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Clímaco Cunha IL, Machado PG, de Oliveira Ribeiro C, Kulay L. Bibliometric analysis of Advanced Oxidation Processes studies with a focus on Life Cycle Assessment and Costs. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:22319-22338. [PMID: 38430439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are wastewater treatment technologies that stand out for their ability to degrade Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). The literature has extensively investigated these removal processes for different aqueous matrices. Once technically mature, some of these systems have become accredited to be applied on a large scale, and therefore, their systemic performances in the environmental and cost spheres have also become essential requirements. This study proposed corroborating this trend, analyzing the available literature on the subject to verify how experts in the AOP area investigated this integration during 2015-2023. For this purpose, a sample of publications was treated by applying the Systematic Review (SR) methodology. This resulted in an extract of 83 studies that adopted life-cycle logic to estimate environmental impacts and process costs or evaluated them as complementary to the technical dimension of each treatment technology. This analysis found that both dimensions can be used for selecting or sizing AOPs at the design scale. However, the appropriate choice of the impact categories for the environmental assessment and establishing a methodology for cost analysis can make the approach still more effective. In addition, a staggering number of processes would broaden the reality and applicability of the estimates, and adopting multicriteria analysis methodologies could address essential aspects of decision-making processes during the design of the arrangements. By meeting the original purposes, the study broadened the requirements for designing AOPs and disseminating their use in mitigating the discharge of CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Luiza Clímaco Cunha
- Research Group in Pollution Prevention (GP2), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-010, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Gerber Machado
- Department of Production Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1380, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Celma de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Department of Production Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1380, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Luiz Kulay
- Research Group in Pollution Prevention (GP2), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-010, Brazil
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2
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Lopez-Herguedas N, Irazola M, Alvarez-Mora I, Mijangos L, Bilbao D, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O, Olivares M, Prieto A. Evaluating membrane bioreactor treatment for the elimination of emerging contaminants using different analytical methods. J Hazard Mater 2024; 463:132833. [PMID: 37918067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Since wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were not originally designed to eliminate contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), alternative strategies like membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology are gaining importance in achieving effective CEC removal and minimising their environmental impact. In this study, composite wastewater samples were collected from the biggest WWTP in the Basque Country (Galindo, Biscay) and the performance of two secondary treatments (i.e. conventional activated sludge treatment, CAS, and MBR) was assessed. The combination of a suspect screening approach using liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and multitarget analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allowed the detection of approximately 200 compounds in the WWTP effluents. The estimated removal efficiencies (REs) revealed that only 16 micropollutants exhibited enhanced removal by MBR treatment (RE > 70% or 40 - 60%). The environmental risk posed by the non-eliminated compounds after both treatments remained similar, being anthracene, clarithromycin, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dilantin the most concerning pollutants (RQ > 1). The Microtox® bioassay confirmed the MBR's efficiency in removing baseline toxicity, while suggesting a similar performance of CAS treatment. These minimal differences between treatments call into question the worthiness of MBR treatment and emphasise the need to seek more efficient alternative treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lopez-Herguedas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - M Irazola
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - I Alvarez-Mora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - L Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - D Bilbao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - N Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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Gibi C, Liu CH, Anandan S, Wu JJ. Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs). Molecules 2023; 28:7916. [PMID: 38067644 PMCID: PMC10707923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), a new category of contaminants currently in the limelight, are a major issue of global concern. The pervasive nature of CECs and their harmful effects, such as cancer, reproductive disorders, neurotoxicity, etc., make the situation alarming. The perilous nature of CECs lies in the fact that even very small concentrations of CECs can cause great impacts on living beings. They also have a nature of bioaccumulation. Thus, there is a great need to have efficient sensors for the detection of CECs to ensure a safe living environment. Electrochemical sensors are an efficient platform for CEC detection as they are highly selective, sensitive, stable, reproducible, and prompt, and can detect very low concentrations of the analyte. Major classes of CECs are pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, newly registered pesticides, and disinfection by-products. This review focusses on CECs, including their sources and pathways, health effects caused by them, and electrochemical sensors as reported in the literature under each category for the detection of major CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinchu Gibi
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Trichy 620015, India;
| | - Jerry J. Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (C.G.); (C.-H.L.)
