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Foli LP, Hespanhol MC, Cruz KAML, Pasquini C. Miniaturized Near-Infrared spectrophotometers in forensic analytical science - a critical review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124297. [PMID: 38640625 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The advent of miniaturized NIR instruments, also known as compact, portable, or handheld, is revolutionizing how technology can be employed in forensics. In-field analysis becomes feasible and affordable with these new instruments, and a series of methods has been developed to provide the police and official agents with objective, easy-to-use, tailored, and accurate qualitative and quantitative forensic results. This work discusses the main aspects and presents a comprehensive and critical review of compact NIR spectrophotometers associated with analytical protocols to produce information on forensic matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia P Foli
- Grupo de Análise e Educação para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria C Hespanhol
- Grupo de Análise e Educação para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kaíque A M L Cruz
- Grupo de Análise e Educação para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Celio Pasquini
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 290, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
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2
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Giussani B, Gorla G, Riu J. Analytical Chemistry Strategies in the Use of Miniaturised NIR Instruments: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:11-43. [PMID: 35286178 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2047607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized NIR instruments have been increasingly used in the last years, and they have become useful tools for many applications on a broad variety of samples. This review focuses on miniaturized NIR instruments from an analytical point of view, to give an overview of the analytical strategies used in order to help the reader to set up their own analytical methods, from the sampling to the data analysis. It highlights the uses of these instruments, providing a critical discussion including current and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Giussani
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Giulia Gorla
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Jordi Riu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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3
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He Y, Zeng W, Zhao Y, Zhu X, Wan H, Zhang M, Li Z. Rapid detection of adulteration of goat milk and goat infant formulas using near-infrared spectroscopy fingerprints. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Multivariate analysis of food fraud: A review of NIR based instruments in tandem with chemometrics. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Mayr S, Strasser S, Kirchler CG, Meischl F, Stuppner S, Beć KB, Grabska J, Sturm S, Stuppner H, Popp MA, Bonn GK, Huck CW. Quantification of Silymarin in Silybi mariani fructus: Challenging the Analytical Performance of Benchtop vs. Handheld NIR Spectrometers on Whole Seeds. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:20-32. [PMID: 33434938 DOI: 10.1055/a-1326-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The content of the flavonolignan mixture silymarin and its individual components (silichristin, silidianin, silibinin A, silibinin B, isosilibinin A, and isosilibinin B) in whole and milled milk thistle seeds (Silybi mariani fructus) was analyzed with near-infrared spectroscopy. The analytical performance of one benchtop and two handheld near-infrared spectrometers was compared. Reference analysis was performed with HPLC following a Soxhlet extraction (European Pharmacopoeia) and a more resource-efficient ultrasonic extraction. The reliability of near-infrared spectral analysis determined through partial least squares regression models constructed independently for the spectral datasets obtained by the three spectrometers was as follows. The benchtop device NIRFlex N-500 performed the best both for milled and whole seeds with a root mean square error of CV between 0.01 and 0.17%. The handheld spectrometer MicroNIR 2200 as well as the microPHAZIR provided a similar performance (root mean square error of CV between 0.01 and 0.18% and between 0.01 and 0.23%, respectively). We carried out quantum chemical simulation of near-infrared spectra of silichristin, silidianin, silibinin, and isosilibinin for interpretation of the results of spectral analysis. This provided understanding of the absorption regions meaningful for the calibration. Further, it helped to better separate how the chemical and physical properties of the samples affect the analysis. While the study demonstrated that milling of samples slightly improves the performance, it was deemed to be critical only for the analysis carried out with the microPHAZIR. This study evidenced that rapid and nondestructive quantification of silymarin and individual flavonolignans is possible with miniaturized near-infrared spectroscopy in whole milk thistle seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Strasser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian G Kirchler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Meischl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Stuppner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI - Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krzysztof B Beć
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justyna Grabska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Sturm
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael A Popp
- Michael Popp Research Institute of New Phyto Entities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- ADSI - Austrian Drug Screening Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Delatour T, Becker F, Krause J, Romero R, Gruna R, Längle T, Panchaud A. Handheld Spectral Sensing Devices Should Not Mislead Consumers as Far as Non-Authentic Food Is Concerned: A Case Study with Adulteration of Milk Powder. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010075. [PMID: 35010202 PMCID: PMC8750415 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising trend of consumers being offered by start-up companies portable devices and applications for checking quality of purchased products, it appears of paramount importance to assess the reliability of miniaturized sensors embedded in such devices. Here, eight sensors were assessed for food fraud applications in skimmed milk powder. The performance was evaluated with dry- and wet-blended powders mimicking adulterated materials by addition of either ammonium sulfate, semicarbazide, or cornstarch in the range 0.5-10% of profit. The quality of the spectra was assessed for an adequate identification of the outliers prior to a deep assessment of performance for both non-targeted (soft independent modelling of class analogy, SIMCA) and targeted analyses (partial least square regression with orthogonal signal correction, OPLS). Here, we show that the sensors have generally difficulties in detecting adulterants at ca. 5% supplementation, and often fail in achieving adequate specificity and detection capability. This is a concern as they may mislead future users, particularly consumers, if they are intended to be developed for handheld devices available publicly in smartphone-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Delatour
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Florian Becker
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (F.B.); (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Julius Krause
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (F.B.); (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Roman Romero
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Robin Gruna
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (F.B.); (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Thomas Längle
- Fraunhofer IOSB, Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (F.B.); (J.K.); (R.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Alexandre Panchaud
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Research, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.P.)
