1
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Kuzu MY, Schmidt A, Strohmann C. Enantioselective Synthesis of Phosphine Boranes via Crystallization-Induced Dynamic Resolution of Lithiated Intermediate by Understanding the Underlying Epimerization Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319665. [PMID: 38427610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Described herein is the successful crystallization-induced dynamic resolution (CIDR) of an α-lithiated phosphine borane utilizing the easily accessible and inexpensive ligand (R,R)-TMCDA. Starting from the essential P-prochiral building block dimethyl phenyl phosphine borane we were able to obtain phosphine boranes in yields up to 80 % and e.r. up to 98 : 2 by crystallization of the lithiated intermediate prior to the trapping reaction. NMR-based deuterium labeling experiments indicate that the epimerization in solution is based on the intermolecular proton transfer between nonlithiated phosphine borane and the corresponding lithiated intermediate, rendering the presence of the remaining starting compound in an optimized solvent mixture the main factor for successful enantioselective synthesis. Quantum chemical calculations using different model systems based on solid state structures confirm these experimental results. By gaining insights into the epimerization mechanism, essential principles for CIDR of lithiated phosphine boranes are elucidated that may be expanded to other important P-stereogenic compounds and simple chiral amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yasin Kuzu
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annika Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Wong JYF, Thomson CG, Vilela F, Barker G. Flash chemistry enables high productivity metalation-substitution of 5-alkyltetrazoles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13413-13424. [PMID: 34777760 PMCID: PMC8528014 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrazoles play a prominent role in medicinal chemistry due to their role as carboxylate bioisosteres but have largely been overlooked as C-H functionalisation substrates. We herein report the development of a high-yielding and general procedure for the heterobenzylic C-H functionalisation of 5-alkyltetrazoles in up to 97% yield under batch conditions using a metalation/electrophilic trapping strategy. Through the use of thermal imaging to identify potentially unsafe exotherms, a continuous flow procedure using a flash chemistry strategy has also been developed, allowing products to be accessed in up to 95% yield. This enabled an extremely high productivity rate of 141 g h-1 to be achieved on an entry-level flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y F Wong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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3
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Woltornist RA, Collum DB. Aggregation and Solvation of Sodium Hexamethyldisilazide: Across the Solvent Spectrum. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2406-2422. [PMID: 33471993 PMCID: PMC8011853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report solution structures of sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) solvated by >30 standard solvents (ligands). These include: toluene, benzene, and styrene; triethylamine and related trialkylamines; pyrrolidine as a representative dialkylamine; dialkylethers including THF, tert-butylmethyl ether, and diethyl ether; dipolar ligands such as DMF, HMPA, DMSO, and DMPU; a bifunctional dipolar ligand nonamethylimidodiphosphoramide (NIPA); polyamines N,N,N',N'-tetramethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA), N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine (TMCDA), and 2,2'-bipyridine; polyethers 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, and diglyme; 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane ([2.2.2] cryptand); and tris[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]amine (TDA-1). Combinations of 1H, 13C, 15N, and 29Si NMR spectroscopies, the method of continuous variations, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) computations reveal ligand-modulated aggregation to give mixtures of dimers, monomers, triple ions, and ion pairs. 15N-29Si coupling constants distinguish dimers and monomers. Solvation numbers are determined by a combination of solvent titrations, observed free and bound solvent in the slow exchange limit, and DFT computations. The relative abilities of solvents to compete in binary mixtures often match that predicted by conventional wisdom but with some exceptions and evidence of both competitive and cooperative (mixed) solvation. Crystal structures of a NaHMDS cryptate ion pair and a 15-crown-5-solvated monomer are included. Results are compared with those for lithium hexamethyldisilazide, lithium diisopropylamide, and sodium diisopropylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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4
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Guyon H, Boussonnière A, Castanet AS. Readily Accessible 1,2-Amino Ether Ligands for Enantioselective Intramolecular Carbolithiation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4949-4957. [PMID: 28394126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of chiral 1,2-amino ether ligands, readily accessible from naturally occurring α-amino- or α-hydroxy acids, was found to provide high levels of both conversion and stereocontrol (up to 95:5 er) in intramolecular carbolithiation reactions, outperforming the benchmark ligand (-)-sparteine. The ligand could be used in a substoichiometric amount (0.25 equiv) without significant loss of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Guyon
