1
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Sun Y, Yang X, Hu J, Ji F, Chi H, Liu Y, Hu K, Hao F, Wen X. Portable one-step effervescence tablet-based microextraction combined with smartphone digital image colorimetry: Toward field and rapid detection of trace nickel ion. Talanta 2024; 274:126036. [PMID: 38604041 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the one-step switchable hydrophilic solvent (SHS)-based effervescence tablet microextraction (ETME) was coupled with smartphone digital image colorimetry (SDIC) for the field detection of nickel ion (Ni2+) for the first time. Both extractant and CO2 were generated in situ when the novel SHS-based effervescence tablet was placed in the sample solution. The complexant 1-(2-pyridinylazo)-2-naphthaleno (PAN) dissolved from the effervescence tablet to form a stable complex with Ni2+, and the extractant was uniformly dispersed in the sample solution under the action of CO2 and fully in contact with Ni-PAN, which enabled efficient extraction of Ni2+. The color changes of the extraction phase were captured by smartphone, then a quantitative relationship between the concentrations of Ni2+ and color intensity of images captured using a smartphone was established by customized applet WASDIC, which realized quantitative analysis of Ni2+ in different samples. Under optimal conditions, the enhancement factor (EF) of the proposed method was 65.1, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.69 and 5.64 μg L-1, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the detection of trace Ni2+ in the environmental samples and natural medicines. And the applicability of the method for use in field analysis was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jiayi Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Fuchun Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Huajian Chi
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Kan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Fangfang Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China.
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2
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Zhang K, Wang J, Guo R, Nie Q, Zhu G. Acid induced dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on in situ formation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of bisphenol A and alkylphenols in water and beverage samples. Food Chem 2024; 442:138425. [PMID: 38242002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the development of an acid induced dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on the in situ formation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of bisphenol A and alkylphenols from environmental water and beverage samples. Hydrochloric acid altered the hydrophilic-hydrophobic state of fatty acid salts to obtain hydrophobic fatty acids, which formed hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents with analytes in situ to extract the analytes. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.03-0.1 μg L-1 and 0.12-0.3 μg L-1, the intraday and interday relative standard deviations were less than 3.9 %, and the enrichment factor was 29-32. The recoveries of bisphenol A and alkylphenols were 95.9-104.9 % and 86.9-105.0 %, respectively. The extraction process used only hydrochloric acid and fatty acid salts, and the extraction process required less than 1 min. This method has the advantages of simplicity, speed, low cost and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Province, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Province, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Province, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Qiujun Nie
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Province, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Province, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials and Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
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3
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Manousi N, Tzanavaras PD, Zacharis CK. Microextraction based on liquid-solid phase transition of benzoic acid: Extraction of statins from human urine followed by chromatographic analysis. Talanta 2024; 266:125088. [PMID: 37625289 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a microextraction method was reported based on the liquid-solid phase transition of benzoic acid to quantify two statins, namely lovastatin and simvastatin in authentic human urine. The principle of the method is based on the phase transition of benzoic acid by altering the pH of the sample solution enabling efficient dispersion and phase separation in one step. Due to the moderate melting point of benzoic acid, its solidification is performed at ambient temperature without the need for sample cooling. Various experimental parameters that affect the performance of the analytes (i.e. extractant type and its concentration, acid type and concentration, and sample volume) have been examined and optimized. The method was validated based on the total error concept. For this purpose, accuracy profiles were constructed in the concentration range of 100-5000 ng mL-1 while β-expectation tolerance intervals fell within ±15% demonstrating that 95% of future results will not exceed the defined bias limits. The intra-day and inter-day method precision was less than 4.7% and 4.3% for both analytes, while the limit of detection was 15 ng mL-1 for both analytes. It was also proved that the usage of benzoic acid is advantageous in minimizing the potential inter-conversion of the analytes during the acidification step of the extraction procedure. The green potential of the proposed analytical scheme was examined based on Green Analytical Procedure index. The proposed sample pretreatment technique proved to be a valuable tool offering selectivity and rapidness. The developed method was used for the analysis of real human urine obtained after the administration of statin-based pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevas D Tzanavaras
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Constantinos K Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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4
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Lu Q, Ren T, Guo X, Di X. Switchable hydrophilicity solvent for extraction of pollutants in food and environmental samples: A review. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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5
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Pekkaya S, Yıldız E, Çabuk H. New di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid-Based Supramolecular Solvent (DEHPA-SUPRAS) Microextraction Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Tea Drinks. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2167086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Semra Pekkaya
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Elif Yıldız
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hasan Çabuk
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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6
