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Nguyen NM, Nakao K, Kobayashi R, Taniguchi H, Yokoyama F, Horiuchi JI, Kumada Y. Generation of rabbit single-chain variable fragments with different physicochemical and biological properties by complementary determining region-grafting technology. J Biosci Bioeng 2024:S1389-1723(24)00198-1. [PMID: 39198103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated a complementary-determining region (CDR) grafting technology for the generation of rabbit scFvs with different antigen recognition and physicochemical properties. The antigen-binding affinity of the CDR-grafted anti-CRP scFv, C1R/B1R (V1), which was generated by the CDR/framework region (CDR/FR) definition based on the traditional numbering rule, was insufficient when compared to that of the original clone, C1R, suggesting that the amino acid residues outside the original CDRs might significantly contribute to antigen recognition in rabbit scFvs. We redefined new CDRs and FRs to maintain antigen-binding affinities through the extension of multiple amino acid residues for CDRH1 and CDRH2, based on the amino acid sequence alignments of rabbit scFvs isolated from phage libraries. The new version successfully maintained the antigen binding affinity. CDR-grafted scFvs possessing a common CDR sequence and different FR sequences were successfully generated based on this new CDR/FR definition, and their physicochemical properties were further investigated. The antigen-binding activities of rabbit scFvs on Maxisorp varied between the tested clones in sandwich ELISA, supporting the idea that the combination of CDR with different FRs might change the physicochemical properties of scFvs on a solid material. The CDR-grafted scFvs possessing a frame sequence of anti-CRP scFv C2R maintained the ability to bind to protein L and were successfully purified. Expression titers showed improved solubility by diminishing the amount of insoluble scFvs. Thus, the method developed in this study is promising for generating alternatives with strict antigen binding recognition and different physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kiichi Nakao
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Haruka Taniguchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Fuki Yokoyama
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Horiuchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kumada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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2
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Liu X, Li J, Chen R, Xie X, Mao F, Sun Z, He Z, Cao H, Zhang S, Liu X. Colorimetric and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays based on the alkaline phosphatase-tagged single-chain variable fragment fusion tracer for detecting zearalenone in agro-products. Food Chem 2024; 443:138569. [PMID: 38306906 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin and seriously threatens food safety, which requires rapid and sensitive detection methods for monitoring ZEN in agro-products. Herein, an alkaline phosphatase-tagged single-chain variable fragment fusion protein (ALP-scFv) was used as a bifunctional tracer to develop a colorimetric enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) and a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) for ZEN. In addition, the interactions between scFv and ZEN were exploited by computer-assisted simulation, and four key amino acid sites were preliminarily identified. After optimization, the CEIA and CLEIA exhibited a limit of detection of 0.02 and 0.006 ng/mL, respectively. Furthermore, both methods showed favorable accuracy in recovery experiments and good selectivity in cross reactions. Moreover, the detection results of the actual samples from both methods correlated well with those from high-performance liquid chromatography. Overall, the ALP-scFv fusion tracer-based CEIA and CLEIA are demonstrated as reliable tools for ZEN detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Runmin Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fujing Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Sihang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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3
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Lapitan LD, Felisilda BMB, Tiangco CE, Rosin Jose A. Advances in Bioreceptor Layer Engineering in Nanomaterial-based Sensing of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and its Metabolites. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400090. [PMID: 38781439 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that infects wounds and burns and causes severe infections in immunocompromised humans. The high virulence, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains, and the easy transmissibility of P. aeruginosa necessitate its fast detection and control. The gold standard for detecting P. aeruginosa, the plate culture method, though reliable, takes several days to complete. Therefore, developing accurate, rapid, and easy-to-use diagnostic tools for P. aeruginosa is highly desirable. Nanomaterial-based biosensors are at the forefront of detecting P. aeruginosa and its secondary metabolites. This review summarises the biorecognition elements, biomarkers, immobilisation strategies, and current state-of-the-art biosensors for P. aeruginosa. The review highlights the underlying principles of bioreceptor layer engineering and the design of optical, electrochemical, mass-based, and thermal biosensors based on nanomaterials. The advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors and their future point-of-care applications are also discussed. This review outlines significant advancements in biosensors and sensors for detecting P. aeruginosa and its metabolites. Research efforts have identified biorecognition elements specific and selective towards P. aeruginosa. The stability, ease of preparation, cost-effectiveness, and integration of these biorecognition elements onto transducers are pivotal for their application in biosensors and sensors. At the same time, when developing sensors for clinically significant analytes such as P. aeruginosa, virulence factors need to be addressed, such as the sensor's sensitivity, reliability, and response time in samples obtained from patients. The point-of-care applicability of the developed sensor may be an added advantage since it enables onsite determination. In this context, optical methods developed for P. aeruginosa offer promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorico Ds Lapitan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies-CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bren Mark B Felisilda
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan, Corrales Street, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
| | - Cristina E Tiangco
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences and, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ammu Rosin Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Pandit Karuppan Rd, Thevara, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
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4
