1
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Burgermeister E. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Hormone Receptor Crosstalk in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13661. [PMID: 37686465 PMCID: PMC10488039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The three major MAP-kinase (MAPK) pathways, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK/SAPK, are upstream regulators of the nuclear "hormone" receptor superfamily (NHRSF), with a prime example given by the estrogen receptor in breast cancer. These ligand-activated transcription factors exert non-genomic and genomic functions, where they are either post-translationally modified by phosphorylation or directly interact with components of the MAPK pathways, events that govern their transcriptional activity towards target genes involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism and host immunity. This molecular crosstalk takes place not only in normal epithelial or tumor cells, but also in a plethora of immune cells from the adaptive and innate immune system in the tumor-stroma tissue microenvironment. Thus, the drugability of both the MAPK and the NHRSF pathways suggests potential for intervention therapies, especially for cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the existing literature covering the expression and function of NHRSF subclasses in human tumors, both solid and leukemias, and their effects in combination with current clinically approved therapeutics against immune checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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2
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Pallesen J, Munier CC, Bosica F, Andrei SA, Edman K, Gunnarsson A, La Sala G, Putra OD, Srdanović S, Wilson AJ, Wissler L, Ottmann C, Perry MWD, O’Mahony G. Designing Selective Drug-like Molecular Glues for the Glucocorticoid Receptor/14-3-3 Protein-Protein Interaction. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16818-16828. [PMID: 36484727 PMCID: PMC9791658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a nuclear receptor that controls a broad range of biological processes and is activated by steroidal glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. Glucocorticoids are used to treat a wide variety of conditions, from inflammation to cancer but suffer from a range of side effects that motivate the search for safer GR modulators. GR is also regulated outside the steroid-binding site through protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with 14-3-3 adapter proteins. Manipulation of these PPIs will provide insights into noncanonical GR signaling as well as a new level of control over GR activity. We report the first molecular glues that selectively stabilize the 14-3-3/GR PPI using the related nuclear receptor estrogen receptor α (ERα) as a selectivity target to drive design. These 14-3-3/GR PPI stabilizers can be used to dissect noncanonical GR signaling and enable the development of novel atypical GR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob
S. Pallesen
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D,
AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Claire C. Munier
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Francesco Bosica
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D,
AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A. Andrei
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische
Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery
Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery
Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Giuseppina La Sala
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D,
AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Okky Dwichandra Putra
- Early
Product Development and Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical
Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sonja Srdanović
- School
of
Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West
Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School
of
Chemistry, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West
Yorkshire LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Discovery
Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische
Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew W. D. Perry
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gavin O’Mahony
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D,
AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden,
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3
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Lu L, Huang J, Deng X, Sun X, Dong J. Application of glucocorticoids in patients with novel coronavirus infection: From bench to bedside. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND MODERN MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s257590002030009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have potential anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. There is plenty of controversy about the application of glucocorticoids in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper briefly summarizes the mechanism of glucocorticoids and their receptors and clinical applications in COVID-19. Through reviewing the current literature, our aim is to have a deeper understanding of the mechanism of GCs and their clinical applications, so as to find possible ways to enhance their efficacy and reduce drug resistance or side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
- Qingpu Chinese Medicine Hospital, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
- Qingpu Chinese Medicine Hospital, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
- Qingpu Chinese Medicine Hospital, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
- Qingpu Chinese Medicine Hospital, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
- Qingpu Chinese Medicine Hospital, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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4
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Kino T, Burd I, Segars JH. Dexamethasone for Severe COVID-19: How Does It Work at Cellular and Molecular Levels? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136764. [PMID: 34201797 PMCID: PMC8269070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection of the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) significantly impacted human society. Recently, the synthetic pure glucocorticoid dexamethasone was identified as an effective compound for treatment of severe COVID-19. However, glucocorticoids are generally harmful for infectious diseases, such as bacterial sepsis and severe influenza pneumonia, which can develop respiratory failure and systemic inflammation similar to COVID-19. This apparent inconsistency suggests the presence of pathologic mechanism(s) unique to COVID-19 that renders this steroid effective. We review plausible mechanisms and advance the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection is accompanied by infected cell-specific glucocorticoid insensitivity as reported for some other viruses. This alteration in local glucocorticoid actions interferes with undesired glucocorticoid to facilitate viral replication but does not affect desired anti-inflammatory properties in non-infected organs/tissues. We postulate that the virus coincidentally causes glucocorticoid insensitivity in the process of modulating host cell activities for promoting its replication in infected cells. We explore this tenet focusing on SARS-CoV-2-encoding proteins and potential molecular mechanisms supporting this hypothetical glucocorticoid insensitivity unique to COVID-19 but not characteristic of other life-threatening viral diseases, probably due to a difference in specific virally-encoded molecules and host cell activities modulated by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4003-7566
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (I.B.); (J.H.S.)
| | - James H. Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (I.B.); (J.H.S.)
