Zhou Q, Sun HJ, Zhang XW. Total Saponin Fraction of Dioscorea Nipponica Makino Improves Gouty Arthritis Symptoms in Rats via M1/M2 Polarization of Monocytes and Macrophages Mediated by Arachidonic Acid Signaling. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:1007-1017. [PMID: 36607587 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of effects of total saponin fraction from Dioscorea Nipponica Makino (TSDN) on M1/M2 polarization of monocytes/macrophages and arachidonic acid (AA) pathway in rats with gouty arthritis (GA). METHODS Seventy-two Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=18 in each): normal, model, TSDN at 160 mg/kg, and celecoxib at 43.3 mg/kg. Monosodium urate crystal (MSU) was injected into the rats' ankle joints to induce an experimental GA model. Blood and tissue samples were collected on the 3rd, 5th, and 8th days of drug administration. Histopathological changes in the synovium of joints were observed via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The expression levels of arachidonic acid (AA) signaling pathway were assessed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages in the peripheral blood. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect interleukine (IL)-1 β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-10, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). RESULTS HE staining showed that TSDN improved the synovial tissue. qPCR and Western blot showed that on the 3rd, 5th and 8th days of drug administration, TSDN reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 derived eicosanoids (mPGES-1), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), recombinant human mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NALP3), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats' ankle synovial tissues (P<0.01). TSDN decreased COX1 mRNA and protein expression on 3rd and 5th day of drug administration and raised it on the 8th day (both P<0.01). It lowered CD68 protein expression on days 3 (P<0.01), as well as mRNA and protein expression on days 5 and 8 (P<0.01). On the 3rd, 5th, and 8th days of drug administration, TSDN elevated the mRNA and protein expression of Arg1 and CD163 (P<0.01). Flow cytometry results showed that TSDN decreased the percentage of M1 macrophages while increasing the percentage of M2 in peripheral blood (P<0.05 or P<0.01). ELISA results showed that on the 3rd, 5th, and 8th days of drug administration, TSDN decreased serum levels of IL-1 β, TNF-α, and LTB4 (P<0.01), as well as PGE2 levels on days 3rd and 8th days (P<0.05 or P<0.01); on day 8 of administration, TSDN increased IL-4 serum levels and enhanced IL-10 contents on days 5 and 8 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory effect of TSDN on rats with GA may be achieved by influencing M1/M2 polarization through AA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hui-Juan Sun
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xi-Wu Zhang
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Lei Q, Yang J, Li L, Zhao N, Lu C, Lu A, He X. Lipid metabolism and rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190607. [PMID: 37325667 PMCID: PMC10264672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As a chronic progressive autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by mainly damaging the synovium of peripheral joints and causing joint destruction and early disability. RA is also associated with a high incidence rate and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Recently, the relationship between lipid metabolism and RA has gradually attracted attention. Plasma lipid changes in RA patients are often detected in clinical tests, the systemic inflammatory status and drug treatment of RA patients can interact with the metabolic level of the body. With the development of lipid metabolomics, the changes of lipid small molecules and potential metabolic pathways have been gradually discovered, which makes the lipid metabolism of RA patients or the systemic changes of lipid metabolism after treatment more and more comprehensive. This article reviews the lipid level of RA patients, as well as the relationship between inflammation, joint destruction, cardiovascular disease, and lipid level. In addition, this review describes the effect of anti-rheumatic drugs or dietary intervention on the lipid profile of RA patients to better understand RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shanghai GuangHua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hu Z, Pan Z, Dai Z, Zhao W, Li C, Yu H, Qin X. ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived lipid mediators promote colorectal cancer growth by providing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Xu L, Chang C, Jiang P, Wei K, Zhang R, Jin Y, Zhao J, Xu L, Shi Y, Guo S, He D. Metabolomics in rheumatoid arthritis: Advances and review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961708. [PMID: 36032122 PMCID: PMC9404373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease accompanied by metabolic alterations. The metabolic profiles of patients with RA can be determined using targeted and non-targeted metabolomics technology. Metabolic changes in glucose, lipid, and amino acid levels are involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, and amino acid metabolism. These alterations in metabolic pathways and metabolites can fulfill bio-energetic requirements, promote cell proliferation, drive inflammatory mediator secretion, mediate leukocyte infiltration, induce joint destruction and muscle atrophy, and regulate cell proliferation, which may reflect the etiologies of RA. Differential metabolites can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and risk prediction, improving the specificity and accuracy of diagnostics and prognosis prediction. Additionally, metabolic changes associated with therapeutic responses can improve the understanding of drug mechanism. Metabolic homeostasis and regulation are new therapeutic strategies for RA. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of advances in metabolomics for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Xu
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Chang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runrun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yehua Jin
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shi
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Shicheng Guo, ; Dongyi He,
| | - Dongyi He
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shicheng Guo, ; Dongyi He,
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8