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Wen L, Huang Y, Sun Z, Shi S, Xie X, He Z, Liu X. Development of alkaline phosphatase-linked single-chain variable fragment fusion proteins for one-step immunodetection of deoxynivalenol in cereals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05241-9. [PMID: 38491149 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that widely distributes in various foods and seriously threatens food safety. To minimize the consumers' dietary exposure to DON, there is an urgent demand for developing rapid and sensitive detection methods for DON in food. In this study, a bifunctional single-chain variable fragment (scFv) linked alkaline phosphatase (ALP) fusion protein was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of deoxynivalenol (DON). The scFv gene was chemically synthesized and cloned into the expression vector pET25b containing the ALP gene by homologous recombination. The prokaryotic expression, purification, and activity analysis of fusion proteins (scFv-ALP and ALP-scFv) were well characterized and performed. The interactions between scFv and DON were investigated by computer-assisted simulation, which included hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. The scFv-ALP which showed better bifunctional activity was selected for developing a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) for DON in cereals. The dc-ELISA takes 90 min for one test and exhibits a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 11.72 ng/mL, of which the IC50 was 3.08-fold lower than that of the scFv-based dc-ELISA. The developed method showed high selectivity for DON, and good accuracy was obtained from the spike experiments. Furthermore, the detection results of actual cereal samples analyzed by the method correlated well with that determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (R2=0.97165). These results indicated that the scFv-ALP is a promising bifunctional probe for developing the one-step colorimetric immunoassay, providing a new strategy for rapid and sensitive detection of DON in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yirui Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shiyuan Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
- Hainan College of Economics and Business, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Huang L, Wang G, Wu Y, Wang Z, Ding Y, Liang H, Hua X. Development of competitive and noncompetitive lateral flow immunoassays for pendimethalin using synthetic peptides. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:68. [PMID: 38159155 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Peptidomimetic and anti-immunocomplex peptides can be easily isolated from phage display libraries, and can be used as alternatives to chemical competing haptens to improve the sensitivity of small molecule immunoassay. In this work, 16 peptidomimetics and 7 anti-immunocomplex peptides of pendimethalin (PND) were obtained from cyclic 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-residue peptide phage libraries. Peptidomimetic EJ-2 (CMFTGTDFPC) with the highest sensitivity in competitive phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunocomplex peptide EF-30 (CNPGWPPIPC) with the highest sensitivity in noncompetitive phage ELISA were selected to prepare phage-free peptides with GGGSSK-biotin at the C-terminus. Competitive and noncompetitive lateral flow immunoassays (CLFIA and NLFIA) were developed by using the phage-free peptides. After optimization, the CLFIA and NLFIA showed visual limit of detections (vLODs) of 5 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively, which were improved two- and fourfold compared with a LFIA based on chemical hapten. The NLFIA showed better sensitivity than CLFIA in the detection of spiked samples, and can meet the detection requirements for agro-products regulated by EU and China. The detection results of CLFIA and NLFIA for blind samples were consistent with that of ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianrun Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guixiu Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongwu Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiude Hua
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Srila W, Min TT, Sumphanapai T, Rangnoi K, Berkmen M, Yamabhai M. Production and applications of fluorobody from redox-engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1959-1970. [PMID: 36729226 PMCID: PMC10050041 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient selection and production of antibody fragments in microbial systems remain to be a challenging process. To optimize microbial production of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), we have chosen five model targets, 1) a hapten, Zearalenone (ZEN) mycotoxin, along with infectious agents 2) rabies virus, 3) Propionibacterium acnes, 4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a cancer cell 5) acute myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60). The scFv binders were affinity selected from a non-immunized human phage display scFv antibody library and genetically fused to the N-terminus of emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP). The scFv-EmGFP fusion constructs were subcloned into an expression vector, under the control of T7 promoter, C-terminally tagged with hexa-histidine and expressed in different Escherichia coli (E. coli) hosts. This enabled the detection of cells that expressed the correct scFv-EmGFP fusion, termed fluorobody, via bright fluorescent signal in the cytoplasm. Among the three E. coli hosts tested, an engineered E. coli B strain called SHuffle B that promotes disulfide bond formation in the cytoplasm appeared to be the most appropriate host. The recombinant fluorobodies were well expressed (2-8 mg/L), possessed the fluorescence property of EmGFP, and retained the ability to bind to their cognate targets. Their specific bindings were demonstrated by ELISA, fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA), flow cytometry, and fluorescent microscope imaging. The fluorobody expression platform in this study could be further adopted as a one-step immunostaining technique based on scFv, isolated from phage display library to numerous desired targets. KEY POINTS: • E. coli SHuffle express T7 is a suitable expression host for scFv-EmGFP (fluorobody) • Only the clones harboring scFv-EmGFP plasmid will show bright fluorescent signal • This platform can be used to produce fluorobodies for numerous purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witsanu Srila
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Thae Thae Min
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Thitima Sumphanapai
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kuntalee Rangnoi
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | | | - Montarop Yamabhai
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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7
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Recombinant antibodies by phage display for bioanalytical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114909. [PMID: 36462427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody phage display, aimed at preparing antibodies to defined antigens, is a useful replacement for hybridoma technology. The phage system replaces all work stages that follow animal immunization with simple procedures for manipulating DNA and bacteria. It enables the time needed to generate stable antibody-producing clones to be shortened considerably, making the process noticeably cheaper. Antibodies prepared by phage display undergo several affinity selection steps and can be used as selective receptors in biosensors. This article briefly describes the techniques used in the making of phage antibodies to various antigens. The possibilities and prospects are discussed of using phage antibodies as selective agents in analytical systems, including biosensors.
