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Mutić S, Anojčić J, Vraneš M, Panić J, Papović S. Voltammetric determination of organic UV filters by carbon paste electrodes modified with pyridinium-based ionic liquids. Talanta 2024; 266:125103. [PMID: 37633035 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and sensitive voltammetric determination of organic UV filters benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and avobenzone (AVO) was performed by an ionic liquid carbon paste electrode (IL-CPE). Namely, the synthesized pyridinium-based ILs, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride ([N-C4-3C1Py]Cl) and 1-ethoxyethyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride ([N-C2OC2-3C1Py]Cl) were compared as bulk CPE modifiers for BP-3 determination. [N-C4-3C1Py]Cl-CPE showed more favorable interactions with the target analyte, and it was tested for AVO determination, too. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) studies suggested that the irreversible electrode reaction is adsorption controlled in the case of both UV filters. Also, the square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SW-AdSV) method was optimized for quantifying selected UV filters. In the model solutions, the linear calibration curve was obtained by the SW-AdSV method in the concentration range from 0.05 to 0.89 μg mL-1 at pH 3.0 for BP-3 (Eacc = -0.7 V, tacc = 100 s), and from 0.05 to 1.77 μg mL-1 at pH 11.98 for AVO (Eacc = 0.2 V, tacc = 100 s). The evaluated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.015 μg mL-1 in both cases, while the relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than 1.5%. The affordable IL-based voltammetric sensor fulfills the main requirements for application in real samples due to an adequate selectivity towards selected analytes in the presence of interferents usually found in swimming pool water. Therefore, the BP-3 and AVO were quantified in a swimming pool water matrix with good repeatability and recovery. The obtained results demonstrate an excellent potential of the IL-CPEs, especially of the [N-C4-3C1Py]Cl-CPE, for determining selected UV filters in various real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Mutić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Anojčić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Milan Vraneš
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovana Panić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snežana Papović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Gibi C, Liu CH, Anandan S, Wu JJ. Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). Molecules 2023; 28:7916. [PMID: 38067644 PMCID: PMC10707923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), a new category of contaminants currently in the limelight, are a major issue of global concern. The pervasive nature of CECs and their harmful effects, such as cancer, reproductive disorders, neurotoxicity, etc., make the situation alarming. The perilous nature of CECs lies in the fact that even very small concentrations of CECs can cause great impacts on living beings. They also have a nature of bioaccumulation. Thus, there is a great need to have efficient sensors for the detection of CECs to ensure a safe living environment. Electrochemical sensors are an efficient platform for CEC detection as they are highly selective, sensitive, stable, reproducible, and prompt, and can detect very low concentrations of the analyte. Major classes of CECs are pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, newly registered pesticides, and disinfection by-products. This review focusses on CECs, including their sources and pathways, health effects caused by them, and electrochemical sensors as reported in the literature under each category for the detection of major CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchu Gibi
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Trichy 620015, India;
| | - Jerry J. Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
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Manikandan R, Yoon JH, Chang SC. Emerging Trends in nanostructured materials-coated screen printed electrodes for the electrochemical detection of hazardous heavy metals in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140231. [PMID: 37775053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) have become a significant contaminant in recent years. The increase in heavy metal pollution is a serious situation, requiring progressively robust, fast sensing, highly sensitive, and suitable techniques for heavy metal detection. Compared to other classical analytical methods, electroanalytical techniques, especially stripping voltammetric techniques with modified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), have several advantages, such as fast sensing, great sensitivity, specificity, and long-time stability. Therefore, these techniques are more suitable for HMI detection. In this review, the nanostructured materials used to coat SPEs for the electrochemical determination of HMI are summarized. Additionally, the electrode fabrication method, modification steps, and electroanalytical study of these materials are systematically discussed. Hence, this review will support the researchers in precisely evaluating the electrochemical HMIs detection through highly sensitive stripping voltammetric techniques using SPE modified with nanostructured carbon and their allotropes, metal, metal oxides and their nanocomposites as sensor materials. Moreover, modified electrodes real time detection of HMIs in different food and environmental samples were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Manikandan
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Spectroelectrochemistry as a new tool for the quantification of UV filters in sun creams. Talanta 2022; 250:123728. [PMID: 35843048 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the spectroelectrochemical quantification of four UV filters, butylmethoxy dibenzoylmethane (BM), benzophenone-3 (BP3), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EM) and octocrylene (OC) used as sunscreens in cosmetics. Three of them exhibited electrochemical activity resulting in the modification of their absorption spectrum under the application of an oxidizing potential of +1.8 V vs. Ag. When working with a mixture containing both electroactive and nonelectroactive UV filters, UV-vis absorption spectra recorded before and after the application of the potential differed. The combination of spectral deconvolution of the spectra pair allowed a more accurate identification and quantification of UV filters than spectral deconvolution of the initial absorbance spectrum alone. This method was effective for the assessment of UV filters in model mixtures and commercial sun creams.
