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Sivasubramanian P, Chang JH, Nagendran S, Dong CD, Shkir M, Kumar M. A review on bismuth-based nanocomposites for energy and environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135652. [PMID: 35817189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth, a heavy metal which is found to be inexpensive and at a reduced cost, is utilized in the synthesis of different nanomaterials with novel structure, remarkable physical and chemical properties, adjustable bandgap, notable efficiency for photothermal conversion. These characteristics have made this element desirable for various applications such as storage and conversion of energy, electronics, sensors, photocatalysis, and other biomedical applications. These review papers are the vital points for the students, this report guides them to the research papers which focus on the impressive development in the area of bismuth and similar nanostructures. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the various synthesis routes of bismuth-based nanomaterials along with green synthesis, different nanostructures of bismuth, their significant properties, diverse applications and directions for the upcoming research. Therefore, with these different tuneable synthesis methods of bismuth-based nanomaterials combined with their novel properties, would elucidate on the future devices based on various nanostructures of bismuth.
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Affiliation(s)
- PratimaDevi Sivasubramanian
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hsing Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan.
| | - Santhanalakshmi Nagendran
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Mohd Shkir
- Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronics Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O Box-9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry and University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Mohanraj Kumar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan.
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Wang GL, Lu Y, Wang R, Srivastava D, Kumar A, Sakiyama H, Muddassir M, Guo J, Jin JC. A highly stable 2D Zn-based coordination polymer exhibiting efficiently luminescent sensing towards sulfasalazine. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Song L, Yin X, Zhu L, Huang Z, Ma J, Xu A, Gu Y, An Y, Miao Y. A specific identification platform based on biscuit-like bismuth nanosheets for label-free electrochemical immunosensor. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:571-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ribeiro AL, Bassai LW, Robert AW, Machado TN, Bezerra AG, Horinouchi CDDS, Aguiar AMD. Bismuth-based nanoparticles impair adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 77:105248. [PMID: 34560244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth-based nanoparticles (BiNPs) have attracted attention for their potential biomedical applications. However, there is a lack of information concerning their interaction with biological systems. In this study, it was investigated the effect of physically synthesized BiNPs to human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). We first evaluated the influence of BiNPs on cell viability, cell morphology, mitochondrial function and cell proliferation. Further, the impact of BiNPs on adipogenic differentiation was also explored. Cytotoxicity assays have demonstrated that BiNPs did not reduce relative cell viability of ADSC except at the highest tested concentration (345 μg/ml). Analysis of cell morphology performed by transmission electron microscopy confirmed that BiNPs induced cell damage only at a high concentration (302.24 μg/ml), equivalent to IC50 concentration. Moreover, BiNPs exposure increased the expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 and the incorporation of the thymidine analogue EdU into cell DNA, suggesting that these nanoparticles could be stimulating ADSC proliferation. BiNPs also increased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, BiNPs reduced ADSC adipogenic differentiation as measured by lipid droplet accumulation and mRNA expression levels of the specific adipogenesis biomarkers PPARγ, C/EPBɑ and FABP4. Thus, BiNPs affect the nonspecific (viability, proliferation and mitochondrial activity) and specific (adipogenesis) cellular mechanisms of ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annanda Lyra Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células-Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia Werzel Bassai
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células-Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Cultivo de Eucariotos, Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anny Waloski Robert
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células-Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago Neves Machado
- Laboratório FotoNanoBio, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arandi Ginane Bezerra
- Laboratório FotoNanoBio, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Melo de Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células-Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Rede de Plataformas Tecnológicas FIOCRUZ - Bioensaios com Métodos Alternativos em Citotoxicidade, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Mane S, Chatterjee S. Trace Level Recognition of Sulfasalazine Electrooxidation Exploiting the Synergism of Carbon Nanotubes and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyash Mane
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai 400019 India
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Topal BD, Sener CE, Kaya B, Ozkan SA. Nano-sized Metal and Metal Oxide Modified Electrodes for Pharmaceuticals Analysis. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200513110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
:
The electrochemical analysis offers a number of important advantages such as providing
information on pharmaceuticals analysis and their in vivo redox processes and pharmacological activity.
The interest in developing electrochemical sensing devices for use in clinical assays is growing rapidly.
Metallic nanoparticles can be synthesized and modified with various chemical functional groups,
which allow them to be conjugated with antibodies, ligands, and drugs of interest.