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Ju Z, Fan J, Meng Z, Lu R, Gao H, Zhou W. A high-throughput semi-automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticides in edible oils. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Fikarová K, Machián D, Yıldırım S, Solich P, Horstkotte B. Automated centrifugation-less milk deproteinization and homogenous liquid-liquid extraction of sulfonamides for online liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Xue H, Jia L, Jiang H, Qin S, Yang Y, Wu J, Jing X. A successive homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of switchable hydrophilicity solvents and ionic liquids for the detection of pyrethroids and cadmium in drinks. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Altunay N. Chemometric design-based optimization of a green, selective and inexpensive switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction procedure for pre-concentration and extraction of sulfadiazine in milk, honey and water samples. Food Chem 2022; 394:133540. [PMID: 35763903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a green, selective and inexpensive switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (SHS-LPME) procedure has been optimized for the extraction and preconcentration of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in milk, honey and water samples prior to spectrophotometric analysis. Five variables affecting the SHS-LPME procedure were optimized using chemometric-based central composite design. For the SHS-LPME procedure, analytical parameters such as linearity, limit of detection, extraction recovery and enrichment factor were 15-300 μg L-1, 4.5 μg L-1, 96 ± 3% and 113, respectively. The precision of the method was investigated by repeatability and reproducibility studies. The relative standard deviation from these studies was found in the range of 2.4-4.5%. The recovery of the SDZ in the samples was in the range of 94 ± 4-99 ± 2%. Collected samples were analyzed by both the SHS-LPME procedure and the reference method using flow injection-flame atomic absorption technique, and the results were compared. There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. This showed that the SHS-LPME procedure can be safely applied to the analysis of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Altunay
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sivas, Turkey.
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10
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Skok A, Bazel Y, Vishnikin A. New analytical methods for the determination of sulfur species with microextraction techniques: a review. J Sulphur Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2045294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arina Skok
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Yaroslav Bazel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Andriy Vishnikin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Oles Honchar National University, Dnipro, Ukraine
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11
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Lemos VA, Barreto JA, Santos LB, de Assis RDS, Novaes CG, Cassella RJ. In-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Talanta 2022; 238:123002. [PMID: 34857335 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has recently been widely used in the separation and preconcentration of various chemical species. Among the various approaches using DLLME are systems that use a syringe as an extraction environment. In this review, details of some methods that use this approach are presented. The ways to promote dispersion, analytical characteristics, and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods, among other aspects, are discussed critically. Finally, some trends in the use of in-syringe microextraction systems are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valfredo Azevedo Lemos
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Laboratório de Química Analítica, Campus de Jequié, 45208-091, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-280, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Alves Barreto
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Laboratório de Química Analítica, Campus de Jequié, 45208-091, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Analítica, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, 24020-141, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana Bastos Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Laboratório de Química Analítica, Campus de Jequié, 45208-091, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-280, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosivan Dos Santos de Assis
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-280, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão Novaes
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Laboratório de Química Analítica, Campus de Jequié, 45208-091, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Analítica, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, 24020-141, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Santos LB, Assis RDSD, Silva UN, Lemos VA. Switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction in an on-line system: Cobalt determination in food and water samples. Talanta 2022; 238:123038. [PMID: 34801895 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An on-line system employing switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction (SHS-LPME) is described in this work. The method is based on the preconcentration of the species formed between cobalt and the reagent 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (NN), with subsequent detection by digital image colorimetry. The system's operation begins with the on-line mixture of sample, switchable solvent, and an alkaline agent in a reaction coil. Then the mixture is transported to an extraction chamber. The introduction of a proton donor leads to the passage of the solvent to its hydrophobic form, which allows phase separation. The rich phase is then directed to a glass tube, where detection is performed. Octanoic acid, sodium carbonate, and sulfuric acid were used as the extraction solvent, the alkaline agent, and the proton donor, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the method presented a detection limit of 0.8 μg L-1 and an enrichment factor of 41. The precision obtained was 4.8% (20 μg L-1). The accuracy of the method was tested by the analysis of Tomato Leaves certified reference material (NIST 1573a). The method was applied to the determination of cobalt in food, dietary supplements, and water samples. The method is presented as a green alternative and very accessible to the determination of cobalt in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Bastos Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus de Jequié, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-510, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-280, Brazil
| | - Rosivan Dos Santos de Assis
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus de Jequié, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-510, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-280, Brazil
| | - Uneliton Neves Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus de Jequié, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-510, Brazil
| | - Valfredo Azevedo Lemos
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus de Jequié, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-510, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-280, Brazil.
