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Sun Y, He S, Peng Y, Liu M, Xu D. A novel label-free capillary electrophoresis LED-induced fluorescence platform based on catalytic hairpin assembly for sensitive detection of multiple circulating tumor DNA. Analyst 2024; 149:1548-1556. [PMID: 38284430 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01993d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a highly promising biomarker for the early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer (GC). However, there is still a lack of effective and practical ctDNA detection methods. In this work, a simple and economical capillary non-gel sieving electrophoresis-LED induced fluorescence detection (NGCE-LEDIF) platform coupled with catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) as the signal amplification strategy is proposed for quantitative detection of PIK3CA E542K and TP53 (two types of ctDNA associated with GC). We have reasonably designed two pairs of programmable oligonucleotide hairpin probes for PIK3CA E542K and TP53. Using a one-pot reaction, the presence of ctDNA triggers the cyclic amplification of CHA, forming numerous thermodynamically stable H1/H2 double-strands. The H1/H2 double-stranded DNA catalyzed by PIK3CA E542K and TP53 can be easily separated by NGCE due to their different lengths, enabling simultaneous detection of both ctDNAs. Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection limits of this strategy for detecting GC-related biomarkers PIK3CA E542K and TP53 are 20.35 pM and 19.61 pM, respectively, and can achieve 730-fold signal amplification. This strategy has a good recovery in the serum matrix. The results of this study show that this strategy has significant advantages such as high selectivity, a simple process, no special instruments and equipment, no need for fluorescence modification of hairpin probes in advance, high automation, low cost, and minimal sample consumption. This provides a powerful method for the detection of trace cancer biomarkers in the serum matrix with good application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Si He
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Yufei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, No 163, Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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2
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Wang FP, Guan Y, Liu JW, Cheng H, Hu R. A functional nucleic acid-based fluorescence sensing platform based on DNA supersandwich nanowires and cation exchange reaction. Analyst 2023; 148:5033-5040. [PMID: 37667620 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and sensitive analysis of p53 DNA is important for early diagnosis of cancer. In this work, a fluorescence sensing system based on DNA supersandwich nanowires and cation exchange (CX)-triggered multiplex signal amplification was constructed for the detection of p53 DNA. In the presence of p53 DNA, the DNA self-assembles to form a DNA supersandwich nanowire that generates long double-stranded DNA. Subsequently, the cation exchange (CX) reaction between ZnS and Ag+ was utilized to release free Zn2+. With the participation of Zn2+, DNAzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of numerous catalytic molecular beacons, resulting in a greatly enhanced fluorescence signal due to the cycling of DNAzyme. The fluorescence values increased in proportion to the concentrations of p53 DNA in the range of 10 pM to 200 nM, and a detection limit (LOD) of 2.34 pM (S/N = 3) was obtained. This method provides an effective strategy for the quantitative detection of p53 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Wen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
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3
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Wang Y, Liu S, Zhang D, Xiao Q, Huang S. Ultrasensitive electrochemical platform for the p53 gene via molecular beacon-mediated circular strand displacement and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated signal amplification strategy. Analyst 2023; 148:1005-1015. [PMID: 36723078 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As an important tumor suppressor gene, the p53 gene is considered to be a typical biomarker for the early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of severe cancer. Herein, an electrochemical biosensor was proposed for the ultrasensitive detection of the p53 gene based on molecular beacon-mediated circular strand displacement polymerization combined with terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated template-free DNA extension. Firstly, the p53 gene opened the hairpin structure of the molecular beacon, thereby exposing the binding sequence region of the primer DNA. The circular strand displacement polymerization occurred in the presence of the primer DNA and phi29 DNA polymerase, subsequently resulting in the circulation of the p53 gene. With the catalysis of the terminal deoxynucleotide transferase, the 3'-OH terminal sequence of the molecular beacon elongated to produce long single-stranded DNA under the template-free DNA extension. Methylene blue bound with such DNA strands generated a strong differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal with a peak potential of -0.28 V. Under the optimal detection conditions, the DPV signal of methylene blue showed good linear relationships with the logarithm value of the p53 gene in two concentration ranges of 0.05 fM to 3 pM and 5 fM to 100 fM, and the detection limit of the p53 gene was as low as 0.018 fM. This electrochemical biosensor possessed high recognition ability for the p53 gene in its analogues and was successfully applied for p53 gene analysis in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China.
| | - Dongyou Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China.
| | - Shan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China.