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8
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Sumphanapai T, Chester K, Sawatnatee S, Yeung J, Yamabhai M. Targeting acute myeloid cell surface using a recombinant antibody isolated from whole-cell biopanning of a phage display human scFv antibody library. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:205. [PMID: 36175701 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To discover new therapeutic antibodies for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) without the requirement of a known antigen, a human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library was used to isolate novel antibody fragments recognizing HL-60 AML cells. After three rounds of biopanning, scFv-expressing phages were selected to test for binding to the target cell by flow cytometry. The clone with highest binding specificity to HL-60 cells (designated y1HL63D6) was further investigated. Fluorescent staining indicated that y1HL63D6 scFv bound to a target located on the cell surface. Whole immunoglobulin, IgG-y1HL63D6 was then generated and tested for the binding against bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) from AML patients. Significantly higher fluorescent signals were observed for some patient samples when compared to normal BMMCs or non-AML patients' BMMCs. Next, the IgG-y1HL63D6 format was tested for antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). The results demonstrated that IgG-y1HL63D6 but not the control antibody, trastuzumab, could mediate specific killing of HL-60 target cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that specific antibodies can be isolated by biopanning whole cells with a non-immunized human scFv antibody phage display library and that the isolated antibody against HL-60 cells showed therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Sumphanapai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kerry Chester
- University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Surasak Sawatnatee
- Hematology Unit, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, 34000, Thailand
| | - Jenny Yeung
- University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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9
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Li L, Wu S, Si Y, Li H, Yin X, Peng D. Single-chain fragment variable produced by phage display technology: Construction, selection, mutation, expression, and recent applications in food safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4354-4377. [PMID: 35904244 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays are reliable, efficient, and accurate methods for the analysis of small-molecule harmful substances (such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, and biological toxins) that may be present in food. However, traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are limited by animal hosts and hinder further development of immunoassays. With the gradual application of phage display technology as an efficient in vitro selection technology, the single-chain fragment variable (scFv) now provides an exciting alternative to traditional antibodies. Efficiently constructed scFv source libraries and specifically designed biopanning schemes can now yield scFvs possessing specific recognition capabilities. A rational mutation strategy further enhances the affinity of scFv, and allows it to reach a level that cannot be achieved by immunization. Finally, appropriate prokaryotic expression measures ensure stable and efficient production of scFv. Therefore, when developing excellent scFvs, it is necessary to focus on three key aspects of this process that include screening, mutation, and expression. In this review, we analyze in detail the preparation and affinity improvement process for scFv and provide insights into the research progress and development trend of scFv-based immunoassay methods for monitoring small-molecule harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuangmin Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Si
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huaming Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yin
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Li Y, Li P, Ke Y, Yu X, Yu W, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. A rare monoclonal antibody discovery based on indirect competitive screening of a single hapten-specific rabbit antibody secreting cell. Analyst 2022; 147:2942-2952. [PMID: 35674177 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00678b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A rare antibody that is able to tolerate physio-chemical factors is preferred and highly demanded in diagnosis and therapy. Rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RmAbs) are distinguished owing to their high affinity and stability. However, the efficiency and availability of traditional methods for RmAb discovery are limited, particularly for small molecules. Here, we present an indirect competitive screening method in nanowells, named CSMN, for single rabbit antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) selection with 20.6 h and propose an efficient platform for RmAb production against small molecules within 5.8 days for the first time. Chloramphenicol (CAP) as an antibacterial agent poses a great threat to public health. We applied CSMN to select CAP-specific ASCs and produced one high-affinity RmAb, surprisingly showed extremely halophilic properties with an IC50 of 0.08 ng mL-1 in the saturated salt solution, which has not yet been seen for other antibodies. The molecular dynamic simulation showed that the negatively charged surface improved the stability of the RmAb structure with additional disulfide bonds compared with mouse antibodies. Moreover, the reduced solvent accessible surface area of the binding pocket increased the interactions of RmAb with CAP in a saturated salt solution. Furthermore, RmAb was used to develop an immunoassay for the detection of CAP in real biological samples with simple pretreatment, shorter assay time, and higher sensitivity. The results demonstrated that the practical and efficient CSMN is suitable for rare RmAb discovery against small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peipei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Li M, Xu Y, Gong X, Geng P, Gao Z, Qin J, Wang Y, Cheng P. Ternary copolymerization photosensitive polyimide containing flexible group for liquid crystal alignment film. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Xu C, Yu M, Xie Y, Zhong J, Chen W, Lin M, Hu X, Shen Y. Screening and identification of vancomycin anti-idiotypic antibodies for against Staphylococcus aureus from a human phage display domain antibody library. Immunol Lett 2022; 246:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Li L, Wang X, Hou R, Wang Y, Wang X, Xie C, Chen Y, Wu S, Peng D. Single-chain variable fragment antibody-based ic-ELISA for rapid detection of macrolides in porcine muscle and computational simulation of its interaction mechanism. