Direct solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry for the determination of biogenic amines in wine

Detection and quantification of biogenic amines in cephalopod using dansyl chloride pre-column derivatization-HPLC and their production

The accurate detection of biogenic amines (BAs) is an important means of ensuring the quality and safety of cephalopod seafood products. In this study, the pre-column derivatization of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was optimized using dansyl chloride (Dns-Cl) to detect BAs in octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. The reasons for the formation of BAs were investigated by assessing their decarboxylase activity and the rates of decomposition. The findings demonstrated that using Dns-Cl to optimize pre-column derivatization enabled the separation of nine different BAs. The detection limits ranged from 0.07 to 0.25 mg/L, and the results exhibited a high level of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.997). The decarboxylase activity and biodegradation rate positively correlated with the formation of BAs at temperatures below 0°C. Notably, the decarboxylase activity of octopus, cuttlefish, and squid exhibited a significant increase with prolonged storage time, and formyltransferase and carbamate kinase may be the key decarboxylase in cephalopod products. These findings serve as a valuable reference for further investigations into the mechanisms behind BAs production and the development of control technologies for BAs in cephalopod products. This study has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of the Dns-Cl pre-column derivatization-HPLC method in accurately and efficiently detecting BAs in octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. Moreover, it highlights the influence of decarboxylase content and biodegradation rate on the formation of BAs. Importantly, this method can serve as a reference for detecting BAs in various seafood products.

Development of a capillary electrophoresis method based on magnetic solid-phase extraction for simultaneous and sensitive detection of eight biogenic amines in foods

BACKGROUND

Biogenic amines (BAs) in high concentrations are toxic and may cause a series of health symptoms. A sensitive measurement of BA levels is essential for human health. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged for the separation of eight BAs due to simple sample preparation and highly efficient separation. However, an important drawback for CE is low sensitivity. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has become a technique of interest owing to its brief operation and low solvent consumption. Hence, MSPE as a pretreatment has great potential to improve CE sensitivity for the analysis of BAs in complex food.

RESULTS

Results showed that the Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH possessed strong magnetism, good reusability, and high adsorptive ability toward eight biogenic amines based on the hydrogen bonding between the -COOH of Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH and -NH2 groups of BAs. Using it as an adsorbent, a magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis (MSPE-CE) method was developed to effectively extract and sensitively analyze eight BAs. Under optimal conditions, the MSPE-CE method has wide linearities (10.0-1000.0 μg L-1 ) and low limits of detection (1.0-6.1 μg L-1 ). The accuracy of the developed method yielded recovery values from 82.07% to 102.58%. Meanwhile, the BAs contents in two samples were analyzed using the MSPE-CE method, with the results consistent with those detected by a high-performance liquid chromatography method.

CONCLUSION

Given those advantages, the established MSPE-CE method promises the practical guidance of monitoring a variety of BAs and provides a foundation for the detection of other food hazards. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optical dِِِِiscrimination of histamine and ethylenediamine in meat samples using a colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS): introducing a novel lab-on paper sensing strategy for low-cost ensuring food safety by rapid and accurate monitoring of biogenic amines

Biogenic amines (BAs) are a group of organic compounds that are produced through the decarboxylation of amino acids by microorganisms. These compounds are commonly found in a variety of foods and are known to cause adverse health effects if consumed in high concentrations. Therefore, the development of sensitive and rapid detection methods for detection and determination of BAs is essential for ensuring food safety. In this study, a novel colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS) was developed for the colorimetric and naked-eye detection of two BAs of ethylenediamine (EDA) and histamine (HIS) in meat samples. Also, triangular silver nanoparticles (AgNPrs) were used as a diagnostic optical probe, and CATS used as a simple, environmentally friendly, inexpensive diagnostic substrate for on-site recognition of meat spoil. The AgNPrs-based optosensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity towards EDA and HIS, allowing for the detection of low concentrations of the BAs in real food samples such as raw chicken and beef. The system presented a UV-vis technique for HIS and EDA analysis in the linear range of 0.1 μM to 0.01 mM, with an LLOQ of 0.1 μM, and 0.05 to 1 μM, with an LLOQ of 0.05 μM, respectively. Additionally, the performance of the designed CATS in the analysis of produced gases was evaluated, highlighting the potential of this simple and cost-effective strategy for the development of BAs diagnostic kits. This approach provides a simple and cost-effective method for detecting BAs in food, which could be beneficial for ensuring food safety and preventing the harmful effects associated with their consumption.

