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Zheng R, Wu A, Li J, Tang Z, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wei Z. Progress and Outlook on Electrochemical Sensing of Lung Cancer Biomarkers. Molecules 2024; 29:3156. [PMID: 38999110 PMCID: PMC11243195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the ultrasensitive detection of lung cancer biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This review comprehensively discusses the progress and potential of nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors for early lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. By integrating nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles, and conducting polymers, these sensors have achieved clinically relevant detection limits in the fg/mL to pg/mL range. We highlight the key role of nanomaterial functionalization in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and antifouling properties. This review also examines challenges related to reproducibility and clinical translation, emphasizing the need for standardization of fabrication protocols and robust validation studies. With the rapid growth in understanding lung cancer biomarkers and innovations in sensor design, nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors hold immense potential for point-of-care lung cancer screening and personalized therapy guidance. Realizing this goal will require strategic collaboration among material scientists, engineers, and clinicians to address technical and practical hurdles. Overall, this work provides valuable insight for developing next-generation smart diagnostic devices to combat the high mortality of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Aochun Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450053, China; (R.Z.); (A.W.)
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiyue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhengfang Tang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450099, China; (J.L.); (Z.T.)
| | - Junping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Mingli Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zheng Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Integrative Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.W.)
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Mu W, Wu C, Wu F, Gao H, Ren X, Feng J, Miao M, Zhang H, Chang D, Pan H. Ultrasensitive and label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of the ovarian cancer biomarker CA125 based on CuCo-ONSs@AuNPs nanocomposites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116080. [PMID: 38479306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is pivotal as a tumor marker in early ovarian cancer prevention and diagnosis. In this work, we introduced an ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor tailored for CA125 detection, leveraging nanogold-functionalized copper-cobalt oxide nanosheets (CuCo-ONSs@AuNPs) as nanocomposites. For the inaugural application, copper-cobalt oxide nanosheets delivered the requisite DPV electrochemical response for the immunosensors. Their large specific surface area and commendable electrical conductivity amplify electron transfer and enable significant gold nanoparticle loading. Concurrently, AuNPs offer a plethora of active sites, facilitating easy immobilization of biomolecules via the bond between amino groups and AuNPs. We employed scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the nanomaterials' surface morphology and elemental composition. The electrochemical sensor response signals were ascertained using differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor exhibited a linear detection range from 1×10-7 U/mL to 1×10-3 U/mL and a detection limit of 3.9×10-8 U/mL (S/N=3). The proposed label-free electrochemical immunosensor furnishes a straightforward, dependable, and sensitive approach for CA125 quantification and stands as a promising method for clinical detection of other tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Mu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Gao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinshui Ren
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Miao
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Hehua Zhang
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai 201399, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhi Pan
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; The Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China.
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Qi F, Wu M, Liu S, Mu W, Wu C, Ren X, Rui C, Wu F, Chang D, Pan H. Ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of CA199 based on the ratios of NiCo@Fc-MWCNTs-LDH and 3D-rGOF@Ag/Au complexes. Talanta 2024; 272:125606. [PMID: 38394747 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) is the most sensitive marker reported for pancreatic cancer, and it is a difficult task to develop a highly sensitive assay for CA199. During the experiment, a ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor for quantitative analysis of CA199 was prepared for NiCo@Fc-MWCNTs-LDH as the electrode sensing surface and 3D-rGOF@Ag/Au as the label of Ab2. NiCo@Fc-MWCNTs-LDH not only provide the required signal for the immunosensor, but also have a layered structure to obtain a large specific surface area, which can provide more sites for the placement of biological molecules. rGOF has the advantages of large specific surface area and high porosity, which can adsorb Ag electrochemical probe through redox reaction. The modification of gold nanoparticles can not only enhance the electrical conductivity of nano-composites, but also immobilize more biomolecules to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. With the beefing up of CA199 concentration, the oxidation peak current of Ag increases and the oxidation peak current of Fc-COOH decreases. The ratio (y = IAg/IFc-COOH) of two different signals was linear with the logarithm of CA199 concentration in a certain value range. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor showed excellent performance in the concentration range of 0.0001 U/mL to 10 U/mL, and the detection limit was 5.55 × 10-4 U/mL. The strategy could clearly discriminate between matched and mismatched targets, demonstrating high specifificity. This approach further detects CA199 in human plasma to differentiate pancreatic cancer patients from healthy individuals with high accuracy. This method also provided a new idea for the ultrasensitive quantitative detection of other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Qi
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for science and technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Mengdie Wu
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Simin Liu
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for science and technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Wendi Mu
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for science and technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for science and technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xinshui Ren
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China; Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chuang Rui
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Dong Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China.