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Ye J, Guo J, Li T, Tian J, Yu M, Wang X, Majeed U, Song W, Xiao J, Luo Y, Yue T. Phage-based technologies for highly sensitive luminescent detection of foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1843-1867. [PMID: 35142431 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins are the main causes of foodborne illness. However, trace pathogens and toxins in foods are difficult to detect. Thus, techniques for their rapid and sensitive identification and quantification are urgently needed. Phages can specifically recognize and adhere to certain species of microbes or toxins due to molecular complementation between capsid proteins of phages and receptors on the host cell wall or toxins, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens and toxins. This review presents an update on phage-based luminescent detection technologies as well as their working principles and characteristics. Based on phage display techniques of temperate phages, reporter gene detection assays have been designed to sensitively detect trace pathogens by luminous intensity. By the host-specific lytic effects of virulent phages, enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent detection technologies for pathogens have been exploited. Notably, these phage-based luminescent detection technologies can discriminate viable versus dead microbes. Further, highly selective and sensitive immune-based assays have been developed to detect trace toxins qualitatively and quantitatively via antibody analogs displayed by phages, such as phage-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and phage-IPCR (immuno-polymerase chain reaction). This literature research may lead to novel and innocuous phage-based rapid detection technologies to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tairan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengxi Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Usman Majeed
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Knopp D. Recent Progress in Rapid Determination of Mycotoxins Based on Emerging Biorecognition Molecules: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:73. [PMID: 35202100 PMCID: PMC8874725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species, which pose significant risk to humans and livestock. The mycotoxins which are produced from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are considered most important and therefore regulated in food- and feedstuffs. Analyses are predominantly performed by official laboratory methods in centralized labs by expert technicians. There is an urgent demand for new low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable analytical devices for rapid on-site determination. Most significant advances were realized in the field bioanalytical techniques based on molecular recognition. This review aims to discuss recent progress in the generation of native biomolecules and new bioinspired materials towards mycotoxins for the development of reliable bioreceptor-based analytical methods. After brief presentation of basic knowledge regarding characteristics of most important mycotoxins, the generation, benefits, and limitations of present and emerging biorecognition molecules, such as polyclonal (pAb), monoclonal (mAb), recombinant antibodies (rAb), aptamers, short peptides, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), are discussed. Hereinafter, the use of binders in different areas of application, including sample preparation, microplate- and tube-based assays, lateral flow devices, and biosensors, is highlighted. Special focus, on a global scale, is placed on commercial availability of single receptor molecules, test-kits, and biosensor platforms using multiplexed bead-based suspension assays and planar biochip arrays. Future outlook is given with special emphasis on new challenges, such as increasing use of rAb based on synthetic and naïve antibody libraries to renounce animal immunization, multiple-analyte test-kits and high-throughput multiplexing, and determination of masked mycotoxins, including stereoisomeric degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universitat München, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 München, Germany
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16
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Peltomaa R, Barderas R, Benito-Peña E, Moreno-Bondi MC. Recombinant antibodies and their use for food immunoanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:193-217. [PMID: 34417836 PMCID: PMC8380008 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are widely employed as biorecognition elements for the detection of a plethora of compounds including food and environmental contaminants, biomarkers, or illicit drugs. They are also applied in therapeutics for the treatment of several disorders. Recent recommendations from the EU on animal protection and the replacement of animal-derived antibodies by non-animal-derived ones have raised a great controversy in the scientific community. The application of recombinant antibodies is expected to achieve a high growth rate in the years to come thanks to their versatility and beneficial characteristics in comparison to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, such as stability in harsh conditions, small size, relatively low production costs, and batch-to-batch reproducibility. This review describes the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of recombinant antibodies including antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), and single-domain antibodies (VHH) and their application in food analysis with especial emphasis on the analysis of biotoxins, antibiotics, pesticides, and foodborne pathogens. Although the wide application of recombinant antibodies has been hampered by a number of challenges, this review demonstrates their potential for the sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Peltomaa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María C Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Single-Chain Fragment Variables Targeting Leukocidin ED Can Alleviate the Inflammation of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010334. [PMID: 35008761 PMCID: PMC8745144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a vital bovine mastitis pathogen causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. In our previous studies, leukotoxin ED (LukED) was detected in most S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis. Here, four single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) (ZL8 and ZL42 targeting LukE, ZL22 and ZL23 targeting LukD) were obtained using purified LukE and LukD proteins as the antigens after five rounds of bio-panning. The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the VH domain of these scFvs exhibited significant diversities. In vitro, the scFvs significantly decreased LukED-induced cell killing by inhibiting the binding of LukED to chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR2) and reduced the death rates of bovine neutrophils and MAC-T cells caused by LukED and S. aureus (p < 0.05). In an S. aureus-induced mouse mastitis model, histopathology and MPO results revealed that scFvs ameliorated the histopathological damages and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells (p < 0.05). The ELISA and qPCR assays showed that scFvs reduced the transcription and expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-18 (p < 0.05). The overall results demonstrated the protective anti-inflammatory effect of scFvs in vitro and in vivo, enlightening the potential role of scFvs in the prevention and treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis.