- Université du Maine and CNRS UMR 6283, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Anne Boussonnière
- Université du Maine and CNRS UMR 6283, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Castanet
- Université du Maine and CNRS UMR 6283, Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
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5
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Foley VM, Cano R, McGlacken GP. The search for an easily-prepared sparteine surrogate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Gu X, Tang Y, Zhang X, Luo Z, Lu H. Organocatalytic Knoevenagel condensation by chiral C2-symmetric tertiary diamines. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00613b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric Knoevenagel condensation of aliphatic aldehydes and active methylene compounds catalyzed by (1S,2S)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-derived catalysts is presented and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Zinbin Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
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7
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Ojeda-Amador AI, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Kennedy AR, O'Hara CT. Synthetic and Structural Studies of Mixed Sodium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide/Sodium Halide Aggregates in the Presence of η(2)-N,N-, η(3)-N,N,N/N,O,N-, and η(4)-N,N,N,N-Donor Ligands. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9833-44. [PMID: 26417943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When n-hexane solutions of an excess of sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS) are combined with cesium halide (halide = Cl, Br, or I) in the presence of the tetradentate donor molecule [tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine] (Me6TREN), the isolation and characterization of a series of sodium amide/sodium halide mixed aggregates was forthcoming. Cesium halide was employed because it efficiently reacted with NaHMDS to produce a molecular, soluble source of sodium halide salt (which was subsequently captured by an excess of NaHMDS) via a methathetical reaction. These mixed sodium amide/sodium halide complexes are formally sodium sodiates, are deficient in halide with respect to the amide, and have the general formula [{Na5(μ-HMDS)5(μ5-X)}{Na(Me6TREN)}] [where X = Cl (1), Br (2), or I (3)]. The influence of the donor ligand was studied for the NaI/NaHMDS system, and when n-hexane solutions of this composition were treated with tridentate donors such as N,N,N',N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiaminoethyl ether (TMDAE), solvent-separated ion-pair cocomplexes [Na5(μ-HMDS)5(μ5-I)](-)[Na3(μ-HMDS)2(PMDETA)2](+) (4) and [Na5(μ-HMDS)5(μ5-I)](-)[Na(TMDAE)2](+) (5) were isolated. However, upon reaction with bidentate proligands such as the chiral diamine (R,R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine [(R,R)-TMCDA] or N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), neutral complexes [Na4(μ-HMDS)3(μ4-I)(donor)2] [donor = (R,R)-TMCDA (6) and TMEDA (7)] were produced. To illustrate the generality of the latter reaction with other halides, [Na4(μ-HMDS)3(μ4-Br)(TMEDA)2] (8) was also prepared by employing NaBr in the synthesis instead of NaI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Ojeda-Amador
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Martínez
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Charles T O'Hara
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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8
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Zaragoza-Calero S, Francos J, Kennedy AR, O'Hara CT. Solid state and solution studies of lithium tris(n-butyl)magnesiates stabilised by Lewis donors. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:7258-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Donor complexes of the synthetically important lithium magnesiate LiMg(nBu)3 have been prepared and characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Francos
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Charles T. O'Hara
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow
- UK
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9
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Koller SG, Kroesen U, Strohmann C. A Route to Stereochemically Pure Benzyllithium Reagents by Stereocontrolled Epimerisation. Chemistry 2014; 21:641-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Canipa SJ, Stute A, O'Brien P. Use of copper(II)/diamine catalysts in the desymmetrisation of meso-diols and asymmetric Henry reactions: comparison of (−)-sparteine and (+)-sparteine surrogates. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Francos J, Fleming BJ, García-Álvarez P, Kennedy AR, Reilly K, Robertson GM, Robertson SD, O'Hara CT. Complexity in seemingly simple sodium magnesiate systems. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:14424-31. [PMID: 24985749 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00921e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Francos
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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12
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Eckert PK, Schnura B, Strohmann C. Unexpected structural motifs in diamine coordination compounds with allyllithium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2532-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48873j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prisca K Eckert
- TU Dortmund, Anorganische Chemie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44149 Dortmund, Germany.
