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Omidfar K, Riahi F, Kashanian S. Lateral Flow Assay: A Summary of Recent Progress for Improving Assay Performance. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:837. [PMID: 37754072 PMCID: PMC10526804 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow tests are one of the most important types of paper-based point-of-care (POCT) diagnostic tools. It shows great potential as an implement for improving the rapid screening and management of infections in global pandemics or other potential health disorders by using minimally expert staff in locations where no sophisticated laboratory services are accessible. They can detect different types of biomarkers in various biological samples and provide the results in a little time at a low price. An important challenge regarding conventional LFAs is increasing their sensitivity and specificity. There are two main approaches to increase sensitivity and specificity, including assay improvement and target enrichment. Assay improvement comprises the assay optimization and signal amplification techniques. In this study, a summarize of various sensitivity and specificity enhancement strategies with an objective evaluation are presented, such as detection element immobilization, capillary flow rate adjusting, label evolution, sample extraction and enrichment, etc. and also the key findings in improving the LFA performance and solving their limitations are discussed along with numerous examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular—Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1458889694, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1458889694, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Riahi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular—Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1458889694, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1458889694, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
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A portable and low-cost centrifugal microfluidic platform for multiplexed colorimetric detection of protein biomarkers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1245:340823. [PMID: 36737129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines play a very important role in our immune system by acting as mediators to put up a coordinated defense against foreign elements in our body. Elevated levels of cytokines in the body can signal to an ongoing response of the immune system to some abnormality. Thus, the quantification of a panel of cytokines can provide valuable information regarding the diagnosis of specific diseases and state of overall health of an individual. Conventional Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is the gold-standard for quantification of cytokines, however the need for trained personnel and expensive equipment limits its application to centralized laboratories only. In this context, there is a lack of simple, low-cost and portable devices which can allow for quantification of panels of cytokines at point-of-care and/or resource limited settings. Here, we report the development of a versatile, low-cost and portable bead-based centrifugal microfluidic platform allowing for multiplexed detection of cytokines with minimal hands-on time and an integrated colorimetric signal readout without the need for any external equipment. As a model, multiplexed colorimetric quantification of three target cytokines i.e., Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was achieved in less than 30 min with limits of detection in ng/mL range. The developed platform was further evaluated using spiked-in plasma samples to test for matrix interference. The ease of use, low-cost and portability of the developed platform highlight its potential to serve as a sample-to-answer solution for detection of cytokine panels in resource limited settings.
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Garlant HN, Ellappan K, Hewitt M, Perumal P, Pekeleke S, Wand N, Southern J, Kumar SV, Belgode H, Abubakar I, Sinha S, Vasan S, Joseph NM, Kempsell KE. Evaluation of Host Protein Biomarkers by ELISA From Whole Lysed Peripheral Blood for Development of Diagnostic Tests for Active Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854327. [PMID: 35720382 PMCID: PMC9205408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health crisis and the number one cause of death for an infectious disease. The health consequences in high-burden countries are significant. Barriers to TB control and eradication are in part caused by difficulties in diagnosis. Improvements in diagnosis are required for organisations like the World Health Organisation (WHO) to meet their ambitious target of reducing the incidence of TB by 50% by the year 2025, which has become hard to reach due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Development of new tests for TB are key priorities of the WHO, as defined in their 2014 report for target product profiles (TPPs). Rapid triage and biomarker-based confirmatory tests would greatly enhance the diagnostic capability for identifying and diagnosing TB-infected individuals. Protein-based test methods e.g. lateral flow devices (LFDs) have a significant advantage over other technologies with regard to assay turnaround time (minutes as opposed to hours) field-ability, ease of use by relatively untrained staff and without the need for supporting laboratory infrastructure. Here we evaluate the diagnostic performance of nine biomarkers from our previously published biomarker qPCR validation study; CALCOCO2, CD274, CD52, GBP1, IFIT3, IFITM3, SAMD9L, SNX10 and TMEM49, as protein targets assayed by ELISA. This preliminary evaluation study was conducted to quantify the level of biomarker protein expression across latent, extra-pulmonary or pulmonary TB groups and negative controls, collected across the UK and India, in whole lysed blood samples (WLB). We also investigated associative correlations between the biomarkers and assessed their suitability for ongoing diagnostic test development, using receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve (ROC) analyses, singly and in panel combinations. The top performing single biomarkers for pulmonary TB versus controls were CALCOCO2, SAMD9L, GBP1, IFITM3, IFIT3 and SNX10. TMEM49 was also significantly differentially expressed but downregulated in TB groups. CD52 expression was not highly differentially expressed across most of the groups but may provide additional patient stratification information and some limited use for incipient latent TB infection. These show therefore great potential for diagnostic test development either in minimal configuration panels for rapid triage or more complex formulations to capture the diversity of disease presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet N. Garlant
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Kalaiarasan Ellappan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Matthew Hewitt
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Perumal
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Pekeleke
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Nadina Wand
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Southern
- School of Life & Medical Sciences, Mortimer Market Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saka Vinod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Harish Belgode
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- School of Life & Medical Sciences, Mortimer Market Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seshadri Vasan
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Noyal Mariya Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Karen E. Kempsell
- Science Group: Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karen E. Kempsell,
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