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5
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Munier CC, De Maria L, Edman K, Gunnarsson A, Longo M, MacKintosh C, Patel S, Snijder A, Wissler L, Brunsveld L, Ottmann C, Perry MWD. Glucocorticoid receptor Thr524 phosphorylation by MINK1 induces interactions with 14-3-3 protein regulators. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100551. [PMID: 33744286 PMCID: PMC8080530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a central role in inflammation. The GR activity is also modulated via protein–protein interactions, including binding of 14-3-3 proteins induced by GR phosphorylation. However, the specific phosphorylation sites on the GR that trigger these interactions and their functional consequences are less clear. Hence, we sought to examine this system in more detail. We used phosphorylated GR peptides, biophysical studies, and X-ray crystallography to identify key residues within the ligand-binding domain of the GR, T524 and S617, whose phosphorylation results in binding of the representative 14-3-3 protein 14-3-3ζ. A kinase screen identified misshapen-like kinase 1 (MINK1) as responsible for phosphorylating T524 and Rho-associated protein kinase 1 for phosphorylating S617; cell-based approaches confirmed the importance of both GR phosphosites and MINK1 but not Rho-associated protein kinase 1 alone in inducing GR–14-3-3 binding. Together our results provide molecular-level insight into 14-3-3-mediated regulation of the GR and highlight both MINK1 and the GR–14-3-3 axis as potential targets for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Munier
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Longo
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology (C.M.), College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Carol MacKintosh
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology (C.M.), College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Saleha Patel
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew W D Perry
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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6
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Munier CC, Ottmann C, Perry MWD. 14-3-3 modulation of the inflammatory response. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105236. [PMID: 33053447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of inflammation is a central part of the maintenance of homeostasis by the immune system. One important class of regulatory protein that has been shown to have effects on the inflammatory process are the 14-3-3 proteins. Herein we describe the roles that have been identified for 14-3-3 in regulation of the inflammatory response. These roles encompass regulation of the response that affect inflammation at the genetic, molecular and cellular levels. At a genetic level 14-3-3 is involved in the regulation of multiple transcription factors and affects the transcription of key effectors of the immune response. At a molecular level many of the constituent parts of the inflammatory process, such as pattern recognition receptors, protease activated receptors and cytokines are regulated through phosphorylation and recognition by 14-3-3 whilst disruption of the recognition processes has been observed to result in clinical syndromes. 14-3-3 is also involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, this has been shown to affect the immune system, particularly T- and B-cells. Finally, we discuss how abnormal levels of 14-3-3 contribute to undesirable immune responses and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Munier
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew W D Perry
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Panayiotopoulos A, Bhangoo A, Khurana D, Ten S, Michl J, Ghanny S. Glucocorticoid Resistance in Premature Adrenarche and PCOS: From Childhood to Adulthood. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa111. [PMID: 32904537 PMCID: PMC7456159 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Context We hypothesize that impaired glucocorticoid sensitivity (GC sensitivity) plays a role in the development of premature adrenarche (PA) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by increasing androgen synthesis. Objective To study glucocorticoid sensitivity in vitro in subjects with PA and PCOS. Patients and Methods Fourteen subjects (10 girls, 4 boys, 6.9 ± 0.6 years) with PA; 27 subjects with PCOS (17 ± 2.5 years) and 31 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All subjects and controls underwent GC sensitivity analysis in vitro using a fluorescein labeled-dexamethasone (F-DEX) assay. A GC sensitivity index (GCSI) was calculated as area under the curve of the F-DEX assay results. Subjects were classified as GC resistant if the GCSI ≤ 264 and GC sensitive if the GCSI ≥ 386. Results In the PA group, 8 of 14 subjects were resistant with GCSI of 179.7 ± 39.9, 4 were within the normal range with GCSI of 299.6 ± 27.9, and 2 had increased GC sensitivity with GCSI of 423.5 ± 47.9. In the PCOS group, 18 of 27 subjects were GC-resistant with GCSI of 180.9 ± 58.2, 8 were within the normal range with GCSI of 310.7 ± 26.4, and 1 had increased GCSI of 395.4. In the PCOS GC-resistant subgroup, cortisol was higher compared with PCOS with normal GCSI (P < 0.05). In the combined PCOS plus female control group, GCSI correlated negatively with cortisol and testosterone (P < 0.05). Conclusion GC resistance was found in more than 50% of patients with PCOS and PA. The findings strongly suggest that GC resistance is associated with states of PA and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrit Bhangoo
- Pediatric Endocrinology, CHOC Children's' Hospital, Orange, California
| | - Divya Khurana
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Svetlana Ten
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, New York
| | - Josef Michl
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Steven Ghanny
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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8
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Low Circulating Levels of GR, FKBP5, and SGK1 in Medicated Patients With Depression Are Not Altered by Electroconvulsive Therapy. J ECT 2020; 36:137-143. [PMID: 31725056 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation is frequently observed in patients with depression, with increased levels of the glucocorticoid (GC) cortisol commonly reported. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation may be a consequence of impaired feedback inhibition due to GC receptor (GR) impairments or dysfunction, termed "glucocorticoid resistance." Here, our objective was to assess mRNA levels of GC-related markers (GR, FKBP5, serum glucocorticoid kinase 1 [SGK1]) in patients with depression versus controls and in patient samples after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We also examined the relationship between these GC-related markers and 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D24) scores to assess the utility of using them as biological markers for depression or the therapeutic response to ECT. METHODS GR, FKBP5, and SGK1 mRNA levels were examined in whole blood samples from 88 medicated patients with depression pre-/post-ECT and 63 controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Exploratory subgroup correlational analyses were performed to determine the relationship between GR, FKBP5, and SGK1 and 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. RESULTS GR, FKBP5, and SGK1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in medicated patients with depression compared with controls (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, P < 0.001, respectively), but ECT did not alter their levels (all P > 0.05). There was no relationship between GR, FKBP5, or SGK1 and 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS GR, FKBP5, and SGK1 do not seem to be involved in the peripheral molecular response to ECT and do not represent useful biomarkers for predicting the therapeutic response to ECT in a real-world clinical setting.