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Oxidized lipids in the metabolic profiling of neuroendocrine tumors - Analytical challenges and biological implications. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461233. [PMID: 32709312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics can be a great tool for exploring new scientific areas; however, wrong metabolite annotation questions the credibility and puts the success of the entire research at risk. Therefore, an effort should be made to improve the quality and robustness of the annotation despite of the challenges, especially when final identification with standards is not possible. Through non-targeted analysis of human plasma samples, from a large cancer cohort study using RP-LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, we have resolved MS/MS annotation through spectral matching, directed to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and, MS/MS structural elucidation for newly annotated oxidized lyso-phosphatidylcholines (oxLPCs). The annotation of unknowns is supported with structural information from fragmentation spectra as well as the fragmentation mechanisms involved, necessarily including data from both polarity modes and different collision energies. In this work, we present evidences that various oxidation products show significant differences between cancer patients and control individuals and we establish a workflow to help identify such modifications. We report here the upregulation of HETEs and oxLPCs in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to determine HETEs in NETs and one of very few studies where oxLPCs are annotated. The obtained results provide an important insight regarding lipid oxidation in NETs, although their physiological functions still have to be established and require further research.
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Fan G, Li Q, Li HJ, Zhang YS, Xu XM, Fang G, Ge YM, Du LL. Active Ingredients and Anti-Arthritic Mechanisms of Ba-Wei-Long-Zuan Granule Revealed by 1 H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Combined with Network Pharmacology Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000122. [PMID: 32274851 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ba-Wei-Long-Zuan granule (BWLZ) is a traditional herbal preparation. It has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its active ingredients and mechanisms of action are still unclear. The present study aims to reveal the active compounds and anti-arthritic mechanisms of BWLZ against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by using 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics, molecular docking and network pharmacology methods. After 30 days of administration, BWLZ could effectively improve the metabolic disorders in CIA rats. The anti-arthritic effect of BWLZ was related to its restoration of 16 disturbed serum metabolites. Molecular docking and network analysis showed that 20 compounds present in BWLZ could act on multiple targets. Among them, coclaurine and hesperidin showed the highest hit rates for target proteins related to both metabolic regulation and RA, indicating that these two compounds might be potential active ingredients of BWLZ. Moreover, pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the anti-arthritic mechanisms of BWLZ might be attributed to its network regulation of several biological processes, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, mTOR signaling pathway, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. These results provide further evidence for the anti-arthritic properties of BWLZ and are beneficial for its quality control and clinical application. The potential targets and biological processes found in this study may provide valuable information for further studying the molecular mechanisms of BWLZ against RA. In addition, our work provides new insights for revealing the active ingredients and regulatory mechanisms of complex herbal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Fan
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Sen Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Mei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Gang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Applied Research of Zhuang Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, 530001, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Man Ge
- Department of Inspection, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Lei Du
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
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10
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Banaszczak M, Maciejewska D, Drozd A, Ryterska K, Milc DJ, Raszeja-Wyszomirska J, Wunsch E, González-Muniesa P, Stachowska E. 5-Lipooxygenase Derivatives as Serum Biomarkers of a Successful Dietary Intervention in Patients with NonAlcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56020058. [PMID: 32028646 PMCID: PMC7073509 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: It was previously shown that a bodyweight reduction among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) was connected to the lower concentration of arachidonic and linoleic acid derivatives in their blood. We hypothesized that the concentration of these lipids was correlated with the extent of their body mass reduction and, thus, liver steatosis. Methods: We analyzed 68 individuals who completed the dietary intervention. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their body mass reduction (more or less than 7%). Before and after the dietary intervention, all patients had the following measurements recorded: body mass, waist circumference, stage of steatosis, fatty liver index, liver enzymes, lipid parameters, insulin and glucose. Concentrations of lipoxins A4 (LTX A4), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic fatty acids (5(S)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE and 16(S)-HETE), hydroxyoctadecaenoic acids (9(S)-HODE and 13(S)-HODE) and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) were measured in serum samples collected before and after the dietetic intervention using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Patients who reduced their body mass by more than 7% revealed a significant improvement in their steatosis stage, waist circumference, fatty liver index, triglycerides and cholesterol. Conclusion: A reduction in body mass by more than 7% but not by less than 7% revealed a significant improvement in steatosis stage; waist circumference; fatty liver index; and levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, 5-oxo-ETE and LTXA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Banaszczak