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Wang K, Bian X, Zheng M, Liu P, Lin L, Tan X. Rapid determination of hemoglobin concentration by a novel ensemble extreme learning machine method combined with near-infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120138. [PMID: 34304011 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel ensemble extreme learning machine (ELM) approach that combines Monte Carlo (MC) sampling and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), named as MC-LASSO-ELM, is proposed to determine hemoglobin concentration of blood. It employs MC sampling to randomly select samples from the training set and LASSO further to choose variables from selected samples to establish plenty of ELM sub-models. The final prediction is obtained by combining the predictions of these sub-models. Combined with near-infrared spectroscopy, MC-LASSO-ELM is used to determine the hemoglobin concentration of blood. Compared with ELM, MC-ELM and LASSO-ELM, MC-LASSO-ELM can obtain the best stability and highest accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xihui Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, 644000, PR China.
| | - Meng Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Ligang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xiaoyao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
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Pu Y, Pérez-Marín D, O’Shea N, Garrido-Varo A. Recent Advances in Portable and Handheld NIR Spectrometers and Applications in Milk, Cheese and Dairy Powders. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102377. [PMID: 34681426 PMCID: PMC8535602 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality and safety monitoring in the dairy industry is required to ensure products meet a high-standard based on legislation and customer requirements. The need for non-destructive, low-cost and user-friendly process analytical technologies, targeted at operators (as the end-users) for routine product inspections is increasing. In recent years, the development and advances in sensing technologies have led to miniaturisation of near infrared (NIR) spectrometers to a new era. The new generation of miniaturised NIR analysers are designed as compact, small and lightweight devices with a low cost, providing a strong capability for on-site or on-farm product measurements. Applying portable and handheld NIR spectrometers in the dairy sector is increasing; however, little information is currently available on these applications and instrument performance. As a result, this review focuses on recent developments of handheld and portable NIR devices and its latest applications in the field of dairy, including chemical composition, on-site quality detection, and safety assurance (i.e., adulteration) in milk, cheese and dairy powders. Comparison of model performance between handheld and bench-top NIR spectrometers is also given. Lastly, challenges of current handheld/portable devices and future trends on implementing these devices in the dairy sector is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pu
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland;
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture & Forestry Engineering, Campus Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Nacional IV-Km 396, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (A.G.-V.)
| | - Dolores Pérez-Marín
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture & Forestry Engineering, Campus Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Nacional IV-Km 396, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (A.G.-V.)
| | - Norah O’Shea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Garrido-Varo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture & Forestry Engineering, Campus Rabanales, University of Cordoba, Nacional IV-Km 396, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (A.G.-V.)