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18
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Application of Recombinant Human scFv Antibody as a Powerful Tool to Monitor Nitrogen Fixing Biofertilizer in Rice and Legume. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0209421. [PMID: 34908451 PMCID: PMC8672896 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium is an endophytic bacterium under investigation as an efficient biofertilizer for sustainable legume-rice rotational cropping system. Monitoring and bio-imaging of this nitrogen fixing bacterium is essential for the study of plant-microbe evolution, soil microbiome, as well as quality control in organic farming. While phage display antibody technology has been widely used to generate recombinant antibody for myriad medical purposes, so far, this technology has been minimally applied in the agricultural sector. In this study, single-chain variable fragments (scFv) against two Bradyrhizobium strains SUTN9-2 (yiN92-1e10) and DOA9 (yiDOA9-162) were isolated from a human phage display antibody library. Specific binding of scFv was demonstrated by ELISA and confocal-immunofluorescence imaging techniques. Bradyrhizobium localization in both endophytic and bacteroid forms could be observed inside rice tissue and plant nodule, respectively. Moreover, successful application of the recombinant antibody for the evaluation of nodule occupancy was also demonstrated in comparison with standard GUS-staining method. The results of this study showed for the first time the potential use of human phage display scFv antibody for imaging and monitoring of Bradyrhizobium biofertilizer and thus could be further applied for point-of-detection of bacterial inoculum in the legume-rice rotational crop system. IMPORTANCE Human scFv antibody generated from phage display technology was successfully used for the generation of specific recombinant antibodies: yiN92-1e10 and yiDOA9-162 for the detection of Bradyrhizobium strains SUTN9-2 and DOA9, respectively. These two recombinant scFv antibodies could be used for precise detection of the rhizobia both in symbiosis with legume and endophyte in rice tissue by ELISA and immunofluorescent staining, during legume-rice rotational cropping system in the field. This methodology can be further employed for the study of other plant-microbe interactions and monitoring of biofertilizer in diverse sustainable cropping systems as well as in precision agriculture.
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19
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Sun W, Zhang Y, Ju Z. Mimotopes for Mycotoxins Diagnosis Based on Random Peptides or Recombinant Antibodies from Phage Library. Molecules 2021; 26:7652. [PMID: 34946736 PMCID: PMC8707711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the small size secondary metabolites of fungi, have posed a threat to the safety of medicine, food and public health. Therefore, it is essential to create sensitive and effective determination of mycotoxins. Based on the special affinity between antibody and antigen, immunoassay has been proved to be a powerful technology for the detection of small analytes. However, the tedious preparation and instability of conventional antibodies restrict its application on easy and fast mycotoxins detection. By virtue of simplicity, ease of use, and lower cost, phage display library provides novel choices for antibodies or hapten conjugates, and lead random peptide or recombinant antibody to becoming the promising and environmental friendly immune-reagents in the next generation of immunoassays. This review briefly describes the latest developments on mycotoxins detection using M13 phage display, mainly focusing on the recent applications of phage display technology employed in mycotoxins detection, including the introduction of phage and phage display, the types of phage displayed peptide/recombinant antibody library, random peptides/recombinant antibodies-based immunoassays, as well as simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (W.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (W.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhigang Ju
- Pharmacy School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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20
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Anti- Staphylococcus aureus Single-Chain Fragment Variables Play a Protective Anti-Inflammatory Role In Vitro and In Vivo. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111300. [PMID: 34835231 PMCID: PMC8618225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a causative agent of bovine mastitis, capable of causing significant economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. This study focuses on obtaining single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) against the virulence factors of S. aureus and evaluates the protective effect of scFvs on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells and mice mammary gland tissues infected by S. aureus. After five rounds of bio-panning, four scFvs targeting four virulence factors of S. aureus were obtained. The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of these scFvs exhibited significant diversities, especially CDR3 of the VH domain. In vitro, each of scFvs was capable of inhibiting S. aureus growth and reducing the damage of MAC-T cells infected by S. aureus. Preincubation of MAC-T cells with scFvs could significantly attenuate the effect of apoptosis and necrosis compared with the negative control group. In vivo, the qPCR and ELISA results demonstrated that scFvs reduced the transcription and expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18. Histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) results showed that scFvs ameliorated the histopathological damages and reduced the inflammatory cells infiltration. The overall results demonstrated the positive anti-inflammatory effect of scFvs, revealing the potential role of scFvs in the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infections.