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4
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Luo F, Geng X, Li Z, Dai G, Chu Z, He P, Zhang F, Wang Q. Biosensing bacterial 16S rDNA by microchip electrophoresis combined with a CRISPR system based on real-time crRNA/Cas12a formation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22219-22225. [PMID: 36043114 PMCID: PMC9364175 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate, simple and sensitive detection of bacterial infections at the early stage is highly valuable in preventing the spread of disease. Recently, CRISPR–Cas12a enzyme-derived nucleic acid detection methods have emerged along with the discovery of the indiscriminate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) cleavage activity of Cas12a. These nucleic acid detection methods are made effective and sensitive by combining them with isothermal amplification technologies. However, most of the proposed CRISPR–Cas12a strategies involve Cas–crRNA complexes in the preassembled mode, which result in inevitable nonspecific background signals. Besides, the signal ssDNA used in these strategies needs tedious pre-labeling of the signal molecules. Herein, a post-assembly CRISPR–Cas12a method has been proposed based on target-induced transcription amplification and real-time crRNA generation for bacterial 16S rDNA biosensing. This strategy is label-free through the combination of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) detection. In addition, this method eliminates the need for a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) on the target sequences, and has the potential to be an effective and simple method for nucleic acid detection and infectious disease diagnosis. Real-time crRNA/Cas12a formation derived CRISPR system for bacterial sensing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Xing Geng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Ge Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
| | - Qingjiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 P. R. China +86 21 54340015
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Fu J, Li J, Chen J, Li Y, Liu J, Su X, Shi S. Ultra-specific nucleic acid testing by target-activated nucleases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1061-1078. [PMID: 34706599 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1983757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acids is essential to clinical diagnostics and biotechnological applications. Currently, amplification steps are necessary for most detection methods due to the low concentration of nucleic acid targets in real samples. Although amplification renders high sensitivity, poor specificity is prevalent because of the lack of highly accurate precise strategies, resulting in significant false positives and false negatives. Nucleases exhibit high catalytic activity for nucleic acid cleavage which is regulated in a programmable manner. This review focuses on the latest progress in nucleic acid testing methods based on the target-activated nucleases. It summarizes the property of enzymes such as CRISPR/Cas, Argonautes, and some gene-editing irrelevant nucleases, which have been leveraged to create highly specific and sensitive nucleic acid testing tools. We elaborate on recent advances in the field of nuclease-mediated DNA recognition techniques for nucleic acid detection, and discuss its future applications and challenges in molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yabei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Bidar N, Amini M, Oroojalian F, Baradaran B, Hosseini SS, Shahbazi MA, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hamblin MR, de la Guardia M. Molecular beacon strategies for sensing purpose. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Sun X, Liu Y, Liu L, Yin F, Liu R, Guo T, Li X, Xue Q. Label-free amplified fluorescence detection of DNA biomarkers based on KFP polymerase-driven double strand displacement reactions and magnetic nanoprobes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3092-3097. [PMID: 32930168 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00338g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a sensitive, low-cost and general sensing platform for the analysis of a DNA biomarker and its mutation is important for early cancer screening. In our work, the tumor suppressor gene-p53 DNA was chosen as the model DNA biomarker due to its vital role in preventing oncogene cancer-inhibiting activity through mediating cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Compared with tumor biopsy, the quantification of p53 DNA and its mutation in biofluids (such as urine) is more convenient due to its simple operation and non-invasiveness. Herein, a label-free amplified fluorescence assay has been developed for p53 DNA in urine samples through the KFP polymerase-driven double strand displacement reactions and a magnetic nanoprobe. First, the ssDNA probe (RP) was designed with antisense sequences for p53 DNA and the Nb.BbvCI endonuclease recognition site. In the presence of p53 DNA, the formed dsDNA between RP and p53 DNA served as an engaging primer to initiate the first strand displacement reaction (SDA) under the action of KFP DNA polymerase and Nb.BbvCI, generating abundant short ssDNA (primer). Subsequently, the resulting primers will initiate the downstream SDA through the primer-hairpin DNA (HPa) binding, opening up, and extension of HPb and HPc under the action of KFP DNA polymerase. In the process of this final DNA polymerization reaction, the primer hybridized on HPa is released and goes on to initiate another round, forming plenty of duplex Y-shaped DNA. With the integration of SYBR Green I (SG I) into these duplex DNA, the amplified label-free fluorescence detection platform for p53 DNA can be achieved. Moreover, a biotin modified nanoprobe (bio-CP) was used to capture the superfluous HP. By performing the separation function, the binding of superfluous HP and SG could be avoided and a low background can be acquired. Benefiting from the abundant SG intercalation sites of Y-shaped DNA and low background signals, this method showed excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.012 nM, and the p53 DNA in urine samples was evaluated, offering a powerful tool for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
| | - Yeling Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
| | - Liqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
| | - Tianyu Guo
- Department of Art and Science, University of Vermont, 05405, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
| | - Qingwang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liao Cheng 252059, China.
