1
|
Loyez M, Adolphson M, Liao J, Yang L. From Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators to Biochemical Sensors. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37390481 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensors are frontrunners for the rapid and real-time detection of analytes, particularly for low concentrations. Among them, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have recently attracted a growing focus due to their robust optomechanical features and high sensitivity, measuring down to single binding events in small volumes. In this review, we provide a broad overview of WGM sensors along with critical advice and additional "tips and tricks" to make them more accessible to both biochemical and optical communities. Their structures, fabrication methods, materials, and surface functionalization chemistries are discussed. We propose this reflection under a pedagogical approach to describe and explain these biochemical sensors with a particular focus on the most recent achievements in the field. In addition to highlighting the advantages of WGM sensors, we also discuss and suggest strategies to overcome their current limitations, leaving room for further development as practical tools in various applications. We aim to provide new insights and combine different knowledge and perspectives to advance the development of the next generation of WGM biosensors. With their unique advantages and compatibility with different sensing modalities, these biosensors have the potential to become major game changers for biomedical and environmental monitoring, among many other relevant target applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Médéric Loyez
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Maxwell Adolphson
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive Green Hall 2120F, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu B, Liu S, Zhang Q, Hong G, Liao C, Xu X, Liu L, Qu J, Wang Y. Microbubble-probe WGM resonators enable displacement measurements with high spatial resolution. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1922-1925. [PMID: 37221800 DOI: 10.1364/ol.483285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A microbubble-probe whispering gallery mode resonator with high displacement resolution and spatial resolution for displacement sensing is proposed. The resonator consists of an air bubble and a probe. The probe has a diameter of ∼5 µm that grants micron-level spatial resolution. Fabricated by a CO2 laser machining platform, a universal quality factor of over 106 is achieved. In displacement sensing, the sensor exhibits a displacement resolution of 74.83 pm and an estimated measurement span of 29.44 µm. As the first microbubble probe resonator for displacement measurement, the component shows advantages in performance, and exhibits a potential in sensing with high precision.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ristić D, Zhivotkov D, Thekke Thalakkal S, Romanova E, Ivanda M. Theoretical Analysis of the Refractometric Sensitivity of a Coated Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator for Gas Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9155. [PMID: 36501857 PMCID: PMC9740994 DOI: 10.3390/s22239155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of the refractometric sensitivity of a spherical microresonator coated with a porous sensing layer performed for different whispering gallery modes. The effective refractive index of the modes is also calculated. The calculations are also made for a system which has an additional high-refractive index layer sandwiched between the microsphere and the porous sensing layer. The results of the calculation are discussed in regards to the applicability of the studied systems for gas sensor construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Ristić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniil Zhivotkov
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Ulitsa, 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | | | - Elena Romanova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Ulitsa, 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Mile Ivanda
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo Z, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Luo M, Wu X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Yang X. Label-free detection of cardiac troponin-I with packaged thin-walled microbubble resonators. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200151. [PMID: 35762487 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) is widely used for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diseases because of its myocardial specificity. Packaged microbubble resonators with thin wall are utilized for label-free and specific detection of cTnI based on whispering gallery mode (WGM). This packaged structure can provide a good protection for the biosensor, improve the anti-interference ability of the sensor and reduce the system noise. The theoretical detection limit of the biosensors for cTnI in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) is 0.4 ag mL-1 (0.02 aM ). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the biosensors can be used to detect cTnI molecules in simulated serum and the theoretical detection limit is also 0.4 ag mL-1 (0.02 aM ). These results are much far below the clinical cut-off value and show a huge application potential for the detection of cardiac biomarkers of AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihe Guo
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiran Liu
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Luo
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Device Technology, China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Device Technology, China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Device Technology, China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan R, Cui E, Zhao S, Zhou F, Wang D, Lei C. Real-time and high-sensitivity refractive index sensing with an arched optofluidic waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:16031-16043. [PMID: 36221456 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Refractive index (RI) sensing plays an important role in analytical chemistry, medical diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. The optofluidic technique is considered to be an ideal tool for RI sensor configuration for its high integration, high sensitivity, and low cost. However, it remains challenging to achieve RI measurement in real time with high sensitivity and low detection limit (DL) simultaneously. In this work, we design and fabricate a RI sensor with an arched optofluidic waveguide by monitoring the power loss of the light passing through the waveguide, which is sandwiched by the air-cladding and the liquid-cladding under test, we achieve RI detection of the sample in real time and with high sensitivity. Furthermore, both numerical simulation and experimental investigation show that our RI sensor can be designed with different geometric parameters to cover multiple RI ranges with high sensitivities for different applications. Experimental results illustrate that our sensor is capable to achieve a superior sensitivity better than -19.2 mW/RIU and a detection limit of 5.21×10-8 RIU in a wide linear dynamic range from 1.333 to 1.392, providing a promising solution for real-time and high-sensitivity RI sensing.