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21
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Rangnoi K, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G, Cvak B, O’Kennedy R, Yamabhai M. Binding Characteristic of Various Antibody Formats Against Aflatoxins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25258-25268. [PMID: 34632185 PMCID: PMC8495687 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of recombinant antibodies for the analysis of foods and food contaminants is now a major focus, given their capacity to be engineered to tailor their specificity, enhance their stability, and modify their structural formats to fit the desired analytical platform. In this study, human scFv antibody fragments generated against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were selected as the model antibody to explore the effect of antibody formats on their binding activity and to evaluate their potential use as immunoreagents for food contaminant analysis. Four human scFv antibody fragments against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), previously isolated and engineered by chain shuffling, were converted into various formats, that is, scFv-AP fusions, scFv-Fc, and whole IgG molecules. The result indicated that the effects of the antibody format on the binding property varied, depending on the sequence of scFv. For all of the scFv clones, the scFv-AP fusion format showed the highest sensitivity by competitive ELISA, while the effects on the binding activity after conversion to scFv-Fc or IgG format varied, depending on the amino acid sequence of the antibodies. The sAFH-3e3 antibodies that showed the best performance by competitive ELISA were selected for further investigation. The sAFH-3e3 was converted to the scFv-GFP format and tested by fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA), which showed that its binding property was equivalent to those of scFv-Fc and IgG formats. The potential applications of the sAFH-3e3 in a rapid test kit format based on ELISA (scFv-AP) and in a lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) (IgG) were demonstrated. A comparison of methods for the extraction of AFB1 from matrices for use with these assay formats indicated that PBS and TBST are better than 70% methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntalee Rangnoi
- Molecular
Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agriculture
Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Florian Rüker
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvak
- Romer
Labs Division Holding GmbH, Technopark 5, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Richard O’Kennedy
- School
of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 DX63, Ireland
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular
Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agriculture
Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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22
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Sun J, Wang L, Shao J, Yang D, Fu X, Sun X. One-step time-resolved fluorescence microsphere immunochromatographic test strip for quantitative and simultaneous detection of DON and ZEN. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6489-6502. [PMID: 34430984 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that contaminate a wide range of grains and crops. In this study, a one-step time-resolved single-channel immunochromatographic test strip based on europium ion polystyrene fluorescence microspheres was first developed for sensitive and quantitative detection of DON and ZEN. The concentration of the artificial antigen and the mass ratio of the monoclonal antibody to fluorescent microspheres for conjugation were optimized to simplify the sample addition process during immunochromatographic assay and improve the on-site detection efficiency. The limits of detection (LOD) of the single-channel immunochromatographic test strip for DON and ZEN detection were 0.17 and 0.54 μg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the dual-channel immunochromatographic test strip was designed to simultaneously detect DON and ZEN, with LODs of 0.24 and 0.69 μg/L achieved for DON and ZEN, respectively. The developed test strips also yielded recovery results consistent with that obtained by LC-MS/MS for DON and ZEN detection in real samples of wheat and corn flour, confirming the practicability and reliability of the test strip. The developed immunochromatographic test strips realize quick and sensitive detection of DON and ZEN, exhibiting potential for broad applications in the point-of-care testing platform of multiple mycotoxins in agricultural products. Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdong Shao
- Comprehensive Technology Center of Zhangjiagang Customs, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Diaodiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuran Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Zhou S, Xu L, Kuang H, Xiao J, Xu C. Immunoassays for rapid mycotoxin detection: state of the art. Analyst 2021; 145:7088-7102. [PMID: 32990695 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01408g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The widespread presence of mycotoxins in nature not only poses a huge health risk to people in terms of food but also causes incalculable losses to the agricultural economy. As a rapidly developing technology in recent years, the mycotoxin immunoassay technology has approached or even surpassed the traditional chromatography technology in some aspects. Using this approach, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has attracted the interest of researchers due to its user-friendly operation, short time consumption, little interference, low cost, and ability to process a large number of samples at the same time. This paper provides an overview of the immunogens commonly used for mycotoxins, the development of antibodies, and the use of gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanoparticles, enzymes, and fluorescent microsphere labeling materials for the construction of LFIAs to improve detection sensitivity. The analytical performance, detection substrates, detection limits or detection ranges of LFIA for mycotoxins have been listed in recent years. Finally, we describe the future outlook for the field, predicting that portable mobile detection devices and simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple mycotoxins is one of the important directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, China.