:
In this article, the novel developments to enhance the performance of sensor modified with metal nanoparticles
of pharmaceuticals were reviewed. A discussion of the properties of metal nanostructures
and their application in drug analysis is presented. Their application as a modifier agent in determining
low levels of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples is discussed. It has been
found that the electrocatalytic effect of the electrode, sensitivity and selectivity were increased using
various working electrodes modified with nano-sized metal, metal oxide and metal/metal oxide
particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Dogan Topal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara,Turkey
| | - Ceren Elif Sener
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara,Turkey
| | - Basak Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara,Turkey
| | - Sibel Aysıl Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara,Turkey
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Rajaji U, Arya Nair JS, Chen SM, Sandhya KY, Alshgari RA, Jiang TY. A disposable electrode modified with metal orthovanadate and sulfur-reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical detection of anti-rheumatic drug. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CVO@SRG composite was prepared by a hydrothermal method and the voltammetric measurement of an organic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamaheswari Rajaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - J. S. Arya Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 547, India
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - K. Y. Sandhya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 547, India
| | - Razan A. Alshgari
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting-Yu Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si 31253, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Koseoglu TS, Durgut A. Development of a Novel Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole Electrode for the Determination of Sulfasalazine. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Sardohan Koseoglu
- Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology Department of Biomedical Engineering 32260 Isparta Turkey
| | - Aybuke Durgut
- Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology Department of Biomedical Engineering 32260 Isparta Turkey
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Shahbazi MA, Faghfouri L, Ferreira MPA, Figueiredo P, Maleki H, Sefat F, Hirvonen J, Santos HA. The versatile biomedical applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles and composites: therapeutic, diagnostic, biosensing, and regenerative properties. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1253-1321. [PMID: 31998912 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of nanosized forms of bismuth (Bi)-containing materials have recently expanded from optical, chemical, electronic, and engineering fields towards biomedicine, as a result of their safety, cost-effective fabrication processes, large surface area, high stability, and high versatility in terms of shape, size, and porosity. Bi, as a nontoxic and inexpensive diamagnetic heavy metal, has been used for the fabrication of various nanoparticles (NPs) with unique structural, physicochemical, and compositional features to combine various properties, such as a favourably high X-ray attenuation coefficient and near-infrared (NIR) absorbance, excellent light-to-heat conversion efficiency, and a long circulation half-life. These features have rendered bismuth-containing nanoparticles (BiNPs) with desirable performance for combined cancer therapy, photothermal and radiation therapy (RT), multimodal imaging, theranostics, drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Bismuth oxyhalides (BiOx, where X is Cl, Br or I) and bismuth chalcogenides, including bismuth oxide, bismuth sulfide, bismuth selenide, and bismuth telluride, have been heavily investigated for therapeutic purposes. The pharmacokinetics of these BiNPs can be easily improved via the facile modification of their surfaces with biocompatible polymers and proteins, resulting in enhanced colloidal stability, extended blood circulation, and reduced toxicity. Desirable antibacterial effects, bone regeneration potential, and tumor growth suppression under NIR laser radiation are the main biomedical research areas involving BiNPs that have opened up a new paradigm for their future clinical translation. This review emphasizes the synthesis and state-of-the-art progress related to the biomedical applications of BiNPs with different structures, sizes, and compositions. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion focusing on challenges and future opportunities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Nigović B, Mornar A, Brusač E, Jeličić ML. Selective sensor for simultaneous determination of mesalazine and folic acid using chitosan coated carbon nanotubes functionalized with amino groups. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Background:
The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human biologic fluids is
important for pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires low sensitivity, high selectivity
and minimum interference effects. Current analytical methods can detect drugs at very low levels but these methods
require long sample preparation steps, extraction prior to analysis, highly trained technical staff and high-cost
instruments. Biosensors offer several advantages such as short analysis time, high sensitivity, real-time analysis,
low-cost instruments, and short pretreatment steps over traditional techniques. Biosensors allow quantification not
only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the degradation products and metabolites in
biological fluids. The present review gives comprehensive information on the application of biosensors for drug
discovery and analysis. Moreover, this review focuses on the fabrication of these biosensors.
Methods:
Biosensors can be classified as the utilized bioreceptor and the signal transduction mechanism. The classification
based on signal transductions includes electrochemical optical, thermal or acoustic. Electrochemical and
optic transducers are mostly utilized transducers used for drug analysis. There are many biological recognition elements,
such as enzymes, antibodies, cells that have been used in fabricating of biosensors. Aptamers and antibodies
are the most widely used recognition elements for the screening of the drugs. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
have several advantages such as low detection limits, a wide linear response range, good stability and reproducibility.