| | - Hongzhi Pan
- The Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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Mehta D, Gupta D, Kafle A, Kaur S, Nagaiah TC. Advances and Challenges in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Neuron-Specific Enolase. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33-51. [PMID: 38222505 PMCID: PMC10785636 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Early and rapid detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is highly significant, as it is putative biomarker for small-cell lung cancer as well as COVID-19. Electrochemical techniques have attracted substantial attention for the early detection of cancer biomarkers due to the important properties of simplicity, high sensitivity, specificity, low cost, and point-of-care detection. This work reviews the clinically relevant labeled and label-free electrochemical immunosensors developed so far for the analysis of NSE. The prevailing role of nanostructured materials as electrode matrices is thoroughly discussed. Subsequently, the key performances of various immunoassays are critically evaluated in terms of limit of detection, linear ranges, and incubation time for clinical translation. Electrochemical techniques coupled with screen-printed electrodes developing market level commercialization of NSE sensors is also discussed. Finally, the review concludes with the current challenges associated with available methods and provides a future outlook toward commercialization opportunities for easy detection of NSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Divyani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Alankar Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Sukhjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Tharamani C. Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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Sariga, Varghese A. The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis Strategies, and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:32. [PMID: 37910233 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating electrochemical properties of the redox-active compound ferrocene have inspired researchers across the globe to develop ferrocene-based electrocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. Advantages including excellent chemical and thermal stability, solubility in organic solvents, a pair of stable redox states, rapid electron transfer, and nontoxic nature improve its utility in various electrochemical applications. The use of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts enables control over the intrinsic properties and electroactive sites at the surface of the electrode to achieve specific electrochemical activities. Ferrocene and its derivatives can function as a potential redox medium that promotes electron transfer rates, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics and electrochemical responses of the device. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity of ferrocene-based compounds at lower operating potentials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of reactions and also amplifies the response signals. Owing to their versatile redox chemistry and catalytic activities, ferrocene-based electrocatalysts are widely employed in various energy-related systems, molecular machines, and agricultural, biological, medicinal, and sensing applications. This review highlights the importance of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts, with emphasis on their properties, synthesis strategies for obtaining different ferrocene-based compounds, and their electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sariga
- CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India.
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Chen DN, Wang AJ, Feng JJ, Cheang TY. One-pot wet-chemical fabrication of 3D urchin-like core-shell Au@PdCu nanocrystals for electrochemical breast cancer immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:353. [PMID: 37581740 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) is an important biomarker for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Herein, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was built based on three-dimensional (3D) urchin-like core-shell Au@PdCu nanocrystals (labeled Au@PdCu NCs) for highly sensitive detection of CA15-3, where K3[Fe(CN)6] behaved as an electroactive probe. The Au@PdCu NCs were synthesized by a simple one-pot wet-chemical approach and the morphology, structures, and electrocatalytic property were investigated by several techniques. The Au@PdCu NCs prepared worked as electrode material to anchor more antibodies and as signal magnification material by virtue of its exceptional catalytic property. The developed biosensor exhibited a wide linear detection range from 0.1 to 300 U mL-1 and a low limit of detection (0.011 U mL-1, S/N = 3) for determination of CA15-3 under the optimal conditions. The established biosensing platform exhibits some insights for detecting other tumor biomarkers in clinical assays and early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Nan Chen
- Department of Breast Care Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Jiu-Ju Feng
- Department of Breast Care Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Tuck Yun Cheang
- Department of Breast Care Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Rauf U, Shabir G, Bukhari S, Albericio F, Saeed A. Contemporary Developments in Ferrocene Chemistry: Physical, Chemical, Biological and Industrial Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:5765. [PMID: 37570735 PMCID: PMC10420780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocenyl-based compounds have many applications in diverse scientific disciplines, including in polymer chemistry as redox dynamic polymers and dendrimers, in materials science as bioreceptors, and in pharmacology, biochemistry, electrochemistry, and nonlinear optics. Considering the horizon of ferrocene chemistry, we attempted to condense the neoteric advancements in the synthesis and applications of ferrocene derivatives reported in the literature from 2016 to date. This paper presents data on the progression of the synthesis of diverse classes of organic compounds having ferrocene scaffolds and recent developments in applications of ferrocene-based organometallic compounds, with a special focus on their biological, medicinal, bio-sensing, chemosensing, asymmetric catalysis, material, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (U.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (U.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Saba Bukhari
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (U.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (U.R.); (G.S.); (S.B.)
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Chen DN, Jiang LY, Zhang JX, Tang C, Wang AJ, Feng JJ. Electrochemical label-free immunoassay of HE4 using 3D PtNi nanocubes assemblies as biosensing interfaces. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:455. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Research progress on ratiometric electrochemical sensing of mycotoxins. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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