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13
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Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Ortega-Zamora C, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J. Miniaturized green sample preparation approaches for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114405. [PMID: 34653744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of green sample preparation procedures is an extremely important research field in which more and more applications are constantly being proposed in different areas, including pharmaceutical analysis. This review article is aimed at providing a general overview of the development of miniaturized green analytical sample preparation procedures in the pharmaceutical analysis field, with special focus on the works published between January 2017 and July 2021. Particular attention has been paid to the application of environmentally friendly solvents and sorbents as well as nanomaterials or high extraction capacity sorbents in which the solvent volumes and reagents amounts are drastically reduced, with their subsequent advantages from the sustainability point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jiménez-Skrzypek
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Cecilia Ortega-Zamora
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n, 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España.
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14
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Scheid C, Eller S, Oenning AL, Carasek E, Merib J, de Oliveira TF. Application of Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents to the Determination of MDMA, MDA and NBOMes in Postmortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:776-782. [PMID: 34518876 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic drugs for recreational purposes are in constant evolution and their consumption promote a significant increase in intoxication cases, resulting in damaging public health. The development of analytical methodologies to confirm the consumption of illicit drugs in biological matrices are required for control of these substances. This work exploited the development of an extraction method based on homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction with switchable hydrophilicity solvent as extraction phase (SHS-HLLME) for the determination of the synthetic drugs MDMA, MDA and NBOMes (25B, 25C and 25I) in postmortem blood, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS). The optimized sample preparation conditions consisted of using 250 µL of ZnSO4 10% and 50 µL of NaOH 1 mol/L in the protein precipitation step; N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) was used as switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS), 650 μL of a mixture of SHS:HCl 6 mol/L (1:1 v/v), 500 μL of whole blood, 500 μL of NaOH 10 mol/L and 1 min of extraction time. The proposed method was validated, providing determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes; LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL; intra-run precision from 2.16 to 9.19%; inter-run precision from 2.39 to 9.59%; bias from 93.57 to 115.71%; and matrix effects from 28.94 to 51.54%. The developed method was successfully applied to four authentic postmortem blood samples from synthetic drugs users, and it was found to be reliable with good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Scheid
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Sarah Eller
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luiz Oenning
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Josias Merib
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
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15
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Grau J, Azorín C, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Salvador A. Use of green alternative solvents in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: A review. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:210-222. [PMID: 34490730 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction is one of the most widely used microextraction techniques currently in the analytical chemistry field, mainly due to its simplicity and rapidity. The operational mode of this approach has been constantly changing since its introduction, adapting to new trends and applications. Most of these changes are related to the nature of the solvent employed for the microextraction. From the classical halogenated solvents (e.g., chloroform or dichloromethane), different alternatives have been proposed in order to obtain safer and non-pollutants microextraction applications. In this sense, low-density solvents, such as alkanols, switchable hydrophobicity solvents, and ionic liquids were the first and most popular replacements for halogenated solvents, which provided similar or better results than these classical dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction solvents. However, despite the good performances obtained with low-density solvents and ionic liquids, researchers have continued investigating in order to obtain even greener solvents for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. For that reason, in this review, the evolution over the last five years of the three types of solvents already mentioned and two of the most promising solvent alternatives (i.e., deep eutectic solvents and supramolecular solvents), have been studied in detail with the purpose of discussing which one provides the greenest alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Grau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cristian Azorín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Amparo Salvador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GICAPC Research group, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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Automated liquid-liquid microextraction and determination of sulfonamides in urine samples based on Schiff bases formation in natural deep eutectic solvent media. Talanta 2021; 234:122660. [PMID: 34364468 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an automated liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for the determination of sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine and sulfapyridine) in urine samples using natural deep eutectic solvent is presented for the first time. The mechanism for extraction of sulfonamides was based on the formation of colored Schiff bases in the presence of vanillin, which acted as a derivatization reagent and precursor of natural deep eutectic solvent (an extractant). In this procedure, thymol was used as both media for Schiff bases formation and as a second precursor of the natural deep eutectic solvent. The formation of the Schiff bases was confirmed by mass spectrometry. A Lab-In-Syringe concept was applied for the automation of the microextraction procedure. The procedure involved mixing the sample and natural deep eutectic solvent into a syringe of a flow system, formation and microextraction of colored Schiff base followed by UV-Vis detection. Under optimal automated conditions the limits of detection, calculated from a blank test based on 3s (sigma) were 0.06, 0.1, and 0.06 mg L-1 for sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine. The proposed automated procedure permitted the routine determination of one drug (sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine or sulfapyridine) in urine samples to be achieved in less than 10 min.