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Castanheira B, Brochsztain S, Otubo L, Teixeira ACSC. Periodic mesoporous organosilicas containing naphthalenediimides as organic sensitizers for sulfadiazine photodegradation. J Hazard Mater 2023; 443:130224. [PMID: 36345058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO) functionalized with the organic sentisizer naphthalenediimide (NDI) were employed as heterogeneous catalysts for the photodegradation of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ), taken as a model for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The catalysts, designated as PMONDI, were prepared by surfactant-directed co-condensation of the precursor N,N'-bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)- 1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide with tetraethoxysilane. The synthesized PMONDI were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and small and large angle x-ray scattering. The performance of PMONDI catalysts in the photodegradation of SDZ was compared to that of TiO2 nanoparticles impregnated into SBA-15 mesoporous silica (TiO2/SBA-15), under irradiation with a Hg lamp with a bandpass filter of 320-500 nm. Under optimal conditions, PMONDI degraded 100% of the SDZ in 45 min, while the total degradation of SDZ was achieved only after 150 min with TiO2/SBA-15. PMONDI also performed better than TiO2/SBA-15 in reuse tests. The mechanism of photodegradation with PMONDI involves the formation of excited triplet states of NDI (3NDI*) upon irradiation, which can then react with molecular oxygen to form reactive oxygen species, which degrade SDZ. Analysis of the SDZ degradation products indicated two main pathways: (1) hydroxylation of the aniline ring and (2) SO2 extrusion and rearrangement, followed by oxidation of the aniline ring to nitrobenzene. In conclusion, the great potential of the PMONDI materials as photocatalysts for CECs degradation was demonstrated in this work, encouraging further research on these materials for the degradation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Castanheira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, São Paulo 380, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Brochsztain
- Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Larissa Otubo
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos S C Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, tr. 3, São Paulo 380, SP, Brazil.
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Penserini L, Cantoni B, Vries D, Turolla A, Smeets PWMH, Bokkers BGH, Antonelli M. Quantitative chemical risk assessment for mixtures: Application to alkylphenol mixtures and phthalate mixtures in tap and bottled water. Environ Int 2022; 165:107294. [PMID: 35623187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and hazard risks of mixtures of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) in drinking water (DW) lead to serious consideration regarding the possible impacts on public health. Consequently, there is ongoing research, development and empowerment of risk assessment procedures to get more toxicological insight. For instance, alkylphenols and phthalates have been frequently reported to be present both in bottled and tap water, affecting different human endpoints. Currently, deterministic chemical risk assessment (CRA) is used to evaluate the compounds' mixture health risk. However, CRA deals just qualitatively with sources of uncertainty, which may lead to erroneous assessment of risks. Here, a new procedure for quantitative chemical risk assessment of CEC mixtures (QCRAMIX) is proposed. Its potential is illustrated by a case study where the risks related to the presence of mixtures of alkylphenols or phthalates in tap versus bottled DW are compared. Uncertainties in both exposure and hazard assessment steps of the procedure are included to calculate a probabilistic mixture Benchmark Quotient (BQMIX). The QCRAMIX procedure highlighted the non-negligible health risks posed by those compounds in both DW sources based on overall water consumption. In fact, DW consumers' behaviour in 13 different countries, in terms of total DW consumption and fraction of bottled and tap water consumed, were considered to evaluate the influence on health risk. For alkylphenols, the total water consumption was found to be the most relevant factor in increasing the health risk, while for phthalates the risk was found to be mainly influenced by the percentage of bottled water consumed. Hence, the proposed QCRAMIX procedure can be a valuable tool for prioritization of CECs to be included in DW regulations which aim to minimize the overall risk, accounting for actual DW consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Penserini
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cantoni
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Vries
- KWR, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Bas G H Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Manuela Antonelli
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Cantoni B, Penserini L, Vries D, Dingemans MML, Bokkers BGH, Turolla A, Smeets PWMH, Antonelli M. Development of a quantitative chemical risk assessment (QCRA) procedure for contaminants of emerging concern in drinking water supply. Water Res 2021; 194:116911. [PMID: 33607390 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties on the occurrence, fate and hazard of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) increasingly challenge drinking water (DW) utilities whether additional measures should be taken to reduce the health risk. This has led to the development and evaluation of risk-based approaches by the scientific community. DW guideline values are commonly derived based on deterministic chemical risk assessment (CRA). Here, we propose a new probabilistic procedure, that is a quantitative chemical risk assessment (QCRA), to assess potential health risk related to the occurrence of CECs in DW. The QCRA includes uncertainties in risk calculation in both exposure and hazard assessments. To quantify the health risk in terms of the benchmark quotient probabilistic distribution, the QCRA estimates the probabilistic distribution of CECs concentration in DW based on their concentration in source water and simulating the breakthrough curves of a granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment process. The model inputs and output uncertainties were evaluated by sensitivity and uncertainty analyses for each step of the risk assessment to identify the most relevant factors affecting risk estimation. Dominant factors resulted to be the concentration of CECs in water sources, GAC isotherm parameters and toxicological data. To stress the potential of this new QCRA approach, several case studies are considered with focus on bisphenol A as an example CEC and various GAC management options. QCRA quantifies the probabilistic risk, providing more insight compared to CRA. QCRA proved to be more effective in supporting the intervention prioritization for treatment optimization to pursue health risk minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Cantoni
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Penserini
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Vries
- KWR, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas G H Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Antonelli