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13
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Götz K, Gessner VH, Unkelbach C, Kaupp M, Strohmann C. Understanding Structure Formation in Organolithium Compounds: An Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Approach. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Chen Z, Lin L, Wang M, Liu X, Feng X. Asymmetric Synthesis oftrans-β-Lactams by a Kinugasa Reaction on Water. Chemistry 2013; 19:7561-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Eckert PK, Vieira IDS, Gessner VH, Börner J, Strohmann C, Herres-Pawlis S. Simple is best: Diamine zinc complexes as unexpected catalysts in lactide polymerisation. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Eckert PK, Gessner VH, Knorr M, Strohmann C. Formation of specific configurations at stereogenic nitrogen centers upon their coordination to zinc and mercury. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:8516-23. [PMID: 22831898 DOI: 10.1021/ic301089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of (R,R)-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine derivatives with stereogenic nitrogen centers to zinc and mercury halides is investigated. It is shown that the resulting complexes display one specific configuration at the stereogenic nitrogen centers. This fact is unusual due to the fast inversion of nitrogen centers but highly desirable as the stereoinformation of the ligands is brought closer to the metal centers of the potential catalysts. A combination of NMR studies and quantum chemical calculations gives insight into the selective formation of one specific configuration at the stereogenic nitrogen centers of the zinc complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca K Eckert
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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17
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Gildner PG, Gietter AAS, Cui D, Watson DA. Benzylation of nitroalkanes using copper-catalyzed thermal redox catalysis: toward the facile C-alkylation of nitroalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9942-5. [PMID: 22691127 DOI: 10.1021/ja304561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The C-alkylation of nitroalkanes under mild conditions has been a significant challenge in organic synthesis for more than a century. Herein we report a simple Cu(I) catalyst, generated in situ, that is highly effective for C-benzylation of nitroalkanes using abundant benzyl bromides and related heteroaromatic compounds. This process, which we believe proceeds via a thermal redox mechanism, allows access to a variety of complex nitroalkanes under mild reaction conditions and represents the first step toward the development of a general catalytic system for the alkylation of nitroalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Gildner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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18
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Praz J, Guénée L, Aziz S, Berkessel A, Alexakis A. Evaluation of the Chiral DIANANE Backbone as Ligand for Organolithium Reagents. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Gessner VH, Strohmann C. Preparation of aminomethyl functionalised silanes via an α-lithiated amine: from their synthesis, stability and crystal structures to stereochemical issues. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3452-60. [PMID: 22307174 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of aminomethyl functionalised silanes based on the α-lithiated amine, (1R,2R)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine [(R,R)-TMCDA] is reported. This methodology can be applied for the synthesis of mono-aminomethyl substituted systems, but most remarkably also for di- and trifunctionalised compounds. The trapping of the lithiated amine is accompanied by transmetallation reactions resulting in the formation of (silylmethyl)silanes depending on the reaction temperature. The zinc(II) halide complexes of the mono-functionalised systems show the formation of exclusively one configuration of the stereogenic nitrogen atom, in which the spatially more demanding substituent exhibits the pseudo-equatorial position. The di- and trifunctionalised systems feature high sensitivity towards Si-C bond cleavage under re-formation of the (R,R)-TMCDA fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria H Gessner
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44263 Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Colquhoun VP, Strohmann C. Structural influence of steric factors and donor functions on lithium silylamides in non-coordinating solvents. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1897-902. [PMID: 22169997 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein present the synthesis and crystallographic characterisation of lithium silylamides displaying different coordination numbers and aggregation states according to the number of N- and O-donor functions in the starting material, (aminomethyl) substituted silazane ligands. The dimeric dimethyl-(N-lithio-tert-butylamino)-piperidinomethyl)-silane and dimethyl-(N-lithio-iso-propylamino)-piperidinomethyl)-silane, with three-coordinate lithium centres, were prepared by deprotonation of the corresponding silazane with (n)BuLi. Using the tridentate silazane (1R,2R)-N(1)-[{(tert-butylamino)-dimethylsilyl}methyl]-N(1),N(2),N(2)-trimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine a mixed "dimer" of lithium silylamide and lithium silanolate with four-coordinate lithium centres was obtained. Additionally, a monomeric lithium silylamide was synthesised using the tridentate [bis(methoxyethyl)aminomethyl] side arm.