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Determination of the Synthetic Antioxidants Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) and Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) by Matrix Acidity-Induced Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (MAI-SHS-HLLME) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1941072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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An Effervescence-assisted Centrifuge-less Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction Based on Solidification of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents for Detection of Alkylphenols in Drinks. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(21)60100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Switchable solvent-based micro-extraction of pesticides in food and environmental samples. Talanta 2021; 224:121807. [PMID: 33379033 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Switchable solvents are new generation solvents that are environmentally friendly and can be used for the effective pre-concentration of pesticide residues in food and environmental matrices. They have physico-chemical properties that can be switched abruptly and reversibly between two opposite forms. The common switchable solvents used commonly during pesticide pre-concentration involve polarity switch. Such solvent switch between hydrophobic and hydrophilic forms during pesticide pre-concentration. Secondary and tertiary amines are typical switchable hydrophilicity solvents. The amines are hydrophobic but they abruptly and reversibly switch to their hydrophilic forms on addition of CO2 to them. The application of amine-based switchable solvents during pre-concentration of pesticide residue in food and environmental samples are discussed in this paper. Medium-chain fatty acids can also be used as switchable solvents. Their switch between hydrophobic and hydrophilic forms is usually triggered by pH changes. Applications of fatty acid-based switchable solvents during pre-concentration of pesticide residues are reviewed in this paper. Switchable solvent-based micro-extraction can be combined with other pre-concentration techniques to enhance selectivity resulting in clean chromatograms. This paper has a section dedicated to the application of hyphenated switchable solvent-based micro-extraction techniques during pre-concentration of pesticides in food and environmental samples. In addition, the challenges associated with the use of switchable solvents during micro-extraction of pesticide residues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Musarurwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Emerging green solvents and their applications during pesticide analysis in food and environmental samples. Talanta 2021; 223:121507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Sustainable green solvents for microextraction techniques: Recent developments and applications. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1640:461944. [PMID: 33556679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development and application of alternative green solvents in analytical techniques consist of trends in sample preparation, since this subject represents an important step toward sustainability in experimental procedures. This review is focused on the main theoretical aspects related to deep eutectic solvents (DES), switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS) and supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS). Recent applications are highlighted, particularly for the extraction of different analytes from environmental, biological and food matrices. Moreover, novel configurations are emphasized, aiming for efficient, automated and high-throughput procedures. This review also provides some critical points regarding the use of these solvents and their green aspects.
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Insights into coacervative and dispersive liquid-phase microextraction strategies with hydrophilic media – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:225-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Shishov A, Gorbunov A, Baranovskii E, Bulatov A. Microextraction of sulfonamides from chicken meat samples in three-component deep eutectic solvent. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Horstkotte B, Solich P. The Automation Technique Lab-In-Syringe: A Practical Guide. Molecules 2020; 25:E1612. [PMID: 32244706 PMCID: PMC7181287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
About eight years ago, a new automation approach and flow technique called "Lab-In-Syringe" was proposed. It was derived from previous flow techniques, all based on handling reagent and sample solutions in a flow manifold. To date Lab-In-Syringe has evidently gained the interest of researchers in many countries, with new modifications, operation modes, and technical improvements still popping up. It has proven to be a versatile tool for the automation of sample preparation, particularly, liquid-phase microextraction approaches. This article aims to assist newcomers to this technique in system planning and setup by overviewing the different options for configurations, limitations, and feasible operations. This includes syringe orientation, in-syringe stirring modes, in-syringe detection, additional inlets, and addable features. The authors give also a chronological overview of technical milestones and a critical explanation on the potentials and shortcomings of this technique, calculations of characteristics, and tips and tricks on method development. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the different operation modes of Lab-In-Syringe automated sample pretreatment is given focusing on the technical aspects and challenges of the related operations. We further deal with possibilities on how to fabricate required or useful system components, in particular by 3D printing technology, with over 20 different elements exemplarily shown. Finally, a short discussion on shortcomings and required improvements is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Horstkotte
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
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