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Dowlatshah S, Rye TK, Hansen FA, Halvorsen TG, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Parallel electromembrane extraction of peptides with monoterpene and medium-length fatty acid deep eutectic solvents. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342360. [PMID: 38438237 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromembrane extraction (EME) involves the process of mass transfer of charged analytes from an aqueous sample through an organic liquid membrane into an aqueous acceptor medium under the influence of an electrical field. Successful solvation of the analyte within the liquid membrane is of paramount importance and involves molecular interactions with the liquid membrane. In this comprehensive investigation, parallel EME was examined using a training set of 13 model peptides employing deep eutectic solvents as the liquid membrane. These deep eutectic solvents were formulated by mixing specific monoterpenes (thymol, menthol, camphor) with medium-chain fatty acids (1-octanoic acid and 1-decanoic acid). RESULTS From an array of different liquid membrane compositions explored, it was revealed that the combination of camphor and 1-decanoic acid (in a 1:1 w/w ratio) with 2% di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) delivered the most efficient extraction system. The solvation of the model peptides within this liquid membrane predominantly relied on ionic interactions between protonated basic functionalities and DEHP, along with hydrogen bond interactions between the deprotonated acid functionalities (hydrogen bond acceptor) and 1-decanoic acid (hydrogen bond donor). Selectivity was modulated by the pH of the sample and acceptor solutions, with a direct correlation to the polarity and net charge of the model peptides. The ionization of 1-decanoic acid in the interfacial region between the sample and liquid membrane emerged as an important factor influencing the selectivity. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Although parallel EME of peptides has been reported previously, the current liquid membrane provides an extraction system with sufficient stability for the first time. Selective extraction of peptides through EME holds substantial promise within the realm of next-generation environmentally-friendly sample preparation methodologies. The findings presented in this paper contribute significantly to our fundamental understanding of these processes, and may serve as an important reference for the development of future methods in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Dowlatshah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Kige Rye
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Alshehri RF, El-Feky HH, Askar AM, Amin AS, Aish M. Utilization of a novel PVC- optical sensor for high sensitive and selective determination of zinc ion in real samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123424. [PMID: 37806243 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and highly specific bulk membrane optode was developed for the ultra-sensitive detection of zinc(II) in biological, pharmaceutical, and water samples. The polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) utilized in this study consists of 50% polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a base polymer, 9.00% DOP (dioctylphthalate) as the plasticizer, and 40.0% D2EHPA (di(2-ethlyhexyl)phosphoric acid) as the carrier. To facilitate the spectrophotometric determination of zinc(II), a colorimetric reagent, namely 4-(2-arsonophenylazo) salicylic acid (APASA) {1.00%, m/v}, was employed. When Zn(II) was extracted into the PIM, it led to the creation of the zinc-D2EHPA complex. This complex then underwent a reaction with APASA, resulting in the formation of a red Zn - APASA complex with a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of 558 nm. To optimize the response of the optode, a central composite design was employed, considering variables such as the amount of additive and reagent, response time, and pH. When operated under the specific optimal conditions, the sensor demonstrated a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.74 ng/mL (equivalent to 1.17 × 10-8 M) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.22 ng/mL (equivalent to 3.44 × 10-9 M). The optode membrane demonstrated excellent reproducibility, stability, and a relatively long lifespan, making it suitable for precise and accurate monitoring of Zn(II) ion content. Regeneration of the optode was achieved effectively using 0.25 nitric acid solution, and its response exhibited reversibility and reproducibility, showed a relative standard deviation of less than 1.33%. Moreover, the PIM-APASA optode exhibited a high level of effectiveness in accurately determining the presence of Zn(II) ions in real environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem F Alshehri
- Chemistry Department, College of Science& Arts, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham H El-Feky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Abdelrazek M Askar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Alaa S Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
| | - Mai Aish