Optical biosensors have several advantages such as direct, real-time and label-free detection of many
biological and chemical substances, high specificity, sensitivity, small size and low cost. Modified electrodes enhance
sensitivity of the electrodes to develop a new biosensor with desired features. Chemically modified electrodes
have gained attention in drug analysis owing to low background current, wide potential window range, simple
surface renewal, low detection limit and low cost. Modified electrodes produced by modifying of a solid surface
electrode via different materials (carbonaceous materials, metal nanoparticles, polymer, biomolecules) immobilization.
Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to design and construct biosensors. Unique features
of nanomaterials provide many advantages in the fabrication of biosensors. Nanomaterials have controllable
chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, functional groups on their surface. To develop proteininorganic
hybrid nanomaterials, four preparation methods have been used. These methods are immobilization, conjugation,
crosslinking and self-assembly. In the present manuscript, applications of different biosensors, fabricated
by using several materials, for drug analysis are reviewed. The biosensing strategies are investigated and discussed
in detail.
Results:
Several analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, radiometry, immunoassays and electrochemistry
have been used for drug analysis and quantification. Methods based on chromatography require timeconsuming
procedure, long sample-preparation steps, expensive instruments and trained staff. Compared to chromatographic
methods, immunoassays have simple protocols and lower cost. Electrochemical measurements have
many advantages over traditional chemical analyses and give information about drug quantity, metabolic fate of
drugs, and pharmacological activity. Moreover, the electroanalytical methods are useful to determine drugs sensitively
and selectivity. Additionally, these methods decrease analysis cost and require low-cost instruments and
simple sample pretreatment steps.
Conclusion:
In recent years, drug analyses are performed using traditional techniques. These techniques have a
good detection limit, but they have some limitations such as long analysis time, expensive device and experienced
personnel requirement. Increased demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques biosensor has gained interest
for drug determinations in medical sciences. Biosensors are unique and successful devices when compared to
traditional techniques. For drug determination, different electrode modification materials and different biorecognition
elements are used for biosensor construction. Several biosensor construction strategies have been developed to
enhance the biosensor performance. With the considerable progress in electrode surface modification, promotes the
selectivity of the biosensor, decreases the production cost and provides miniaturization. In the next years, advances
in technology will provide low cost, sensitive, selective biosensors for drug analysis in drug formulations and biological
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydin
- Namik Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Aydin
- Namik Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezginturk
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Canakkale, Turkey
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Wang M, Cui Z, Xue Y, Yan A, Yu X, Song X, Li H. Preparation of Nano‐bismuth with Different Particle Sizes and the Size Dependent Electrochemical Thermodynamics. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Zixiang Cui
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Yongqiang Xue
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Aijie Yan
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Xing Yu
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Xinru Song
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Department of Applied ChemistryTaiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
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Erady V, Mascarenhas RJ, Satpati AK, Bhakta AK, Mekhalif Z, Delhalle J, A D. Carbon paste modified with Bi decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and CTAB as a sensitive voltammetric sensor for the detection of Caffeic acid. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Enhanced electrochemical responses at supramolecularly modified graphene: Simultaneous determination of sulphasalazine and its metabolite 5-aminosalicylic acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Electrochemical determination of nepafenac topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug using graphene nanoplatelets-carbon nanofibers modified glassy carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lu Z, Dai W, Lin X, Liu B, Zhang J, Ye J, Ye J. Facile one-step fabrication of a novel 3D honeycomb-like bismuth nanoparticles decorated N-doped carbon nanosheet frameworks: Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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CTAB induced hierarchical bismuth microspheres for visible-light photocatalytic study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sources and impacts of pharmaceutical components in wastewater and its treatment process: A review. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kurbanoglu S, Ozkan SA. Electrochemical carbon based nanosensors: A promising tool in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:439-457. [PMID: 28780997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become very popular in the sensor fields in recent times. It is thought that the utilization of such technologies, as well as the use of nanosized materials, could well have beneficial effects for the performance of sensors. Nano-sized materials have been shown to have a number of novel and interesting physical and chemical properties. Low-dimensional nanometer-sized materials and systems have defined a new research area in condensed-matter physics within past decades. Apart from the aforesaid categories of materials, there exist various materials of different types for fabricating nanosensors. Carbon is called as a unique element, due to its magnificent applications in many areas. Carbon is an astonishing element that can be found many forms including graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and graphene. This review provides an overview of some of the important and recent developments brought about by the application of carbon based nanostructures to nanotechnology for both chemical and biological sensor development and their application in pharmaceutical and biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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