Magnetic Persimmon Leaf Composite: Preparation and Application in Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Pesticides in Water Samples

In recent years, the utilization of biomass materials for the removal and detection of water pollutants has garnered considerable attention. This study introduces, for the first time, the preparation of Fe3O4/persimmon leaf magnetic biomass composites. The magnetic composites were employed in a magnetic solid-phase extraction method, coupled with gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), for the analysis of four pesticides (trifluralin, triadimefon, permethrin, and fenvalerate) in environmental water samples. The innovative magnetic persimmon leaf composites were synthesized by in situ generation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles through coprecipitation and loaded onto persimmon leaves. These composites exhibit superparamagnetism with a saturation magnetization of 12.8 emu g-1, facilitating rapid phase separation using a magnetic field and reducing the extraction time to 10 min. Desorption can be achieved within 30 s by aspirating 20 times, eliminating the need for time-consuming and labor-intensive experimental steps like filtration and centrifugation. The specific surface area of the magnetic composite adsorbent increased from 1.3279 m2 g-1 for the original persimmon leaf to 5.4688 m2 g-1. The abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the composites provide ample adsorption sites, resulting in adsorption capacities ranging from 55.056 mg g-1 to 73.095 mg g-1 for the studied pesticides. The composites exhibited extraction recoveries ranging from 80% to 90% for the studied pesticides. Compared to certain previously reported MSPE methods, this approach achieves equivalent or higher extraction recoveries in a shorter operation time, demonstrating enhanced efficiency and convenience. Good linearity of the target analytes was obtained within the range of 0.75-1500 μg L-1, with a determination of coefficient (R2) greater than 0.999. These findings contribute to the use of magnetic persimmon leaf biomass materials as effective and environmentally friendly adsorbents for pollutant determination in water samples.

Effect of a Composite Alginate/Grape Pomace Extract Packaging Material for Improving Meat Storage

The development of food packaging materials that reduce the production of plastic, preserving at the same time the quality of food, is a topic of great interest today for the scientific community. Therefore, this article aims to report the effectiveness of an eco-friendly packaging material based on alginic acid and grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. (winemaking by-products) for storing red meat in a domestic refrigerator. Specifically, biogenic amines are considered "sentinels" of the putrefactive processes, and their presence was thus monitored. For this purpose, an experimental analytical protocol based on the use of solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed during this work for the determination of six biogenic amines (butylamine, cadaverine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, putrescine, and tyramine). Moreover, by combining the analytical results with those of pH and weight loss measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and microbiological analysis, it was proved that the studied materials could be proposed as an alternative packaging material for storing foods of animal origin, thus lowering the environmental impact according to sustainability principles.

Multiplex Detection of Biogenic Amines for Meat Freshness Monitoring Using Nanoplasmonic Colorimetric Sensor Array

Biogenic amines (BAs) were presented as significant markers for the evaluation of the spoilage of meat and meat products. In this work, a colorimetric sensor array was developed for the discrimination and detection of spermine (SP), spermidine (SD), histamine (HS), and tryptamine (TP) as important BAs in food assessment. For this aim, two important spherical plasmonic nanoparticles, namely gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), were utilized as the sensing elements of the probes. The cross-reactive interaction of the target biogenic amines and the plasmonic nanoparticles caused the aggregation-induced UV-Vis spectra changes, which were accompanied by visual color variation in the solution. The collected responses were analyzed by principal component analysis-linear discrimination analysis (PCA-LDA) to classify the four BAs. This colorimetric sensor array can also discriminate between the individual BAs and their mixture accurately. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was also utilized for quantitative analysis of the BAs. The wide linear concentration ranges of 0.1-10.0 µM for the four BAs and desirable figures of merits (FOMs) showed the potential of the developed sensor for quantitative detection of the BAs. Finally, the practical ability of the developed probe was studied by the determination of the BAs in the meat samples, which successfully proved the potential of the colorimetric sensor array in a food sample.