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24
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Xu C, He D, Zu Y, Hong S, Hao J, Li J. Microcystin-LR heterologous genetically engineered antibody recombinant and its binding activity improvement and application in immunoassay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124596. [PMID: 33307449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a high-toxic biohazard that pollutes ecological environment and agroproducts. In this study, a newly recombined genetically engineered antibody (AVHH-MVH) with higher thermal stability and binding activity was designed by chain shuffling and based on our previously obtained anti-MC-LR scFv and nanobody. Based on AVHH-MVH template, a capacity of 8.99 × 105 CFU/mL of phage display AVHH-MVH mutagenesis library was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in MVH-CDR3 region, and then used for ultrasensitive mutants screening. Afterwards, a total of five positive AVHH-MVH mutants were isolated from the mutagenesis library, and their binding activity was higher than AVHH-MVH for MC-LR. The AVHH-MVH mutant 3 was cloned into pET-25b vector for soluble expression, and the concentration of target protein expressed in culture system was 43.5 mg/L. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) was established based on purified AVHH-MVH mutant 3 protein, and it showed ultrasensitive binding activity for MC-LR with the detection limit of 0.0075 μg/L, which was far below the maximum residue limit standard of 1.0 μg/L in drinking water proposed by World Health Organization. The established IC-ELISA shows good accuracy, repeatability, stability and applicability for MC-LR spiked samples, and it is promising for MC-LR ultrasensitive monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxin Xu
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dan He
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yao Zu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sujuan Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Hao
- Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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25
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Min TT, Yamabhai M. Human Hexa-Histidine-Tagged Single-Chain Variable Fragments for Bioimaging of Bacterial Infections. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:762-774. [PMID: 33458528 PMCID: PMC7808144 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of monoclonal antibodies is a promising recombinant nanostructure for various medical applications, including bioimaging and targeted therapy. While numerous scFv antibodies against eukaryotic cell surface proteins (especially cancer biomarkers) have been generated and engineered to suit various purposes, only a few specific scFv against bacterial cell surfaces have been developed, especially those of human origin. Recent incidents of emerging multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and the realization of the importance of a balanced microbiota on the health of the host has led to more interests in the development of recombinant antibacterial antibodies as a detection probe or targeted therapy for bacterial infections. This study reports the generation of two specific human antibacterial scFv using phage display antibody technology. The recombinant scFv fragments of about 30 kDa and a diameter of 5 nm were produced and purified from engineered Escherichia coli that can enhance cytosolic disulfide bond formation. As a proof of principle, Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used as model Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Specificity at the strain and species level to both planktonic and biofilm forms of these bacteria were demonstrated in various assay formats, namely, ELISA, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy via the hexa-histidine tag. This recombinant scFv generation platform can be applied for other bacteria, and since the scFv obtained has a benefit of being a human origin, it could be conveniently engineered for various therapeutic or theranostic applications with minimized adverse immunoreaction.
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Trimer-based aptasensor for simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins using SERS and fluorimetry. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:495. [PMID: 32793992 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An aptasensor is reported for the detection of three different kinds of mycotoxins, i.e., zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer effect (FRET) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), the levels of ZEN, FB1, and OTA can be simultaneously determined. Under 980-nm and 650-nm laser excitation, the logarithmic values of fluorescence signal intensities at 543 nm and 670 nm are slowly increased as the concentrations of ZEN and OTA vary from 0.1 ng mL-1 and 0.05 ng mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 and 25 ng mL-1, respectively. For FB1, under 980-nm laser excitation, the logarithmic value of SERS signal intensity at 1567 cm-1 gradually increases with the concentration of FB1 in the range 0.05-200 pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.996). The detection limits of the proposed assay for ZEN, OTA, and FB1 are 0.03 ng mL-1, 0.01 ng mL-1, and 0.02 pg mL-1, respectively. The selectivity experiment results indicate this assay possesses a high selectivity over other commonly encountered mycotoxins. The average recoveries range from 90 to 107%, revealing satisfactory application potential of the proposed assay. The developed aptasensor will bring bright prospects for research in the field of multiplexed mycotoxine detection. Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of an aptamer-based assay for multiple mycotoxins determination.
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A fluorometric method for aptamer-based simultaneous determination of two kinds of the fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and fumonisin B 1 making use of gold nanorods and upconversion nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:254. [PMID: 32239300 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer-based assay for the determination of two different kinds of fusarium mycotoxins, i.e., zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisin B1 (FB1), is presented. Based on the inner filter effect (IFE) strategy, the contents of ZEN and FB1 can be simultaneously quantified. It is making use of 65-nm gold nanorods (AuNRs), 20-nm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), fluorescence dyes, and DNA sequences. In the absence of ZEN and FB1, the UCNPs and AuNRs associate through DNA sequences. Due to IFE effect, weak fluorescence signals are collected. In the presence of ZEN or FB1, UCNPs and AuNRs become unstable and partially separate from each other. This results in the recovery of fluorescence signals. Under 980-nm laser excitation, the logarithmic values of fluorescence signal intensities at 606 nm and 753 nm gradually increase with the concentration of ZEN and FB1 in the ranges 0.05-100 μg L-1 (the coefficient of determination is 0.997) and 0.01-100 ng L-1 (the coefficient of determination is 0.986), respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) of the fabricated assay for ZEN and FB1 are 0.01 μg L-1 and 0.003 ng L-1, respectively. The proposed method has a high selectivity over other competitive mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, patulin and ochratoxin B. The applicability of the assay was evaluated in the determination of ZEN and FB1 contents in spiked corn samples. The average recoveries ranged from 89.9 to 106.6%. This result confirms the practicality of this method. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of an aptamer-based fluorometric method for simultaneous determination of two kinds of the fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and fumonisin B1.