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21
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Barker G, McGrath JL, Klapars A, Stead D, Zhou G, Campos KR, O’Brien P. Enantioselective, Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation of N-Boc Pyrrolidine: In Situ React IR Spectroscopic Monitoring, Scope, and Synthetic Applications. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5936-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2011347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Barker
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Julia L. McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Artis Klapars
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Darren Stead
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - George Zhou
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin R. Campos
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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22
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García-Álvarez P, Kennedy AR, O'Hara CT, Reilly K, Robertson GM. Synthesis and structural chemistry of alkali metal tris(HMDS) magnesiates containing chiral diamine donor ligands. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:5332-41. [PMID: 21455502 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Álvarez
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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23
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Gessner VH, Fröhlich B, Strohmann C. α‐Lithiated (
R
,
R
)‐TMCDA as an Efficient Building Block for the Preparation of Chiral N,N,O Ligands by Asymmetric 1,2‐Addition. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria H. Gessner
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Fax: +49‐231‐755‐7062
| | - Benjamin Fröhlich
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Fax: +49‐231‐755‐7062
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Fax: +49‐231‐755‐7062
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24
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Carbone G, O’Brien P, Hilmersson G. Asymmetric Deprotonation using s-BuLi or i-PrLi and Chiral Diamines in THF: The Diamine Matters. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15445-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107672h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Carbone
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Göran Hilmersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Metallinos C, Zaifman J, Dudding T, Van Belle L, Taban K. Asymmetric Lithiation of Boron Trifluoride‐Activated Aminoferrocenes: An Experimental and Computational Investigation. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costa Metallinos
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, Fax: (+1)‐905‐682‐9020; phone: (+1)‐905‐688‐5550, ext. 3848
| | - Josh Zaifman
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, Fax: (+1)‐905‐682‐9020; phone: (+1)‐905‐688‐5550, ext. 3848
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, Fax: (+1)‐905‐682‐9020; phone: (+1)‐905‐688‐5550, ext. 3848
| | - Lori Van Belle
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, Fax: (+1)‐905‐682‐9020; phone: (+1)‐905‐688‐5550, ext. 3848
| | - Keivan Taban
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada, Fax: (+1)‐905‐682‐9020; phone: (+1)‐905‐688‐5550, ext. 3848
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Gessner VH, Strohmann C. Lithiation of Diamine Ligands to Chiral Building Blocks: Syntheses, Selectivities, and Lithiated Intermediates. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria H. Gessner
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Däschlein C, Gessner V, Strohmann C. Preparation of “Si-Centered” Chiral Silanes by Direct α-Lithiation of Methylsilanes. Chemistry 2010; 16:4048-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Strohmann C, Gessner VH. Crystal structures of n-BuLi adducts with (R,R)-TMCDA and the consequences for the deprotonation of benzene. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11719-25. [PMID: 18686951 DOI: 10.1021/ja8017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of organolithium compounds and diamine bases have become a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry. Because of the structure-reactivity relationship, the elucidation of reaction mechanisms of these reagents is strongly connected with the structural determination of intermediate species. In mixtures of the diamine TMCDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine) and n-butyllithium, two different structures, the dimeric [n-BuLi x (R,R)-TMCDA]2 and the aggregate [(n-BuLi)2 x (R,R)-TMCDA]2, can be isolated, depending on the n-BuLi/TMCDA ratio. Thereby, [(n-BuLi)2 x (R,R)-TMCDA]2 is a rare example of an organolithium compound with a ladder arrangement of the central four-membered Li-C-Li-C rings. Two isomers of the ladder structure are formed in the crystal by changing from the enantiomerically pure to racemic TMCDA. As n-BuLi/TMCDA mixtures are also able to deprotonate benzene, these structures give hint to possible mechanisms. Supported by theoretical studies, transition states based on the dimer, the ladder structure, and a hypothetical monomer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Bilke JL, O’Brien P. On the Two-Ligand Catalytic Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Boc Pyrrolidine: Probing the Effect of the Stoichiometric Ligand. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6452-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8010655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Bilke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Duguet N, Petit SM, Marchand P, Harrison-Marchand A, Maddaluno J. Heterocyclic Lithium Amides as Chiral Ligands for an Enantioselective Hydroxyalkylation with n-BuLi. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5397-409. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8005396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Duguet