Simple analytical method for total biogenic amines content determination in wine using a smartphone

A simple, fast, and green smartphone-based procedure for total biogenic amines content determination in wine was developed and validated. Sample preparation and analysis were simplified to make the method suitable for routine analyses even in resource-scarce settings. The commercially available S0378 dye and smartphone-based detection were used for this purpose. The developed method has satisfactory figures of merit for putrescine equivalent determination with R² of 0.9981. The method's greenness was also assessed using the Analytical Greenness Calculator. Samples of Polish wine were analysed to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method. Finally, results obtained with the developed procedure were compared with those previously obtained with GC-MS in order to evaluate the equivalence of the methods.

Hydrophobic Mesoporous Silica-Coated Solid-Phase Microextraction Arrow System for the Determination of Six Biogenic Amines in Pork and Fish

In this study, a functionalized mesoporous silica-coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow system was developed for the enrichment of six biogenic amines (BAs) from pork and fish samples before gas chromatographic separation with a mass spectrometer as a detector. MCM-41 was utilized as the substrate material and thereby functionalized by titanate and sodium dodecyl sulfate to adjust its surface acidity and hydrophobicity, respectively. The functionalized MCM-41 (named as MCM-T-H) was coated on a bare SPME Arrow using the dipping method and polyacrylonitrile was used as the adhesive. The extraction capacity and selectivity of the MCM-T-H-SPME Arrow for six kinds of derivatized BAs were studied and compared with commercial SPME Arrows. Experimental parameters, e.g., sample volume, derivatization reagent amount, extraction time, and desorption time, which have a dramatic effect on SPME Arrow pretreatment, were optimized. Acidity enhanced MCM-T-H coating showed a much higher affinity to derivatized BAs compared to a commercial SPME Arrow in terms of extraction capacity. In addition, hydrophobicity modification significantly reduced the interference of water molecules on the interaction between MCM-T-H and the derivatized BAs. The MCM-T-H-SPME Arrow showed efficient separation and enrichment capacity for derivatized BAs from complex matrices and therefore, the sample pretreatment time was saved. According to the experimental results, the optimal condition was to add 10 μL derivatization reagent to a 10 mL sample and maintain an agitation speed of 1250 r min^-1. The MCM-T-H-SPME showed excellent reproducibility (RSD < 9.8%) and fast adsorption kinetics (30 min) and desorption kinetics (5 min) for derivatized BAs under optimal conditions. In summary, the MCM-T-H-SPME Arrow based method was employed for accurate monitoring of the variations of BAs in pork and fish, and good results were achieved.

Greenness of lab-on-a-chip devices for analytical processes: Advances & future prospects

Lab-on-a-chip devices have now-a-days become an important aspect of analytical/bioanalytical chemistry having wide range of applications including clinical diagnosis, drug screening, cell biology, environmental monitoring, food safety analysis etc. Conventional lab-on-a-chip devices generally employ chemicals that are not environmentally friendly and were commonly fabricated on hard plastic platform which are non-degradable and hence ignore the importance of green analytical chemistry. In today's scenario, it is highly imperative to protect our environment by using less toxic and environmentally friendly chemicals/solvents and biocompatible platforms. Accordingly, the present article comprehensively reviews on the various green aspects of lab-on-a-chip devices for analytical processes which aim at fabricating environmentally friendly and cost-effective downsized devices so that the risk factor at the user's end upon longer exposure as well as to the environment can be reduced. The decisive factors for the accomplishment of green aspects of lab-on-a-chip devices including sample preparation using lab-on-a-chip systems to minimize the amount of sample/solvents to few microliters only, substitution of harmful solvents with green alternatives, minimal waste generation or proper treatment of waste and biodegradable and biocompatible platforms for fabricating lab-on-a-chip devices have been discussed in details. Additionally, the challenges that may hinder their commercialization are also critically discussed.

Supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of oxygen heterocyclic compounds in Citrus essential oils

Oxygen heterocyclic compounds are secondary metabolites mainly present in the non-volatile fraction of cold-pressed Citrus essential oils. Under this denomination are included coumarins, furocoumarins, and polymethoxyflavones. These compounds possess numerous beneficial properties for human health, but the ingestion of large amounts of coumarins is often related to toxic effects, whereas the phototoxicity caused by furocoumarins and UVA exposure has been well known for a long time. This research has been aimed at the validation of an analytical approach, based on supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, for the analysis of OHCs in Citrus essential oils. Among eight columns tested, packed with different stationary phases, the pentafluorophenyl allowed the best baseline separation in 8 min and by using less than 10% of methanol. Calibration curves of twenty-eight standards (coumarins, furocoumarins, polymethoxyflavones) were constructed on spiked lemon distilled essential oil and the method was validated according to the EURACHEM guidelines, by calculating linearity, limit of detection (LoD), limit of quantification (LoQ), accuracy, intra-day, and inter-day precision. Specifically, recoveries were in the 80.0-118.6% range, regression coefficients were between 0.9904 and 0.9998, the LoDs were in the 0.0004-0.0470 mg kg^-1 range, the LoQs were in the 0.0014-0.1536 mg kg^-1 range, and coefficients of variation were between 0.3 and 2.6% (intra-day) and 1.1 and 7.4% (inter-day). The quantitative profiles of thirteen cold-pressed Citrus essential oils were determined.