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8
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Kim DM, Yoo SM. DNA-modifying enzyme reaction-based biosensors for disease diagnostics: recent biotechnological advances and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:787-803. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1764485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Min Kim
- Center for Applied Life Science, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Yoo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Cai R, Yin F, Chen H, Tian Y, Zhou N. A fluorescent aptasensor for Staphylococcus aureus based on strand displacement amplification and self-assembled DNA hexagonal structure. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:304. [PMID: 32350613 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent aptasensor for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is designed, which takes advantage of strand displacement amplification (SDA) technology and unique self-assembled DNA hexagonal structure. In the presence of S. aureus, a partially complementary strand of S. aureus aptamer (cDNA) is competitively released from cDNA/aptamer duplex immobilized on magnetic beads due to the affinity of the aptamer for S. aureus. The addition of primer starts the SDA reaction. With the catalysis of Bsm DNA polymerase and Nb.bpu10I endonuclease, a large number of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is produced, which induces the opening of a hairpin probe and the subsequent self-assembly to form a hexagonal structure. The staining of the DNA hexagon with SYBR Green I excites the fluorescence signal, which is used for detection. The aptasensor exhibits a broad linear range from 7 to 7 × 107 CFU/mL, with a detection limit of 1.7 CFU/mL for S. aureus. The sensor shows negligible responses to other bacteria. Moreover, the aptasensor has been applied to detect S. aureus in milk samples, and the results demonstrate the general applicability of the sensor and its prospect in systematic detection of S. aureus in food safety control and medicine-related fields. Graphical abstract The presence of S. aureus can be converted to the formation of unique DNA hexagonal structure and subsequent fluorescent signal by the combination of SDA with self-assembly technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fan Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Haohan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Husain RA, Barman SR, Chatterjee S, Khan I, Lin ZH. Enhanced biosensing strategies using electrogenerated chemiluminescence: recent progress and future prospects. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3192-3212. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02578b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview of enhancement strategies for highly sensitive ECL-based sensing of bioanalytes enabling early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashaad A. Husain
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Snigdha Roy Barman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Subhodeep Chatterjee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Imran Khan
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering
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Yan Q, Duan Q, Huang Y, Guo J, Zhong L, Wang H, Yi G. Symmetric exponential amplification reaction-based DNA nanomachine for the fluorescent detection of nucleic acids. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41305-41310. [PMID: 35540087 PMCID: PMC9076420 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08854g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By introducing palindromic sequences into the classical exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR), we constructed a new palindromic fragment-incorporated multifunctional hairpin probe (P-HP)-mediated symmetric exponential amplification reaction (S-EXPAR), to significantly reduce the background signal caused by inherent nonspecific amplification. A G-triplex/ThT complex was used as the signal reporter for the proposed label-free DNA nanomachine. The P-HP consists of five functional regions: a C-rich region (C), a target DNA recognition region (T′), two nicking sites (X′) and a palindromic fragment (P). When target DNA (T) hybridizes with P-HP, the palindromic fragment at the 3′ end of P-HP is fully exposed. Then, the P-HP/T duplexes hybridize with each other through the exposed P, and EXPAR occurs automatically and continuously on both sides of P under the synergistic effect of polymerase and nicking endonuclease. This is called the S-EXPAR assay. In this system, one T converts to a large number of G-triplex fragments, which can combine with ThT within a short time. The G-triplex/ThT complexes formed act as the signal reporter in a label-free and environmentally friendly format. In this way, the limit of detection of this method is as low as 10 pM with a dynamic response range of 10 pM to 300 nM. In addition, this method can detect other nucleic acids by simply changing the T′ region of the P-HP. Thus, the proposed DNA nanomachine is a potential alternative method for nucleic acid detection. This label-free and ultra-low background signal DNA nanomachine was based on P-HP mediated S-EXPAR and the G-triplex/ThT complex.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital
- Qingdao
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
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