Collapse
|
6
|
Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microbubble Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040592. [PMID: 35457896 PMCID: PMC9026417 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microbubble resonators are ideal optical sensors due to their high quality factor, small mode volume, high optical energy density, and geometry/design/structure (i.e., hollow microfluidic channels). When used in combination with microfluidic technologies, WGM microbubble resonators can be applied in chemical and biological sensing due to strong light–matter interactions. The detection of ultra-low concentrations over a large dynamic range is possible due to their high sensitivity, which has significance for environmental monitoring and applications in life-science. Furthermore, WGM microbubble resonators have also been widely used for physical sensing, such as to detect changes in temperature, stress, pressure, flow rate, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the sensing mechanisms, fabrication and packing methods, and various applications of optofluidic WGM microbubble resonators. The challenges of rapid production and practical applications of WGM microbubble resonators are also discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chauhan N, Saxena K, Tikadar M, Jain U. Recent advances in the design of biosensors based on novel nanomaterials: An insight. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Kirti Saxena
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Mayukh Tikadar
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Highly Sensitive and Selective Copper (II)-Catalyzed Dual-DNAzyme Colorimetric Biosensor Based on Exonuclease III-Mediated Cyclical Assembly. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
“Cu-DNAzyme” and “G4-DNAzyme” were used to develop a “turn-off” dual-DNAzyme colorimetric biosensor, which could be used to detect Cu2+ by employing exonuclease III-mediated cyclical assembly (EMCA). EMCA was based on the cleavage activity of Cu2+ to transfer the linkage sequences of the substrate strand and enzyme strand into the transition sequence. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimicking activity of the G4-DNAzyme was lost after binding with the complementary transition sequence and was hydrolyzed by Exo III. These results demonstrate that the proposed colorimetric biosensor was an effective method for ultradetection of trace metals in a high original signal background. Due to the high sensitivity of the biosensor, the limit of detection (LOD) of Cu2+ is 0.16 nM. This design offers a general purpose platform that could be applied for the detection of any metal ion target through adjustment of metal-dependent DNA-cleaving DNAzymes, which is of great significance for the rapid determination of food safety.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of biosensing with DNAzymes, providing an overview of different sensing applications while highlighting major progress and seminal contributions to the field of portable biosensor devices and point-of-care diagnostics. Specifically, the field of functional nucleic acids is introduced, with a specific focus on DNAzymes. The incorporation of DNAzymes into bioassays is then described, followed by a detailed overview of recent advances in the development of in vivo sensing platforms and portable sensors incorporating DNAzymes for molecular recognition. Finally, a critical perspective on the field, and a summary of where DNAzyme-based devices may make the biggest impact are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rho D, Breaux C, Kim S. Label-Free Optical Resonator-Based Biosensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205901. [PMID: 33086566 PMCID: PMC7589515 DOI: 10.3390/s20205901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The demand for biosensor technology has grown drastically over the last few decades, mainly in disease diagnosis, drug development, and environmental health and safety. Optical resonator-based biosensors have been widely exploited to achieve highly sensitive, rapid, and label-free detection of biological analytes. The advancements in microfluidic and micro/nanofabrication technologies allow them to be miniaturized and simultaneously detect various analytes in a small sample volume. By virtue of these advantages and advancements, the optical resonator-based biosensor is considered a promising platform not only for general medical diagnostics but also for point-of-care applications. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progresses in label-free optical resonator-based biosensors published mostly over the last 5 years. We categorized them into Fabry-Perot interferometer-based and whispering gallery mode-based biosensors. The principles behind each biosensor are concisely introduced, and recent progresses in configurations, materials, test setup, and light confinement methods are described. Finally, the current challenges and future research topics of the optical resonator-based biosensor are discussed.
Collapse
|