The Application of Polyurethane-LiClO4 to Modify Screen-Printed Electrodes Analyzing Histamine in Mackerel Using a Voltammetric Approach

Histamine is an important substance that can be applied as a parameter for allergic reactions and food freshness. This study develops a method to produce a histamine sensor based on electrodes modified using polyurethane-LiClO₄. A sensor method was developed where this sensor was produced from polyurethane. The application of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (hard compound) and palm kernel oil-based monoester polyol (soft compound) to produce polyurethane (PU) based on bio-polyol. The addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) was done in order to increase the conductivity of PU. The oxidation process was detected using cyclic voltammetry, whereas the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the conductivity of the polymer. The polyurethane-LiClO₄ was attached on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) within 45 min. Moreover, the 1% LiClO₄-PU-SPE presented satisfactory selectivity for the detection of histamine in the pH 7.5 solution. The LiClO₄-PU-SPE presented a good correlation coefficient (R = 0.9991) in the range 0.015-1 mmol·L^-1. The detection limit was 0.17 mmol·L^-1. Moreover, the histamine concentration of mackerel samples was detected by the PU-SEP-LiClO₄. Several amine compounds were chosen to study the selectivity of histamine detection using SPE-PU-LiClO₄. The interference was from several major interfering compounds such as aniline, cadaverine, hexamine, putrescine, and xanthine. The technique showed a satisfactory selective analysis compared to the other amines. A satisfactory recovery performance toward varying concentrations of histamine was obtained at 94 and 103% for histamine at 0.01 and 0.1 mmol·L^-1, respectively. The application of PU-SEP-LiClO₄ as an electrochemical sensor has a great prospect to analyze histamine content in fish mackerel as a consequence of PU-SEP-LiClO₄ having good selectivity and simplicity.

Interaction between bacterial diversity and biogenic amines production in a salted mackerel stored at soft frozen (-7℃-0℃) storage

The bacterial diversity of salted mackerel "one-night courtyard" at soft frozen area (-7℃-0℃) storage was studied. The fish samples at 0, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days were analysis for bacterial structure using high-throughput sequencing technologies (HTS) and biogenic amines using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis results of HTS showed that the dominant bacteria species was varied gradually following with storage time. On the 0th, 21st, and 28th days of storage, dominant Vibrionaceae was accounting for 71.70%, 59.16%, and 70.68% of the total sequences analyzed, respectively. On the 14th and 35th days, Shewanellaceae was the dominant bacterial, accounting for 87.53% and 70.95% of the total sequences analyzed, respectively. In addition, 21st and 28th days, an abundance of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) was top. The dominant bacterial of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, was producer of biogenic amines. Furthermore, the analysis results of HPLC shown the total biogenic amines of maximum amount 363.01 mg/kg in the sample of HY.14 lower than 1000 mg/kg of the FDA regulation. The range ability of cadaverine was obvious following with the storage time. Cadaverine was 87.36 mg/kg on the 0th day, and it was maximum amount of 276.89 mg/kg on the 14th days. Putrescine was 20 mg/kg on the 0th day and maximum amount of 55.04 mg/kg on the 28thdays of storage. The tyramine was smallest amount of production, and the largest amount was 38.99 mg/kg on 28th, and the smallest amount was 11.97 mg/kg on 35th. Nevertheless, the maximum amount of histamine was 55.04 mg/kg on the 0th day and about 23.14 mg/kg of histamine was little change from 14th to 35th days of storage. Dominant bacteria affect the change of biogenic amines. The study can help understand the interaction between microbial flora and biogenic amines in the salted mackerel of one-night courtyard.