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9
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Peripheral blood GILZ mRNA levels in depression and following electroconvulsive therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:304-310. [PMID: 30602137 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)-axis is commonly observed in patients with depression. The delayed feedback system that mediates inhibition of HPA-axis activation is regulated by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) found in stress-responsive areas of the brain. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a key molecule in glucocorticoid biology and is thought to mediate the downstream anti-inflammatory effects of GRs. Previous reports suggest that GILZ levels are altered in the blood and brains of patients with, and animal models of, depression. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of antidepressant treatment on GILZ. Therefore, our aim was to examine peripheral blood GILZ mRNA levels in patients with depression (n = 88) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 63), and in patients with depression following treatment with a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We also assessed the relationship between GILZ and mood and clinical outcomes following ECT. GILZ mRNA levels were assessed using qRT-PCR. GILZ levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with depression compared to controls (p < 0.002), and ECT further decreased GILZ levels (p = 0.05). Both of these results survived adjustment for potential covariates. However, we found no association between GILZ and mood scores. Overall, these results suggest that GILZ is involved in the pathophysiology of depression and the peripheral molecular response to ECT.
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10
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Ibrutinib reprograms the glucocorticoid receptor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2019; 33:1650-1662. [PMID: 30696950 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) phosphorylation and signature genes were studied in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells to help place GCs within modern treatment algorithms. In contrast to normal B and T cells, transcription of GC-regulated genes was not rhythmic and the synthetic GC dexamethasone (DEX) could not inhibit toll-like receptor (TLR)-responses in CLL cells. This intrinsic GC-resistance was associated with aberrant GR-phosphorylation on activating Ser211 and inhibitory Ser226 sites. Ibrutinib increased transcription of the GR-signature gene GILZ in circulating CLL cells along with GR(pS211)/GR(pS226) ratios and lytic sensitivity to DEX that were not reversed by the competitive antagonist mifepristone in vitro. However, ibrutinib could not improve GR-responses in circulating CLL cells activated with IL2 and TLR7/8 agonists to mimic conditions in pseudofollicle microenvironments. Addition of the janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib to block ibrutinib-insensitive signals increased GILZ transcription in pseudofollicle conditions in vitro and in a clinical trial (NCT02912754), and also increased GR(S211)/GR(S226) ratios and DEX-mediated killing in patient samples in vitro. These observations suggest that intrinsic resistance to endogenous GCs is characteristic of CLL cells and ibrutinib may help increase the therapeutic activity of GCs by non-canonical activation of GR.
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11
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Meijer OC, Buurstede JC, Schaaf MJM. Corticosteroid Receptors in the Brain: Transcriptional Mechanisms for Specificity and Context-Dependent Effects. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:539-549. [PMID: 30291573 PMCID: PMC6469829 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid hormones act in the brain to support adaptation to stress via binding to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors (MR and GR). These receptors act in large measure as transcription factors. Corticosteroid effects can be highly divergent, depending on the receptor type, but also on brain region, cell type, and physiological context. These differences ultimately depend on differential interactions of MR and GR with other proteins, which determine ligand binding, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activities. In this review, we discuss established and potential mechanisms that confer receptor and cell type-specific effects of the MR and GR-mediated transcriptional effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - J C Buurstede
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J M Schaaf
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health (M.J.M.S.), Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Defining the role of glucocorticoids in inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1529-1543. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An established body of knowledge and clinical practice has argued in favor of the use of glucocorticoids in various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the very well-known adverse effects associated with their treatment hampers continuation of therapy with glucocorticoids. Analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of glucocorticoids have led to the discovery of several mediators that add complexity and diversity to the puzzling world of these hormones and anti-inflammatory drugs. Such mediators hold great promise as alternative pharmacologic tools to be used as anti-inflammatory drugs with the same properties as glucocorticoids, but avoiding their metabolic side effects. This review summarizes findings about the molecular targets and mediators of glucocorticoid function.
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