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Kadhim NR, Flayeh HM, Abbar AH. A new approach for cobalt (II) removal from simulated wastewater using electro membrane extraction with a flat sheet supported liquid membrane. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22343. [PMID: 38045123 PMCID: PMC10692895 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to efficiently remove cobalt (Co) from aqueous solutions by using a novel Electromembrane Extraction (EME) technique. This novel electrochemical cell design featured two distinct glass chambers, incorporating a Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) composed of a polypropylene flat membrane saturated with 1-octanol and a carrier substance, as well as electrodes constructed from graphite and stainless steel. The investigation covered an exploration of various effective parameters like, carrier type, voltage across the cell, donor solution pH, and the initial Co concentration, with the overarching goal of comprehending their individual effect on Co removal efficiency. Notably, two different carriers, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP), were systematically evaluated in combination with 1-octanol. The findings underscored the pivotal role of the cell voltage in significantly enhancing the mass transfer rate of cobalt across the membrane, thereby advancing the effectiveness of the removal process. After a comprehensive optimization process, the optimal operating conditions were established as follows: employing 1-octanol with 1.0 % v/v bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as a carrier, applying a voltage of 60 V, maintaining an initial pH of 5, utilizing an initial cobalt concentration of 15 mg/L, conducting an extraction for 6 h, and employing a stirring rate of 1000 rpm. Remarkably, these conditions led to the attainment of an impressive removal efficiency of 87 %. In stark contrast, when no voltage was applied, the removal efficiency did not surpass 40 %. This underscores the pivotal role of the applied voltage in enhancing the cobalt removal process under the specified conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor R. Kadhim
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussain M. Flayeh
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali H. Abbar
- Biochemical Engineering Department, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq
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Xiao T, Pan M, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tsunoda M, Zhang Y, Wang R, Hu W, Yang H, Li LS, Song Y. In vitro bloodbrain barrier permeability study of four main active ingredients from Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115637. [PMID: 37634356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., a broadly utilized traditional Chinese medicine, have a number of effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The main active constituents of Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus (AOF) were nootkatone, tectochrysin, chrysin and protocatechuic acid. An immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) and astrocyte (HA1800) coculture model was used to investigate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The validation of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods for the four compounds was conducted following industry guidelines. Calibration curves were generated with mean coefficients (R2) better than 0.99. The inter-day and intra-day precisions were less than 8.53% and 7.12%, respectively. The accuracies were lower than ± 11.57%, and recoveries were greater than 86.07%. The samples of the transport experiment were examined, and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated. The efflux ratios of the four compounds are all less than 2. The Papp values of protocatechuic acid, chrysin, nootkatone, tectochrysin were at the level of 10-5, 10-6, 10-6, and 10-7 cm/s, respectively. All four compounds crossed the BBB by passive diffusion, with protocatechuic acid having high permeability, and tectochrysin having poor permeability. This research indicated the permeability of protocatechuic acid, chrysin, nootkatone and tectochrysin through the BBB and offered a foundation for related research on AOF in the treatment of CNS illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuanxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanjiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Makoto Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wenting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Lu-Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Dowlatshah S, Hansen FA, Zhou C, Ramos-Payán M, Halvorsen TG, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Electromembrane extraction of peptides based on hydrogen bond interactions. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1275:341610. [PMID: 37524472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromembrane extraction (EME) of peptides reported in the scientific literature involve transfer of net positively charged peptides from an aqueous sample, through a liquid membrane, and into an aqueous acceptor solution, under the influence of an electrical field. The liquid membrane comprises an organic solvent, containing an ionic carrier. The purpose of the ionic carrier is to facilitate peptide solvation in the organic solvent based on ionic interactions. Unfortunately, ionic carriers increase the conductivity of the liquid membrane; the current in the system increases, the electrolysis in sample and acceptor is accelerated, and the extraction system tend to be unstable and suffers from drifting pH. RESULTS In the present work, a broad selection of organic solvents were tested as pure liquid membrane for EME of peptides, without ionic carrier. Several phosphates provided high mass transfer, and tri(pentyl) phosphate was selected since this solvent also provided high operational stability. Among 16 different peptides used as model analytes, tri(pentyl) phosphate extracted those with net charge +1 and with no more than two polar side chains. Tri(pentyl) phosphate