Volatile Organic Compounds, Indole, and Biogenic Amines Assessment in Two Mediterranean Irciniidae (Porifera, Demospongiae)

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed for the headspace determination of the volatile organic fraction emitted by two of the most common Mediterranean demosponges, Ircinia variabilis and Sarcotragus spinosulus, and of indole and some biogenic amines released by sponges in an aqueous medium. A total of 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane and 75 µm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fibers were used for the headspace extraction of low molecular weight sulfur compounds from a hermetically sealed vial containing sponge fragments, while the direct immersion determination of indole and biogenic amines was performed. The biogenic amines were extracted after in-solution derivatization with isobutyl chloroformate. All analytical parameters (linearity, limits of detection, and quantification, precision, and recovery) were evaluated for indole and biogenic amines. SPME-GC-MS proved to be a reliable means of highlighting the differences between molecules released by different sponges, principally responsible for their smell. The combined approaches allowed the identification of several volatile compounds in the headspace and other molecules released by the sponges in an aqueous medium, including indole and the BAs cadaverine, histamine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, propylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine and tryptamine. The results obtained represent a further contribution to the picture of odoriferous molecules secreted by sponges.

Recent advances in NMR-based metabolomics of alcoholic beverages

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NMR-based techniques can be used for establishing metabolic “fingerprint” .

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Biomarkers for discrimination of wine varietals were identified.

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COSY and DOSY techniques may aid in assigning phenolic compounds and disaccharides.

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NMR-based metabolomic studies of alcoholic beverages remain limited in Asia.

Alcoholic beverages have a complex chemistry that can be influenced by their alcoholic content, origin, fermentation process, additives, and contaminants. The complex composition of these beverages leave them susceptible to fraud, potentially compromising their authenticity, quality, and market value, thus increasing risks to consumers’ health. In recent years, intensive studies have been carried out on alcoholic beverages using different analytical techniques to evaluate the authenticity, variety, age, and fermentation processes that were used. Among these techniques, NMR-based metabolomics holds promise in profiling the chemistry of alcoholic beverages, especially in Asia where metabolomics studies on alcoholic beverages remain limited.

Jacek Namieśnik-Analytical Chemist and Dedicated Biker: From Wine Analysis to Toxic Compounds

Jacek Namieśnik, who died at the age of 69, was one of the most influential analytical chemists in Poland at the second half of the 20th century and the first two decades of the 21st century [...].

Determination of biogenic amines in alcoholic beverages using a novel fluorogenic compound as derivatizing reagent

Biogenic amines (BAs) are organic nitrogenous compounds that are responsible for several biological events. If their concentration reaches the threshold level, it can cause mild to serious health problems in human. A novel bis-styrylphenyl Meldrum's acid derivative (BSMAD) was synthesized and served as a fluorescent turn-on pre-column derivatizing reagent for the quantitative analysis of BAs. A method for the determination of BA by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established, which has a low detection limit (0.4 nmol L⁻¹), excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9946) and repeatability (RSD ≤ 3.7% intra-day, RSD ≤ 5.8% inter-day). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of BAs in several alcoholic beverages, including yellow wine, red wine, cooking wine, and beer. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range of 94.6–100.5%. Compared with other methods, this pre-column derivatization method using BSMAD is simple, reliable, highly sensitive, and of low interference, providing an effective method for future studies of BAs in different matrices.

A novel fluorescent turn-on probe was synthesized and served as a pre-column derivatizing reagent for quantitative analysis of biogenic amines, then a method was established and used in their quantification in several alcoholic beverages.

Fabrication of montmorillonite/ionic liquid composite coated solid-phase microextraction fibers for determination of phenolic compounds in fruit juices by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography

Novel montmorillonite composites including ionic liquid were prepared and utilized as coating materials for solid phase microextraction fibers. Ionic liquids containing amino terminated imidazolium cations with methyl and benzyl groups and hydrophobic anions (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and hydrophilic anions (bromide and tetrafluoroborate) were intercalated to KSF-montmorillonite using stainless steel wire as support by using the layer-by-layer technique. After optimization of experimental conditions, solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) after derivatization by silylation and high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (SPME-HPLC/DAD) were developed for the determination of 16 phenolic compounds. The developed SPME-GC/MS method had wider linearity and lower limit of detection than the developed SPME-HPLC/DAD method with similar repeatability (for 5 runs, less than 4.2 %) for a single fiber. The percentage of the variance between two different fibers was less than 6.0 % in both methods. The developed SPME methods were applied successfully to fresh fruit juices and the relative recoveries and the repeatabilities from spiked fruit juice samples were satisfactorily achieved. The results obtained with both chromatographic methods were in good agreement with each other.

Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors

In recent years, advancements in micromachining techniques and nanomaterials have enabled the fabrication of highly sensitive devices for the detection of odorous species. Recent efforts done in the miniaturization of gas sensors have contributed to obtain increasingly compact and portable devices. Besides, the implementation of new nanomaterials in the active layer of these devices is helping to optimize their performance and increase their sensitivity close to humans' olfactory system. Nonetheless, a common concern of general-purpose gas sensors is their lack of selectivity towards multiple analytes. In recent years, advancements in microfabrication techniques and microfluidics have contributed to create new microanalytical tools, which represent a very good alternative to conventional analytical devices and sensor-array systems for the selective detection of odors. Hence, this paper presents a general overview of the recent advancements in microfabricated gas sensors and microanalytical devices for the sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The working principle of these devices, design requirements, implementation techniques, and the key parameters to optimize their performance are evaluated in this paper. The authors of this work intend to show the potential of combining both solutions in the creation of highly compact, low-cost, and easy-to-deploy platforms for odor monitoring.

Direct sample preparation and simultaneous perfluoroacylation - Trimethylsilylation of biogenic monoamines along with their acidic metabolites for a single step analysis by GC-MS

The GC-MS quantification of biogenic monoamines (BMAs), together with their acidic metabolites (ACMEs), in a single step, is presented here for the first time. This novel principle is based on the exceptional reactivity of the hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) couples [1,2], resulting in the simultaneous trimethylsilylation and acylation of BMAs and ACMEs. For this basic study, tyramine (TYR), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MeTYR), dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), normetanephrine (NORMNE), norepinephrine (NOREP), tryptamine (T), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeT), serotonin (ST), and their ACMEs, such as homovanillic acid (HVA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were selected. These three ACMEs were derived from 3-MeTYR, NORMNE and ST, respectively. The mass fragmentation properties of the fully derivatized products proved to be of stoichiometric distribution. Informative high masses were obtained: such as the molecular ions [M]⁺⁼ and/or their [M-CH3]⁺ alternatives. The exceptions were EP and NOREP which decomposed to the same specific, abundant mass of m/z 355 representing the C₇H₃-tri-OTMS ions formed by the loss of their nitrogen-containing moieties. The general rule of this new principle was confirmed by using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), pentafluoropropionic acid (PFPA), or heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) with HMDS in parallel tests. In all three cases, derivatives of close retention properties in a stoichiometric manner were obtained. On the basis of the optimum separation characteristics between the BMA-ACME pairs, the HMDS & PFPA couple was preferred as the reagent of choice. Method validation was carried out, both with model solutions and in the presence of the urine matrices (without any preliminary extraction). Analytical performance characteristics for the model solutions like repeatability (RSD% 3.88-6.4), linearity (R² 0.991-0.999) and limit of quantitation (LOQ 8.8-103 ng/mL) were determined. Analytical performance characteristics for urine matrices were calculated by using the standard addition method applying the urine of a healthy volunteer and also analyzing urines of patients diagnosed with neurological diseases.

Determination of biogenic amines in Chub Mackerel from different storage methods

The eight biogenic amines (BA), which are histamine (HIS), tryptamine, putrescine, 2-phenylethylamine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine, were determined in Chub Mackerel under different storage conditions after being freshly caught. The storage time and temperature were varied and the guts either present or removed. This study describes a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector following precolumn derivation with dansyl chloride method for the determination of BA in in Chub Mackerel samples. HIS represented the highest content of BA regardless of the storage temperature and time. During a 24-hr period, the content of HIS reached its highest level of 6,466.63 mg/kg at the storage temperature of 30 °C, whereas it only reached 28.73 mg/kg in 24 hr when the storage temperature was 0 °C, which is way below the standard acceptable threshold level (400 mg/kg). The storage times for the content of HIS to exceed the standard threshold level for HIS at different storage temperatures of 0, 4, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C were 12, 5, 4 days, 48, 36, 15, and 14 hr, respectively. However, these times were significantly shortened when the viscera was removed from freshly-caught fish before storage. This study not only provides data for monitoring the content of BA, especially HIS, to ensure the safe storage and consumption of freshly-caught Chub Mackerel, but also presents a cost-effective method to extend the storage time of freshly-caught Chub Mackerel. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study not only provides data for monitoring the content of BA, especially HIS, to ensure the safe storage and consumption of freshly-caught Chub Mackerel, but also presents a cost-effective method, which is gut-removal during storage, to extend the storage time of freshly-caught Chub Mackerel.

Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques

Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.

Chemical hazards in grapes and wine, climate change and challenges to face

Climate change has an impact on the chemical risks associated to wine consumption related with grape development and microbial contamination. We can classify chemical hazards in wine into two groups: those present in grapes due to agricultural practices, environmental contamination or fungal growth and those coming from fermentation and the winemaking process. The first group includes mycotoxins, whilst the second encompasses ethyl carbamate, biogenic amines, sulfur dioxide and proteins used as technological ingredients such as fining material. Usually the effective control of chemical hazards is achieved by assuring that they either are minimized or absent in the final product since their removal is somewhat difficult and sometimes it may affect sensory properties, which is a major issue in wine. Interestingly, it is possible to give recommendations to avoid excess of these compounds, but more research is needed to face future challenges related to climate change and consumer demands.

The Importance of Derivatizing Reagent in Chromatography Applications for Biogenic Amine Detection in Food and Beverages

Biogenic amines (BA) are chemical compounds formed in foods that contain protein, allowing the foods to undergo a bacterial degradation process. Biogenic amines are labeled as toxic food because its consumption exceeding the FDA regulation (50 mg/kg) can be harmful to humans. Some countries also have regulations that prohibit the consumption of biogenic amines in high concentrations, especially histamine. The chromatography methods generally applied by researchers are liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC), where the use of a derivatization reagent is necessary to increase their sensitivity. This review is based on past and present studies about biogenic amine detection related to food samples. The rationale of this study is also to provide data on the comparison of the analytical approaches between LC and GC methods. Furthermore, the various approaches of biogenic amine determination and the most applied analytical methods have been reviewed.

Organic Acids and Polyphenols Determination in Polish Wines by Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Porous Membrane-Packed Liquid Samples

In the near future, Poland is going to have more and more favorable conditions for viticulture. Organic acids and polyphenols are among the most commonly analyzed compounds due to their beneficial properties for human health and their importance in the winemaking process. In this work, a new technique involving ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of porous membrane-packed liquid samples (UASE-PMLS) was for the first time described and applied for real samples. The methodology based on UASE-PMLS for organic acids and polyphenols in wine samples was optimized and validated. Using the new technique coupled to GC–MS, organic acids and polyphenols were evaluated in Polish wine samples. Extraction solvent, extraction temperature, derivatization time and sample pH were optimized. Chemometric tools were used for data treatment. Good linearity was obtained for the concentration ranges evaluated with r values between 0.9852 and 0.9993. All parameters of method validation (intra- and inter-day precision and matrix effect) were over 80% with coefficient of variation (CV) up to 17%. Recovery was between (92.0 ± 8.5)% and (113 ± 16)%. Finally, green assessment was evaluated using Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). The UASE-PMLS is characterized by many advantages, e.g., the extraction process is fast and easy coupled to GC–MS. Regarding other extraction techniques, the amount of used solvent is minimum, and no waste is generated. Therefore, it is an environmentally friendly technique.

Integrating molecularly imprinted polymer beads in graphite-epoxy electrodes for the voltammetric biosensing of histamine in wines

This manuscript presents a voltammetric biosensing study with use of molecularly imprinted polymers to detect histamine in wine. Polymer beads were synthesized by standard precipitation polymerization method and implemented on the electrode surface via sol-gel immobilization. Scanning and confocal microscopy examinations permitted characterizing the material. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry in differential mode was the technique chosen for final application, selecting an enrichment time of 5 min. These conditions permitted a limit of detection of 0.19 μg mL^-1 (1.0 μM), with a linear response range from 0.5 to 6.0 μg mL^-1 (2.71-32.4 μM). The repeatability of the measurements was 4.6% relative standard deviation (n = 12). Principal component analysis showed the ability of the prepared receptor for discriminating other biogenic amines and potential interfering species. A final application, illustrating the determination of histamine, was completed to show agreement of results between the fluorimetric reference method and the proposed electrochemical approach.