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Tang S, Johnson JC, Jarto I, Smith B, Morris S. Milk Components by In-Line Fiber Optic Probe-Based FT-NIR: Commercial Scale Evaluation of a Potential Alternative Measurement Approach for Milk Payment. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1328-1337. [PMID: 34263310 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy has traditionally been used to determine the macronutrients in bovine milk, as the basis of milk payment. Recent studies have demonstrated that NIR/FT-NIR spectroscopic systems can not only achieve MIR measurement performance, but are also generally simpler, more robust, and thus much more amenable to actual industrial process applications. OBJECTIVE The goal of this unique study was to investigate the feasibility of in-line FT-NIR spectroscopy for milk fat, protein, and total solids (TS) determination in a large industrial dairy processing facility, as an alternative basis for milk payment. METHOD Multivariant chemometric models using partial least squares (PLS) regression were built to predict the milk components. Over 1000 composite FT-NIR results gathered from the milk unloading process were compared directly to independent third-party FT-IR results. RESULTS Accuracy, precision, and linearity of the method were shown by Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) and Range/SEP of individual components. The SEP for fat, protein, and TS models were 0.09, 0.11, and 0.52, respectively. Range/SEP were 25.10, 12.60, and 6.40 for fat, protein, and TS, respectively. Accuracy and precision for the three components were further evaluated by the mean differences (0.01, 0.05, and 0.51) from dairy FT-IR results and the standard deviations of the mean difference (0.09, 0.09, and 0.13). Robustness was demonstrated by evaluating milk with natural variation over 6 months and using multiple instrumentation setups. The repeatability was also evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the in-line FT-NIR technology was found to have accurate, reliable, consistent performance similar to dairy FT-IR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaikun Tang
- Hilmar Cheese Company, 9001 North Lander Avenue, P.O. Box 910, Hilmar, CA 95324, USA
| | - J Chris Johnson
- Hilmar Cheese Company, 9001 North Lander Avenue, P.O. Box 910, Hilmar, CA 95324, USA
| | - Iswandi Jarto
- Hilmar Cheese Company, 9001 North Lander Avenue, P.O. Box 910, Hilmar, CA 95324, USA
| | - Bridgette Smith
- Hilmar Cheese Company, 9001 North Lander Avenue, P.O. Box 910, Hilmar, CA 95324, USA
| | - Scott Morris
- Hilmar Cheese Company, 9001 North Lander Avenue, P.O. Box 910, Hilmar, CA 95324, USA
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dos Santos Pereira EV, de Sousa Fernandes DD, de Araújo MCU, Diniz PHGD, Maciel MIS. In-situ authentication of goat milk in terms of its adulteration with cow milk using a low-cost portable NIR spectrophotometer. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Wang X, Esquerre C, Downey G, Henihan L, O'Callaghan D, O'Donnell C. Development of chemometric models using Vis-NIR and Raman spectral data fusion for assessment of infant formula storage temperature and time. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Creydt M, Fischer M. Food authentication in real life: How to link nontargeted approaches with routine analytics? Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1665-1679. [PMID: 32249434 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In times of increasing globalization and the resulting complexity of trade flows, securing food quality is an increasing challenge. The development of analytical methods for checking the integrity and, thus, the safety of food is one of the central questions for actors from science, politics, and industry. Targeted methods, for the detection of a few selected analytes, still play the most important role in routine analysis. In the past 5 years, nontargeted methods that do not aim at individual analytes but on analyte profiles that are as comprehensive as possible have increasingly come into focus. Instead of investigating individual chemical structures, data patterns are collected, evaluated and, depending on the problem, fed into databases that can be used for further nontargeted approaches. Alternatively, individual markers can be extracted and transferred to targeted methods. Such an approach requires (i) the availability of authentic reference material, (ii) the corresponding high-resolution laboratory infrastructure, and (iii) extensive expertise in processing and storing very large amounts of data. Probably due to the requirements mentioned above, only a few methods have really established themselves in routine analysis. This review article focuses on the establishment of nontargeted methods in routine laboratories. Challenges are summarized and possible solutions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Creydt
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Beganović A, Nuener T, Meischl F, Stuppner SE, Rainer M, Bonn GK, Huck CW. Quantification of melamine in infant formula using a handheld Raman spectrometer – Performance boost with customized Arduino-controlled rotation setup. Talanta 2020; 209:120488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Wiedemair V, Mair D, Held C, Huck CW. Investigations into the use of handheld near-infrared spectrometer and novel semi-automated data analysis for the determination of protein content in different cultivars of Panicum miliaceum L. Talanta 2019; 205:120115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Distinct Difference in Sensitivity of NIR vs. IR Bands of Melamine to Inter-Molecular Interactions with Impact on Analytical Spectroscopy Explained by Anharmonic Quantum Mechanical Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071402. [PMID: 30974741 PMCID: PMC6479474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melamine (IUPAC: 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine) attracts high attention in analytical vibrational spectroscopy due to its misuse as a food adulterant. Vibrational spectroscopy [infrared (IR) and Raman and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy] is a major quality control tool in the detection and quantification of melamine content. The physical background for the measured spectra is not interpreted in analytical spectroscopy using chemometrics. In contrast, quantum mechanical calculations are capable of providing deep and independent insights therein. So far, the NIR region of crystalline melamine has not been studied by quantum mechanical calculations, while the investigations of its IR spectra have remained limited. In the present work, we employed fully anharmonic calculation of the NIR spectrum of melamine based on finite models, and also performed IR spectral simulation by using an infinite crystal model—periodic in three dimensions. This yielded detailed and unambiguous NIR band assignments and revised the previously known IR band assignments. We found that the out-of-plane fundamental transitions, which are essential in the IR region, are markedly more sensitive to out-of-plane inter-molecular interactions of melamine than NIR transitions. Proper description of the chemical surrounding of the molecule of melamine is more important than the anharmonicity of its vibrations. In contrast, the NIR bands mostly arise from in-plane vibrations, and remain surprisingly insensitive to the chemical environment. These findings explain previous observations that were reported in IR and NIR analytical studies of melamine.