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.M.); (A.D.); (K.R.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Dominika Maciejewska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.M.); (A.D.); (K.R.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Arleta Drozd
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.M.); (A.D.); (K.R.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Karina Ryterska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.M.); (A.D.); (K.R.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Dominika Jamioł Milc
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.M.); (A.D.); (K.R.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Joanna Raszeja-Wyszomirska
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General. Transplant and Liver Surgery of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Wunsch
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Pedro González-Muniesa
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IDISNA, Navarra’s Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (M.B.); (D.M.); (A.D.); (K.R.); (D.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-441-4806
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11
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Torquato P, Bartolini D, Giusepponi D, Piroddi M, Sebastiani B, Saluti G, Galarini R, Galli F. Increased plasma levels of the lipoperoxyl radical-derived vitamin E metabolite α-tocopheryl quinone are an early indicator of lipotoxicity in fatty liver subjects. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:115-125. [PMID: 30508576 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is one of the earliest pathogenic events of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this context, an increased oxidation of the lipoperoxyl radical scavenger α-tocopherol (α-TOH) should occur already in the subclinical phases of the disease to compensate for the increase oxidation of the lipid excess of liver and possibly of other tissues. However, this assumption remains unsupported by direct analytical evidence. In this study, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS procedures have been developed and applied for the first time to measure the vitamin E oxidation metabolite α-tocopheryl quinone (α-TQ) in plasma of fatty liver (FL) subjects that were compared in a pilot cross-sectional study with healthy controls. The protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and the free form of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFA) were measured as surrogate indicators of lipid peroxidation. α-TQ formation was also investigated in human liver cells after supplementation with α-TOH and/or fatty acids (to induce steatosis). Compared with controls, FL subjects showed increased (absolute and α-TOH-corrected) levels of plasma α-TQ and 4-HNE, and decreased concentrations of PUFA. α-TQ levels positively correlated with indices of liver damage and metabolic dysfunction, such as alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin and triglycerides, and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. Fatty acid supplementation in human hepatocytes stimulated the generation of cellular oxidants and α-TOH uptake leading to increased α-TQ formation and secretion in the extracellular medium - both were markedly stimulated by α-TOH supplementation. In conclusion, plasma α-TQ represents an early biomarker of the lipoperoxyl radical-induced oxidation of vitamin E and lipotoxicity of the fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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12
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Liu Y, Tang H, Liu X, Chen H, Feng N, Zhang J, Wang C, Qiu M, Yang J, Zhou X. Frontline Science: Reprogramming COX-2, 5-LOX, and CYP4A-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages by salidroside alleviates gouty arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:11-24. [PMID: 30265377 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0518-193r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism play an essential role in human inflammatory disorders. Blocking COX-2 pathway would shunt AA metabolism to the other pathway, thereby decreasing the efficacy and exacerbating adverse effects. Here we demonstrated that reprogramming COX-2, 5-LOX, and CYP4A-mediated AA metabolism in macrophages by salidroside (Sal) ameliorates monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation. Compared with COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, Sal (80 mg/kg) presented a superior anti-arthritic profile in MSU crystal-treated rats, accompanied with the decreased expression of COX-2, 5-LOX, and CYP4A and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), leukotriene B4 (LTB4 ), and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in the synovial fluid macrophages. Sal decreased representative M1 marker (iNOS and CD86, etc.) expression and M1 cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) production, whereas it increased M2 marker (CD206 and Arg-1) expression and M2 cytokine (TGF-β and IL-10) production. The injection of conditioned medium from MSU crystal-treated macrophages into the ankle joint of rats reproduced the gouty inflammation, which was attenuated by Sal. Mechanistically, down-regulation of COX-2, 5-LOX, and CYP4A in the RAW264.7 and NR8383 macrophages by Sal skewed macrophage polarization away from the M1 phenotype, and thereby prevented neutrophil migration and chondrocyte degradation with STAT1 and NF-κB inactivation. Conversely, overexpression of COX-2, 5-LOX, CYP4A or STAT1, or exogenous addition of IL-1β or TNF-α partially abolished these effects. Together, inhibition of COX-2, 5-LOX, and CYP4A in macrophages by Sal ameliorates MSU crystal-induced inflammation through decreasing TNF-α and IL-1β production, and may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglin Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Animal Experimental Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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13