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Morawska K, Ciesielski W, Smarzewska S. First electroanalytical studies of methoxyfenozide and its interactions with dsDNA. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roselló A, Serrano N, Díaz‐Cruz JM, Ariño C. Discrimination of Beers by Cyclic Voltammetry Using a Single Carbon Screen‐printed Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Roselló
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA) University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz‐Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA) University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA) University of Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
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Serrano N, Pérez-Ràfols C, Ariño C, Esteban M, Manuel Díaz-Cruz J. MCR-ALS of voltammetric data for the study of environmentally relevant substances. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Screen-printed anion-exchange solid-phase extraction: A new strategy for point-of-care determination of angiotensin receptor blockers. Talanta 2020; 222:121518. [PMID: 33167228 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized system of anion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE) based on a screen-printed electrode was developed as a point of care (POC) device for extraction and quantitative determination of anionic analytes. Nylon 6/polyaniline nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and in-situ oxidative polymerization techniques coated on a screen-printed working electrode and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The effects of essential parameters such as desorption conditions, pH of the sample solution, adsorption voltage, adsorption time, and salt concentration on the performance of the method were investigated. To evaluate the performance of the system, angiotensin ΙΙ receptor antagonists, including valsartan, losartan, and irbesartan, were selected as model compounds and analyzed by HPLC/UV after extraction. The limits of detection and quantification were ranging between 0.4 and 0.9 μg L-1 and 1.3-3.0 μg L-1, respectively. The linear dynamic range for Losartan, Irbesartan, and Valsartan was 2-400, 4-1000, and 2-400 μg L-1, respectively, with R2 > 0.991. Finally, the method was applied for the determination of ARA-IIs in human blood plasma samples, and relative recoveries in the range of 89.0-107.8% with relative standard deviation (RSDs (≤8.9% were obtained.
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Díaz-Cruz JM, Serrano N, Pérez-Ràfols C, Ariño C, Esteban M. Electroanalysis from the past to the twenty-first century: challenges and perspectives. J Solid State Electrochem 2020; 24:2653-2661. [PMID: 32837295 PMCID: PMC7306008 DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A personal mini-review is presented on the history of electroanalysis and on their present achievements and future challenges. The manuscript is written from the subjective view of two generations of electroanalytical chemists that have witnessed for many years the evolution of this discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Esteban
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Yan S, Liang M, Chen R, Hong X, Zha J. Reproductive toxicity and estrogen activity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of octocrylene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114104. [PMID: 32045793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of octocrylene (OC) in sunscreens has posed a great threat to aquatic organisms. In the present study, to assess its reproductive toxicity and mechanism, paired Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) (F0) were exposed to OC at nominal concentrations of 5, 50, and 500 μg/L for 28 d. Significant increases were observed in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of F0 medaka at 500 μg/L OC (p < 0.05) without significant differences in fecundity. The fertility was significantly decreased at all treatments (p < 0.05). Significant increases in the percent of mature oocytes were observed at 5 and 500 μg/L OC, in which contrary to the percent of spermatozoa (p < 0.05). The plasma sex hormones and vitellogenin levels significantly increased in males at all treatments and in females at 50 and 500 μg/L OC (p < 0.05). In addition, the levels of fshβ and lhβ in the brains and the levels of fshr, lhr and cyp17α in the gonads were significantly upregulated in males at all treatments (p < 0.05), in line with those of ar, erα, erβ and cyp19β in the brains of male and female. The upregulation of vtg in male and female livers was observed only at 500 μg/L OC and upregulation of star and hsd3β was observed in testis at all treatments (p < 0.05). Continued exposure to OC significantly induced increases in the time to hatching, morphological abnormality rates, and cumulative death rates of F1 embryos, inconsistent with body length of F1 larvae (p < 0.05). Therefore, the responses of the exposed fish at the biochemical and molecular levels indicated reproductive toxicity and estrogenic activity of OC, providing insights into the mechanism of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mengmeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Voltammetric Sensing of Benzotriazoles in Water. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071839. [PMID: 32224938 PMCID: PMC7181194 DOI: 10.3390/s20071839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BZTs) are high production volume industrial chemicals that are used in various applications such as corrosion inhibitors, antifreeze agents, and UV radiation stabilizers. Given their potential ecotoxicological implications for different ecosystems and in human health, as well as their poor biodegradability, they are of increasing concern. In this study, a new voltammetric method using commercial screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has been developed for the sensing of BZTs in water samples to help in their environmental monitoring. To this end, different types of SPEs based on carbon nanoallotropes and copper were tested under several experimental conditions to determine the two BZTs most frequently detected in the environment: 1H-benzotriazole (BZT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (Me-BZT, tolyltriazole) as model compounds for BZTs. Carbon nanofibers electrodes exhibited the best performance, allowing detection limits as low as 0.4 mg L−1 for both BZTs, with repeatability and reproducibility of ca. 5%. The applicability of the method was tested through the determination of BZT in spiked drinking water samples, suggesting its suitability for the sensing of samples heavily polluted with BZTs.
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Farinelli G, Minella M, Sordello F, Vione D, Tiraferri A. Metabisulfite as an Unconventional Reagent for Green Oxidation of Emerging Contaminants Using an Iron-Based Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20732-20741. [PMID: 31858059 PMCID: PMC6906940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, contaminants of emerging concern were catalytically degraded in the homogeneous phase with the use of unconventional green reagents. Three reagents, namely, sulfite, metabisulfite, and persulfate, were tested and compared with conventional hydrogen peroxide in the degradation process activated by Fe-TAML. The latter is a biodegradable, homogeneous tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand catalyst containing iron(III). Metabisulfite showed the highest efficiency among the three tested reagents, and its reactivity was similar to that of H2O2. However, metabisulfite is a safer and cleaner reagent compared to H2O2. A comprehensive study of the activity of metabisulfite with Fe-TAML was carried out toward the oxidative degradation of eight contaminants of emerging concern. The catalytic process was tested at different pH values (7, 9, and 11). Metabisulfite showed the highest activity at pH 11, completely degrading some of the tested micropollutants, but in several cases, the system was active at pH 9 as well. In particular, metabisulfite showed the best efficiency toward phenolic compounds. A preliminary study on the reaction mechanism and the nature of the active species in the Fe-TAML/metabisulfite system was also conducted, highlighting that a high-valent iron-oxo species might be involved in the degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Farinelli
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department
of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Rapid electroanalytical procedure for sesamol determination in real samples. Food Chem 2019; 309:125789. [PMID: 31704073 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the development of an electroanalytical assay based on square wave voltammetry technique for determining sesamol (Ses) in sesame oil samples is described. The influence of various factors such as pH of the supporting electrolyte, its composition, and SW (square wave) parameters was studied. Linearity of the peak current depended on the concentration of Ses in the range from 3.0 to 140.0 μmol L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.71 μmol L-1. Furthermore, the cyclic voltammetric behavior of Ses and the effects of scan rate and pH on the peak current and peak potential of Ses were determined. Moreover, the electrode process was found to be diffusion-controlled. The proposed methodology was successfully applied for determining Ses in commercial sesame oil samples. The obtained results were in good agreement with the results from the HPLC-UV reference method.
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