served as a very strong hydrogen bond acceptor, while the protonated peptides were hydrogen bond donors. By such, hydrogen bonding served as the primary interactions responsible for mass transfer. Tri(pentyl) phosphate as liquid membrane, could exhaustively extract leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, and endomorphin from human blood plasma and detected by LC-MS/MS. Calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.99) within a concentration range from 1 to 500 ng/mL, and a relative standard deviation within 12% was observed for precision studies. SIGNIFICANCE The current experiments are important because they indicate that small peptides of low polarity may be extracted selectively in EME based on hydrogen bond interactions, in systems not suffering from electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Dowlatshah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Shi L, Chen M, Zhao G, Wang X, Fan M, Liu R, Xie F. Environmental Applications of Electromembrane Extraction: A Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:705. [PMID: 37623766 PMCID: PMC10456692 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a miniaturized extraction technique that has been widely used in recent years for the analysis and removal of pollutants in the environment. It is based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) under the influence of an external electrical field between two aqueous compartments. Based on the features of the SLM and the electrical field, EME offers quick extraction, effective sample clean-up, and good selectivity, and limits the amount of organic solvent used per sample to a few microliters. In this paper, the basic devices (membrane materials and types of organic solvents) and influencing factors of EME are first introduced, and the applications of EME in the analysis and removal of environmental inorganic ions and organic pollutants are systematically reviewed. An outlook on the future development of EME for environmental applications is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Science Avenue #100, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Meijuan Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruihong Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Street #2, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.); (M.F.); (R.L.)
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Samkumpim T, Alahmad W, Tabani H, Varanusupakul P, Kraiya C. Application of oxygen scavengers in gel electromembrane extraction: A green methodology for simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in sausage samples. Food Chem 2023; 422:136190. [PMID: 37137238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of oxygen from electrolysis in gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) causes a negative error when applied to the analysis of easily oxidized species such as nitrite. Nitrite in G-EME is oxidized by oxygen to nitrate, leading to the negative error and the impossibility of simultaneous analysis. In this work, the application of oxygen scavengers to the acceptor phase of the G-EME system was attempted to minimize the oxidation effect. Several oxygen scavengers were selected and examined according to their compatibility with ion chromatography. The mixture of sulfite and bisulfite (14 mg L-1) showed the highest efficiency in preventing the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate. Under the optimized conditions, a good linear range was obtained (10-200 μg L-1; R2 > 0.998) with a detection limit of 8 µg L-1 for both nitrite and nitrate. This method was applied to the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in sausage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidarat Samkumpim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waleed Alahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Department of Environmental Geology, Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Charoenkwan Kraiya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gel electro-membrane extraction: An overview on recent strategies for extraction efficiency enhancement. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Sahragard A, Alahmad W, Varanusupakul P. Application of electrocolorimetric extraction for the determination of Ni(II) ions in chocolate samples: A green methodology for food analysis. Food Chem 2022; 382:132344. [PMID: 35144191 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study developed an electrocolorimetric extraction technique as a simple, rapid, and green method for the simultaneous preconcentration and determination of Ni(II) in chocolate samples. The system was designed using an agarose gel (3% w/v) solution containing 10% v/v 80 mM dimethylglyoxime (DMG) and 10% v/v 0.03 M ammonia as colorimetric reagents to determine Ni(II) ions. When voltage was applied to the system, Ni(II) ions were extracted from the donor solution into the gel and formed Ni-DMG complexes with a pink color. Under the optimal conditions, a good linear range was obtained from 30 to 750 µg L-1 (R2 > 0.998) with a detection limit of 1 µg L-1. Inter- and intra-assay results showing relative standard deviations were less than 2.6% and 1.9%, respectively. Our developed method was applied to determine Ni(II) in chocolate samples. The results were in agreement with those obtained using ICP-OES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sahragard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waleed Alahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pakorn Varanusupakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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