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Liu Y, Duan C, Chen H, Wang C, Liu X, Qiu M, Tang H, Zhang F, Zhou X, Yang J. Inhibition of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX in macrophages by leonurine ameliorates monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 351:1-11. [PMID: 29763636 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)-derived eicosanoids play an essential role in human inflammatory disorders. Here, we investigated whether inhibition of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX in macrophages by leonurine ameliorates monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation. Virtual screening assay and in vitro enzyme inhibition assay showed that leonurine was a potential inhibitor of COX-2, mPGES-1 and 5-LOX. Compared with COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, leonurine (30 mg/kg) significantly decreased ankle perimeter, gait score and neutrophil number in synovial fluid in MSU crystal-treated rats, accompanied with the decreased expression of COX-2, mPGES-1 and 5-LOX and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the synovial fluid macrophages. In addition, leonurine decreased representative M1 marker (iNOS and CD86) expression, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and M1 cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) production. In the in vitro cultured RAW264.7 and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), blockade of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX by leonurine inhibited macrophage M1 polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to MSU crystals, and thus down-regulated IL-1β and TNF-α with STAT1 and NF-κB inactivation. Conversely, these effects were partially abolished by overexpression of COX-2, mPGES-1, 5-LOX or STAT1. Furthermore, leonurine prevented a positive feedback loop between COX-2/mPGES-1/5-LOX and IL-1β/TNF-α in MSU crystal-induced inflammation. Together, simultaneous down-regulation of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX by leonurine ameliorates MSU crystal-induced inflammation through decreasing IL-1β and TNF-α production. Our study may provide novel multi-target agents toward the arachidonic acid (AA) network for gouty arthritis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chenfan Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, South-central University For Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Miao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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14
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Wang Z, Bian L, Mo C, Kukula M, Schug KA, Brotto M. Targeted quantification of lipid mediators in skeletal muscles using restricted access media-based trap-and-elute liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 984:151-161. [PMID: 28843558 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators (LMs) are a class of bioactive metabolites of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are involved in many physiological processes. Their quantification in biological samples is critical for understanding their functions in lifestyle and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, as well allergies, cancers, and in aging processes. We developed a rapid, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method to quantify the concentrations of 14 lipid mediators of interest in mouse skeletal muscle tissue without time-consuming liquid-liquid or solid-phase extractions. A restricted-access media (RAM) based trap was used prior to LC-MS as cleanup process to prevent the analytical column from clogging and deterioration. The system enabled automatic removal of residual proteins and other biological interferences presented in the tissue extracts; the target analytes were retained in the trap and then eluted to an analytical column for separation. Matrix evaluation tests demonstrated that the use of the combined RAM trap and chromatographic separation efficiently eliminated the biological or chemical matrix interferences typically encountered in bioanalytical analysis. Using 14 LM standards and 12 corresponding deuterated compounds as internal standards, the five-point calibration curves, established over the concentration range of 0.031-320 ng mL-1, demonstrated good linearity of r2 > 0.9903 (0.9903-0.9983). The lower detection limits obtained were 0.016, 0.031, 0.062, and 0.31 ng mL-1 (0.5, 1, 2, and 10 pg on column), respectively, depending on the specific compounds. Good accuracy (87.1-114.5%) and precision (<13.4%) of the method were observed for low, medium, and high concentration quality control samples. The method was applied to measure the amount of 14 target LMs in mouse skeletal muscle tissues. All 14 analytes in this study were successfully detected and quantified in the gastrocnemius muscle samples, which provided crucial information for both age and gender-related aspects of LMs signaling in skeletal muscles previously unknown. This method could be applied to advance the understanding of skeletal muscle pathophysiology to study the role of LMs in health and disease. Furthermore, we will expand the application of this methodology to humans and other tissues/matrices in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Wang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 411 S. Nedderman Dr., Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Liangqiao Bian
- Shimadzu Center for Advanced Analytical Chemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Chenglin Mo
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 411 S. Nedderman Dr., Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Maciej Kukula
- Shimadzu Center for Advanced Analytical Chemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, 411 S. Nedderman Dr., Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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15
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Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6501046. [PMID: 28698768 PMCID: PMC5494111 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6501046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are relevant in the evaluation of the disease status and of the health-enhancing effects of antioxidants. We aim to discuss the major methodological bias of methods used for the evaluation of oxidative stress in humans. There is a lack of consensus concerning the validation, standardization, and reproducibility of methods for the measurement of the following: (1) ROS in leukocytes and platelets by flow cytometry, (2) markers based on ROS-induced modifications of lipids, DNA, and proteins, (3) enzymatic players of redox status, and (4) total antioxidant capacity of human body fluids. It has been suggested that the bias of each method could be overcome by using indexes of oxidative stress that include more than one marker. However, the choice of the markers considered in the global index should be dictated by the aim of the study and its design, as well as by the clinical relevance in the selected subjects. In conclusion, the clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans must come from a critical analysis of the markers that should give an overall index of redox status in particular conditions.
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