- Politecnico Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Sasi S, Rayaroth MP, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Occurrence, distribution and removal of organic micro-pollutants in a low saline water body. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141319. [PMID: 32822914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A low saline backwater canal, mainly utilized for domestic and agricultural purposes, has been analyzed for the possible presence of organic micropollutants (OMP) and their potential removal was explored by multilayered microfiltration membranes. The qualitative as well as quantitative analysis were carried out for a span of one year using the technique of liquid chromatography connected with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The identification of the formally unknown compounds was initially done using non-target analysis based on the mass accuracy, isotopic pattern and MS/MS spectral interpretation. Results of the non target screening revealed the presence of 11 OMPs. Five of these OMPs were confirmed using standards; these include chlorophene (CHP), oxybenzone (OXY), N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), N, N-diethyl-benzamide (DEB) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Among the confirmed OMPs, the highest concentration was observed for DBP (244.61 ng l-1). The most frequently observed OMP in the study area was DBP while the least was DEB which is an insect repellent as well as a degradation product of DEET. The ecological risk associated with the target compounds has also been analyzed by calculating the risk quotient (RQ) and the results revealed that at the detected levels, these compounds are capable of causing low to medium risk. Low pressure (<0.3 bar) filtrations of the compounds were attempted using microfiltration (MF) and, poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEI/PSS) multi-layered MF membrane for spiked ultrapure water and also for natural water from the back-water canal. The batch mode illustrates nearly complete removal of CHP and OXY in spiked solutions and a good removal efficiency from natural water. The effect of coexisting ions and surfactants in feed is also illustrated. The high efficiency of the removal of both CHP and OXY, in such a complex medium highlights the potential application of the present method for the removal of similar OMPs in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sasi
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India.
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Li J, Dong Z, Wang Y, Bao J, Yan Y, Jin J. Different organophosphate flame retardant and metabolite concentrations in urine from male and female university students in Beijing and an assessment of exposure via indoor dust. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:760-768. [PMID: 30657202 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been found in human samples and associated with adverse health effects. In the present study, OPFR and dialkyl and diaryl phosphate (DAP) concentrations in human urine were determined and differences in the concentrations in urine from males and females were investigated. Urine samples from 22 male and 26 female university students, paired dust samples from the dormitories (13 each for males and females), and 10 dust samples from university teaching buildings were analyzed. The tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), tri-p-cresyl phosphate (TPCP), and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP) concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.049, 0.023, and 0.027, respectively) in urine from the female students than in urine from the male students. Similar differences were found between males and females in terms of OPFR exposure and OPFR concentrations in urine for three-fourths of the OPFRs. Questionnaire answers and calculations indicated that disparities in OPFR concentrations in urine were mainly caused by females spending much more time than males in dormitories. Organophosphate flame retardants may pose degrees of health risk similar to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and this must be considered when making decisions about controlling flame retardants. We are not aware of any previous studies that simultaneously monitor OPFRs and DAPs in human urine in China. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:760-768. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, China
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James CA, Miller-Schulze JP, Ultican S, Gipe AD, Baker JE. Evaluating Contaminants of Emerging Concern as tracers of wastewater from septic systems. Water Res 2016; 101:241-251. [PMID: 27262552 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and nutrient contamination from anthropogenic sources impacts fresh and marine waters, reducing water quality and restricting recreational and commercial activities. In many cases the source of this contamination is ambiguous, and a tracer or set of tracers linking contamination to source would be valuable. In this work, the effectiveness of utilizing a suite of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) as tracers of bacteria from human septic system effluent is investigated. Field sampling was performed at more than 20 locations over approximately 18 months and analyzed for a suite of CECs and fecal coliform bacteria. The sampling locations included seeps and small freshwater discharges to the shoreline. Sites were selected and grouped according to level of impact by septic systems as determined by previous field sampling programs. A subset of selected locations had been positively identified as being impacted by effluent from failing septic systems through dye testing. The CECs were selected based on their predominant use, their frequency of use, and putative fate and transport properties. In addition, two rounds of focused sampling were performed at selected sites to characterize short-term variations in CEC and fecal coliform concentrations, and to evaluate environmental persistence following source correction activities. The results indicate that a suite of common use compounds are suitable as generalized tracers of bacterial contamination from septic systems and that fate and transport properties are important in tracer selection. Highly recalcitrant or highly labile compounds likely follow different loss profiles in the subsurface compared to fecal bacteria and are not suitable tracers. The use of more than one tracer compound is recommended due to source variability of septic systems and to account for variations in the subsurface condition. In addition, concentrations of some CECs were measured in receiving waters at levels which suggested the potential for environmental harm, indicating that the possible risk presented from these sources warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew James
- University of Washington Tacoma at Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, United States.
| | - Justin P Miller-Schulze
- University of Washington Tacoma at Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, United States.
| | - Shawn Ultican
- Kitsap Public Health District, 345 6th St #300, Bremerton, WA, 98337, United States.
| | - Alex D Gipe
- University of Washington Tacoma at Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, United States.
| | - Joel E Baker
- University of Washington Tacoma at Center for Urban Waters, 326 East D Street, Tacoma, WA, 98421, United States.
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