- Laboratoire des Fonctions Azotées & Oxygénées Complexes de l’IRCOF, UMR CNRS 6014 and FR CNRS 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain M. Petit
- Laboratoire des Fonctions Azotées & Oxygénées Complexes de l’IRCOF, UMR CNRS 6014 and FR CNRS 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Marchand
- Laboratoire des Fonctions Azotées & Oxygénées Complexes de l’IRCOF, UMR CNRS 6014 and FR CNRS 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Laboratoire des Fonctions Azotées & Oxygénées Complexes de l’IRCOF, UMR CNRS 6014 and FR CNRS 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Laboratoire des Fonctions Azotées & Oxygénées Complexes de l’IRCOF, UMR CNRS 6014 and FR CNRS 3038, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cedex, France
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Strohmann C, Gessner VH, Damme A, Koller S, Däschlein C. (1R,2R)-N,N'-Dimethyl-cyclo-hexane-1,2-diamine. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o687. [PMID: 21202079 PMCID: PMC2960996 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecule of the title compound, C8H18N2, possesses C2 symmetry. Owing to its stereochemistry, it is used in the synthesis of chiral ligands and metal complexes for asymmetric synthesis. The cyclohexane ring shows a chair conformation with the amino groups in equatorial positions. Contrary to the literature, the title compound is not a liquid, but a crystalline solid at room temperature (293 K). The absolute configuration is assigned from the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Stead D, O'Brien P, Sanderson A. A New Sparteine Surrogate for Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Boc Pyrrolidine. Org Lett 2008; 10:1409-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800109s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Stead
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, and Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd, Lilly Research Centre, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Kizirian
- Laboratoire SPOT, EA 3857, Université François Rabelais, Sciences et Techniques, Batiment J, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
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Synthesis and application of a new pseudo C2-symmetric tertiary diamine for the enantioselective addition of MeLi to aromatic imines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ramirez A, Sun X, Collum DB. Lithium Diisopropylamide-Mediated Enolization: Catalysis by Hemilabile Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:10326-36. [PMID: 16881665 DOI: 10.1021/ja062147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural, kinetic, and computational studies reveal the mechanistic complexities of a lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)-mediated ester enolization. Hemilabile amino ether MeOCH2CH2NMe2, binding as an eta1 (ether-bound) ligand in the reactant and as an eta2 (chelating) ligand in the transition structure, accelerates the enolization 10,000-fold compared with n-BuOMe. At the onset of the reaction, a dimer-based enolization prevails. As the reaction proceeds, significantly less reactive LDA-enolate mixed dimers appear and divert the reaction through monomer- and mixed dimer-based pathways. The mechanistic and computational investigations lead to a proof-of-principle ligand-catalyzed enolization in which an ancillary ligand allows the catalytic ligand to re-enter the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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Lampkins AJ, Abdul-Rahim O, Castellano RK. Remote Asymmetric Induction about a Crowded Aromatic Core. J Org Chem 2006; 71:5815-8. [PMID: 16839174 DOI: 10.1021/jo060794l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Described are among the first highly diastereoselective, one-pot organometallic addition and hydride reduction reactions (>95% de) involving three symmetry-equivalent carbonyl centers, each that bears a 1,5-relationship to its nearest neighbor. Three-fold methyllithium addition to 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde gives the anti,syn triol exclusively (by 1H NMR); addition of HMPA to the reaction or replacement of the substrate's methoxy groups with ethyl groups affords a statistical 3:1 (anti,syn:syn,syn) diastereomeric product ratio. Analogous asymmetric induction is found upon hydride reduction (using LiAlH4 or NaBH4) of the complementary triketone, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzene-1,3,5-triethanone. Chelation and steric (gearing) effects about the crowded aromatic core contribute to the observed stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lampkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Gille S, Cabello N, Kizirian JC, Alexakis A. A new pseudo C2-symmetric tertiary diamine for the enantioselective addition of MeLi to aromatic imines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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