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Peng J, Hassan FA, Wu J, Xiong C. Determination of fifteen illegal colorants in traditional Chinese medicines by two hydrophobic DES-based microextraction methods coupled with an HPLC-DAD. Talanta 2024; 277:126236. [PMID: 38795590 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The dyeing and adulteration of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are continuously updated. Valuable analytical methods for the daily inspection of illegal colorant additives in TCMs and the preparations are in demand. Two deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME) and ultrasonic-assisted solid-liquid microextraction (UA-SLME) were developed for the sample pretreatment of ten water-soluble colorants and five water-insoluble colorants, respectively, followed by an HPLC-DAD detection. Fifteen colorants were analyzed at four detection wavelengths within 40 min of gradient elution. The optimal DES of VA-LLME and UA-SLME were screened from 23 homemade DESs. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency of VA-LLME and UA-SLME were optimized systematically. Under the optimal conditions, ten water-soluble colorants analyzed by DES-based VA-LLME-HPLC-DAD showed good linearity (R ≥ 0.9995) within the optimal linear range. The LODs and LOQs were 0.2-1.0 μg g-1 and 0. 5-5.0 μg g-1, respectively. The recoveries of spiked samples were 80.2%-104.7 %, with RSDs ≤ 4.39 %. Five water-insoluble colorants of Sudan I‒IV and Sudan 7B analyzed by DES-based UA-SLME-HPLC-DAD showed good linearity (R ≥ 0.9995) within the optimal linear range. The LODs and LOQs were 0.8-8.0 μg g-1 and 4.0-40.0 μg g-1, respectively. The recoveries of spiked samples were 94.2%-103.1 %, with RSDs ≤ 4.81 %. The proposed DES-based VA-LLME-HPLC-DAD was successfully applied to analyze six water-soluble yellow colorants in Cuscutae Semen, salted Cuscutae Semen, and four water-soluble red colorants in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus. The proposed DES-based UA-SLME-HPLC-DAD was successfully applied to analyze five water-insoluble red colorants in Dieda pills. The study provides analytical method options for routine tests of water-soluble, water-insoluble, or both water-soluble/-insoluble illegal colorant additives in herbal medical materials and preparations by the relevant proposed DES-based sample pretreatment method or a combination of the two proposed DES-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; Ezhou Center for Food and Drug Control, China
| | - Farhia Abdulnur Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jianhong Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Drug Products, Wuhan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Chaomei Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Drug Products, Wuhan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Wuhan, 430075, China.
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Mehrabi F, Ghaedi M, Dil EA, Tayebi L. Deep eutectic solvent-based ferrofluid for highly efficient preconcentration and determination of metronidazole by vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction under experimental design optimization. Talanta 2024; 272:125705. [PMID: 38364554 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
To determine metronidazole in water samples, we developed an environmentally friendly, efficient, and straightforward ferrofluid-based liquid-liquid microextraction sample pretreatment technique. It is coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analytical technique known for its sensitivity, speed, and precision. The magnetic separation of metronidazole-containing ferrofluid from the matrix was effortlessly achieved through the application of an external magnetic field, eliminating the need for centrifugation. Response surface optimization was employed to systematically determine the key experimental parameters influencing extraction efficiency, including pH, NaCl concentration, ferrofluid volume, and vortex duration. With a low detection limit (0.116 ng mL-1), a broad linear range between 0.5 and 700 ng mL-1 was achieved at optimal conditions. Additionally, acceptable spiking recoveries (94.3-97.3 %) and RSD values (≤3.7 %) for intra- and inter-day precision were attained in water samples. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the vortex and ferrofluid combination, along with the convenience of collection and elimination of the need for centrifugation, bestows a highly valuable technique for determining metronidazole in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mehrabi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Iran
| | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Iran.
| | | | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
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Manousi N, Anthemidis AN. A flow-batch lab-in-syringe foam microextraction platform for the simultaneous preconcentration and in situ membraneless gas-liquid separation of mercury prior to cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1290:342208. [PMID: 38246743 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the proof-of-concept of a novel lab-in-syringe (LIS) foam microextraction platform is presented as a front-end to cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) for the simultaneous preconcentration and membraneless gas-liquid separation (GLS) of inorganic mercury in biological samples. The proposed method is based on the on-line formation of the ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex with mercury that was retained in the pores of polyurethane foam immobilized on the piston of the LIS system. Metal complex elution and in situ mercury vapor generation are accomplished inside the microsyringe in a flow-batch format, while the separation of vapor species is achieved via the membraneless GLS found at the top of the syringe's barrel. Under optimized operation conditions, for 90 s preconcentration time, the limit of detection was 0.02 μg L-1 and the repeatability (RSD) was 3.8% (at the 0.5 μg L-1 concentration level), within a working range extending up to 4.0 μg L-1. The practicality of the novel manifold was demonstrated using the Blue Applicability Grade Index, while the accuracy of the method was evaluated using certified reference materials and spiked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Aristidis N Anthemidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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Duarte H, Aliaño-González MJ, Cantos-Villar E, Faleiro L, Romano A, Medronho B. Sustainable extraction of polyphenols from vine shoots using deep eutectic solvents: Influence of the solvent, Vitis sp., and extraction technique. Talanta 2024; 267:125135. [PMID: 37678005 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Vine shoots are the main by-products of grapevine pruning with no added value. In the present study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as alternatives to traditional chemical solvents, for the extraction of phytochemicals from grapevine shoots. Three levulinic acid-based DESs were tested for the first time, and their performance was compared to methanol (a standard chemical solvent) regarding the extraction of phenolic compounds from thirteen Vitis sp. shoots. Two extraction methods have been applied: ultrasound-assisted extraction and solid-liquid extraction. A total of eleven polyphenols which belongs to four families (proanthocyanins, stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols) have been identified and quantified in the extracts. The statistical analysis shows that the levulinic acid-based DES systems are novel and important alternatives to chemical solvents due to favourable eco-friendly properties and remarkable extraction performance of polyphenols. On the other hand, the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique has significantly increased the extraction rate in comparison to the solid-liquid extraction method with p-values lower than 0.05 for most compounds. The genetic factor has been shown to play an important role in the content of extracted polyphenols, being V. riparia pubescente the one that presented the highest concentrations of extracted polyphenols. Finally, the polyphenol-enriched extracts have proven important properties such as antioxidant activity and significant delay in bacteria growth against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is important to note that, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that deep eutectic solvents have been used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from vine shoot residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Duarte
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - María José Aliaño-González
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Emma Cantos-Villar
- IFAPA Rancho de la Merced, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Water and Rural Development, Junta de Andalucía, Cañada de la Loba, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, 11471, Spain
| | - Leonor Faleiro
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, Research Institute, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Medronho
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Ed. 8, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; FSCN-Fibre Science and Communication Network Research Center, Surface and Colloid Engineering, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70, Sundsvall, Sweden
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Chen Q, Wang Z, Chen H. A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction applied for doping control of aromatase inhibitors from equine urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115583. [PMID: 37494867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) can indirectly cause increased testosterone in animals, which leads to the improvement of the athletic ability of horses. For the protection of horses and the consideration of fair competition, AIs were listed as prohibited drugs by the Federation Equestre Internationale (FEI). There were several disadvantages using traditional pretreatment methods before analyzing these drugs from biological samples. A rapid and green pretreatment method has been developed by utilizing the hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (DES-VALLME) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technique for the efficient extraction and sensitive detection of AIs in equine urine samples. The combination of menthol and 4-fluorophenol in a molar ratio 1:4 was chosen as the optimum composition of DES for extracting AIs. Under the optimum conditions, only 80 μL of DES, 1 mL equine urine and 2 min were expended. An external standard calibration method was utilized for determination, and a linear relationship was achieved with a concentration range of 0.02-4000 ng mL-1 (r2 ≥ 0.9983). The limits of detection of the method based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 0.01-4 ng mL-1. The accuracy recoveries ranged from 94.9% to 113.4% within the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations of less than 9.1%. Compared with traditional extraction methods, the DES-VALLME method had the advantages of rapidity, simplicity, efficiency, low toxicity, and low cost. This method has potential and possessed brilliant prospects for doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Equine Science Research and Horse Doping Control Laboratory, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Equine Science Research and Horse Doping Control Laboratory, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Huaixia Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Wen L, Fan C, Zhao X, Cao X. Rapid extraction of bioactive compounds from gardenia fruit using new and recyclable deep eutectic solvents. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300163. [PMID: 37496306 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of deep eutectic solvent as an alternative and environmentally friendly option has gained significant attention. This study first proposed a series of benzylammonium chloride based-deep eutectic systems for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Through the implementation of response surface methodology, the optimal solvent was determined to be dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride-levulinic acid (1:3, mol/mol) with 35% (v/v) water, specifically tailored to extract geniposide, genipin-1-β-d-gentiobioside, crocin-1, and crocin-2 from gardenia fruits with the ratio of solid to liquid of 1:20 at 86°C for 16 min. Their total extraction yields could reach 70.6 mg/g, outperforming those obtained by other solvents and corresponding techniques. Furthermore, the eutectic system was retrieved after first-cycle extraction, and then applied in the subsequent extraction progress, yielding a consistent extraction efficiency of 97.1%. As compared to previous traditional methods, a quick, high-yielding, and green extraction procedure was achieved through simple heating settings that did not constrain the instrument. Therefore, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride-levulinic acid could serve as a sustainable and reusable solvent for efficient extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plant-based raw materials. The application of deep eutectic solvents has demonstrated their potential as designable solvents with stronger extraction capabilities than traditional organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chen Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Chen C, Cao Y, Ali A, Toufouki S, Yao S. How to apply terpenoid-based deep eutectic solvents for removal of antibiotics and dyes from water: Theoretical prediction, experimental validation and quantum chemical evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116180. [PMID: 37207731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a theoretical prediction method and mechanism investigation for the extraction of antibiotics and dyes from aqueous media using terpenoid-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Firstly, Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) approach was applied to predict selectivity, capacity and performance index in the extraction of 15 target compounds including antibiotics (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, β-lactams) and dyes by 26 terpenoid-based DESs, and thymol-benzyl alcohol shows promising theoretical selectivity and extraction efficiency for the target compounds. Moreover, the structures of both hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD) have an impact on the predicted extraction performance, which can be improved by tailoring those candidates with higher polarity, smaller molecular volume, shorter alkyl chain length and the presence of aromatic ring structures, etc. According to the predicted molecular interactions revealed by σ-profile and σ-potential, the DESs with HBD ability can promote the separation process. Furthermore, reliability of proposed prediction method was confirmed by experimental verification, indicating that the trends of theoretical extraction performance index were similar with the experimental results by using actual samples. At last, the extraction mechanism was evaluated by quantum chemical calculations based on visual presentations, thermodynamic calculations and topological properties; and the target compounds showed favorable energies of solvation to transfer from aqueous phase to DESs phase. The proposed method has been proved with potential to provide the efficient strategies and guidance for more applications (e.g., microextraction, solid phase extraction, adsorption) with similar molecular interactions of green solvents in environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Mianyang Teachers' College, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sara Toufouki
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Wang M, Zhao L, Niu Y, Qin S, Zhang L, Jia L, Jing X. Magnetic deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for determination of strobilurin fungicides in water, juice, and vinegar by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100711. [PMID: 37397198 PMCID: PMC10314157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a magnetic deep eutectic solvent coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using high-performance liquid chromatography (MDES-DLLME-HPLC) was developed to detect strobilurin fungicides. The green hydrophobic MDES synthesized by methyltrioctylammonium chloride, ferric chloride, and heptanoic acid was used as an extraction solvent, which was dispersed by vortex and separated by an external magnetic field. The use of toxic solvents was avoided, and the separation time was reduced. The best experimental results were obtained through single factor and response surface optimization. The method had a good linear relationship with R2 > 0.996. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.001 to 0.002 mg L-1. The extraction recoveries were 81.9-108.9%. The proposed method was rapid and green, and it has been successfully applied to detection of strobilurin fungicides in water, juice, and vinegar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Graduate Education Innovation Center on Baijiu Bioengineering in Shanxi Province, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Luyao Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Agricultural Economics and Management College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Shu Qin
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Liyan Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Graduate Education Innovation Center on Baijiu Bioengineering in Shanxi Province, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xu Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
- Graduate Education Innovation Center on Baijiu Bioengineering in Shanxi Province, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
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Khafi M, Javadi A, Reza Afshar Mogaddam M. Combination of three-phase extraction with deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the extraction of some antibiotics from egg samples prior to HPLC-DAD. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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10
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Ozalp O, Soylak M. Microextraction Methods for the Separation-Preconcentration and Determination of Food Dyes: A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2175212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Ozalp
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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