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Wiedemair V, Langore D, Garsleitner R, Dillinger K, Huck C. Investigations into the Performance of a Novel Pocket-Sized Near-Infrared Spectrometer for Cheese Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:E428. [PMID: 30682872 PMCID: PMC6385083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of a newly developed pocket-sized near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer was investigated by analysing 46 cheese samples for their water and fat content, and comparing results with a benchtop NIR device. Additionally, the automated data analysis of the pocket-sized spectrometer and its cloud-based data analysis software, designed for laypeople, was put to the test by comparing performances to a highly sophisticated multivariate data analysis software. All developed partial least squares regression (PLS-R) models yield a coefficient of determination (R²) of over 0.9, indicating high correlation between spectra and reference data for both spectrometers and all data analysis routes taken. In general, the analysis of grated cheese yields better results than whole pieces of cheese. Additionally, the ratios of performance to deviation (RPDs) and standard errors of prediction (SEPs) suggest that the performance of the pocket-sized spectrometer is comparable to the benchtop device. Small improvements are observable, when using sophisticated data analysis software, instead of automated tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wiedemair
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Dominik Langore
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Roman Garsleitner
- Chemical devision, HBLFA für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung, Lebensmittel und Biotechnologie Tirol,Rotholz 50a, 6200 Strass im Zillertal, Austria.
| | - Klaus Dillinger
- Chemical devision, HBLFA für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung, Lebensmittel und Biotechnologie Tirol,Rotholz 50a, 6200 Strass im Zillertal, Austria.
| | - Christian Huck
- CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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17
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Wiedemair V, Huck CW. Evaluation of the performance of three hand-held near-infrared spectrometer through investigation of total antioxidant capacity in gluten-free grains. Talanta 2018; 189:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Assessment of infant formula quality and composition using Vis-NIR, MIR and Raman process analytical technologies. Talanta 2018; 183:320-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chu CY, Fung KP, Wang CC. Effects of low-dose melamine exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal kidneys in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:370-380. [PMID: 29265596 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the previous reports on melamine contamination in high concentrations some years ago, there were not many studies on low-level exposure in daily life, particularly in pregnancy. We investigated the effect of low-dose melamine on the kidneys of the pregnant rats and their developing embryos/fetuses during various gestational stages namely implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis, maturation and whole pregnancy. Our results showed that the repeated low level of melamine (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg bw/d) during pregnancy did not cause obstruction of renal tubules although more precipitating crystals were found in the early gestational periods. Simple hyperplasia in the maternal tubules and pelvic epithelium were more prominent after exposed to melamine during the whole gestational period. Neonatal kidneys significantly suffered more from congestion in glomeruli and interstitium, dilated tubules and interstitial edema after melamine administration to the mother in the late and the whole gestational periods. A trend of advance of glomerular development in fetuses was also observed. We conclude that in utero exposure of low-level melamine could post a risk on the kidneys of the pregnant mother as well as the developing fetuses, which may further increase the possibility of other health problems later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Yan Chu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Huck CW. Theoretical and technical advancements of near-infrared spectroscopy and its operational impact in industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0960336017738174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the plenary lecture given at ICNIRS2017 at Copenhagen, Denmark. In principle, near infrared spectroscopy enjoys increasing popularity due to its possibilities for non-invasive, fast, and simultaneous analysis of chemical and physical parameters. Therefore, more frequently in laboratories, time-consuming classical methods including wet-chemical analysis, chromatography, electrophoresis, etc., get substituted by near infrared spectroscopy approaches. On the other hand, hardly any other discipline in analytical chemistry is making such fast technical and theoretical advancements. One of the major challenges is the development of portable devices based on micro-electro mechanical systems or linear variable filters. It belongs to the responsibility of the near infrared spectroscopist to critically evaluate the performance of those with benchtop instruments. For method development, design of experiment and quantum chemical calculation of spectra can give fundamental support. Finally, serious care is to be taken when methods are transferred into the industrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB – Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
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