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Xiong X, Luo Y, Lu Y, Xiong X, Li Y, Liu Y, Lu L. Ultrasensitive detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk based on target-triggered assembly of the flower like nucleic acid nanostructure. RSC Adv 2019; 9:42423-42429. [PMID: 35542854 PMCID: PMC9076600 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and ultrasensitive method is described for the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). It is based on the formation of the flower like nucleic acid nanostructure by integrating (a) target-induced triggering of DNA release with (b) signal amplification by a hybridization chain reaction (HCR). Firstly, partially complementary pairing of aptamer and trigger DNA forms a duplex structure. The capture DNA (cpDNA) is then placed on the surface of gold electrode through gold-thiol chemistry. In the presence of SEB, the aptamer-target conjugate is compelled to form. This causes the release of trigger DNA owing to a strong competition between aptamer and SEB. Then, the trigger DNA is subsequently hybridized with the partial complementary sequences of the cpDNA to trigger HCR with three auxiliary DNA sequences (referred to as MB1, MB2, MB3). Finally, the flower like nucleic acid nanostructures are formed and allow numerous hexaammineruthenium(iii) chloride ([Ru(NH3)6]3+, RuHex) to be absorbed on the DNA by electrostatic interaction, and thus amplify electrochemical signal. Under optimal conditions, the chronocoulometry charge difference increases linearly with the logarithm of the SEB concentrations in the range from 5 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 with a detection limit as low as 3 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xiong
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
| | - Yun Luo
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
| | - Yichen Lu
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
| | - Yi Li
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
| | - Yuanjian Liu
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
| | - Lixia Lu
- Coll. Food Sci. & Light Ind., Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China +86-25-58139527 +86-25-58139432
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Xiong X, Li Y, Yuan W, Lu Y, Xiong X, Li Y, Chen X, Liu Y. Screen printed bipolar electrode for sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of aflatoxin B1 in agricultural products. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111873. [PMID: 31748193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the occurrence of false positives and false negatives caused by improper pretreatment during the detection of aflatoxin B1 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this paper, we developed a screen printed bipolar electrode (BPE) for sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of aflatoxin B1 in agricultural products. The sensor uses a cathode of closed BPE as a functional sensing interface and an anode as a signal collection interface. In this way, the analyte does not need to participate in the ECL reaction of the anode. It avoids direct contact of photoactive molecules with complex reaction systems and greatly broadens the range of applications for ECL. After mixing the test sample with a known fixed concentration of horseradish peroxidase-labeled AFB1 (HRP-AFB1), they compete for binding to monoclonal antibodies. HRP catalyzes the polymerization of aniline to form polyaniline (PANI). Thereby causing a change in the oxidation-reduction potential and the ECL intensity in the electrochemical system, and then achieve the purpose of detecting the AFB1 concentration in the sample. As a result, the sensor has a good analytical performance for AFB1 with a linear range of 0.1-100 ng mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.033 ng mL-1. The sensor avoids the direct contact between the reaction system and the signal measurement system. In recovery experiment for six grains, the results demonstrate that the recovery rate and accuracy of this sensor is better than that of ELISA. This method provides a new idea for the detection of other mycotoxins in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xiong
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yichen Lu
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Li
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaoye Chen
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Yuanjian Liu
- Coll Food Sci & Light Ind, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Peltomaa R, Benito-Peña E, Barderas R, Moreno-Bondi MC. Phage Display in the Quest for New Selective Recognition Elements for Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11569-11580. [PMID: 31460264 PMCID: PMC6682082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phages are bacterial viruses that have gained a significant role in biotechnology owing to their widely studied biology and many advantageous characteristics. Perhaps the best-known application of phages is phage display that refers to the expression of foreign peptides or proteins outside the phage virion as a fusion with one of the phage coat proteins. In 2018, one half of the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies." The outstanding technology has evolved and developed considerably since its first description in 1985, and today phage display is commonly used in a wide variety of disciplines, including drug discovery, enzyme optimization, biomolecular interaction studies, as well as biosensor development. A cornerstone of all biosensors, regardless of the sensor platform or transduction scheme used, is a sensitive and selective bioreceptor, or a recognition element, that can provide specific binding to the target analyte. Many environmentally or pharmacologically interesting target analytes might not have naturally appropriate binding partners for biosensor development, but phage display can facilitate the production of novel receptors beyond known biomolecular interactions, or against toxic or nonimmunogenic targets, making the technology a valuable tool in the quest of new recognition elements for biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Peltomaa
- Chemical
Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Chemical
Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic
Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de
Salud Carlos III, Ctra.
Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2.2, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Moreno-Bondi
- Chemical
Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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