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Shevchuk M, Wang Q, Pajkert R, Xu J, Mei H, Röschenthaler G, Han J. Recent Advances in Synthesis of Difluoromethylene Phosphonates for Biological Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shevchuk
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Romana Pajkert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Gerd‐Volker Röschenthaler
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co–Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
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Fuchigami T, Inagi S. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Systems for Selective Fluorination of Organic Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:322-334. [PMID: 32017527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organofluorine compounds are key materials applied in daily life because of their versatile utility as functional materials, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Development of the selective fluorination of organic molecules under safe conditions is therefore one of the most important subjects in modern synthetic organofluorine chemistry. Thus, various electrophilic fluorination reagents such as XeF2, (PhSO2)2NF (NFSI), Et2NSF3 (DAST), (MeOCH2CH2)2NSF3 (Deoxofluor), 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor), N-fluoropyridinium salts, and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur trifluoride (Fluolead) have been developed for chemical fluorination to date and the development of new fluorinating reagents is still ongoing. Electrochemical synthesis has recently attracted much attention from the perspective of green sustainable chemistry because no hazardous reagents are required and scale-up is generally easy. Although electrochemical perfluorination of organic compounds using a nickel anode in anhydrous HF has been well-established to manufacture perfluoro-functional materials, electrochemical partial fluorination (selective electrochemical fluorination) has been underdeveloped due to the low nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and anode passivation, which interferes with electrolysis. Selective electrochemical fluorination can be commonly achieved in aprotic solvents containing fluoride ions to provide mostly mono- and difluorinated products. Electrolysis is conducted at constant potentials slightly higher than the first oxidation potential of a substrate. Constant current electrolysis is also effective for selective fluorination in many cases. Choice of the combination of a supporting fluoride salt and an electrolytic solvent is most important to accomplish efficient selective fluorination. In this Account, we focus on our recent work on the electrochemical mono- and difluorination of various organic compounds and their synthetic application. We first briefly explain our research background of electrochemical fluorination. Main factors such as the effects of fluoride salts as supporting electrolytes, electrolytic solvents, and anode materials on the selectivity and efficiency of fluorination are discussed. Next, effects of PEG oligomer additives enhancing the nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and organic solvent-free systems using poly(HF) salt ionic liquids as well as recyclable mediatory systems for electrochemical fluorination are described. The desulfurizative monofluorination of xanthate and gem-difluorination of benzothioate and dithioacetals are briefly mentioned. Regioselective anodic fluorination of various heterocyclic compounds having a phenylthio group as electroauxiliary and heterocycles containing sulfur and other heteroatoms are also described. In addition, a boryl group is shown to be a good leaving group for anodic fluorination. Moreover, electrochemically α,α-difluorinated phenylsulfides and phenylselenides are illustrated to be useful for photochemical C-H difluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Finally, this Account also highlights highly diastereoselective fluorination of aliphatic heterocyclic and open-chain compounds, as well as new electrolytic fluorination methods using inorganic fluoride salts such as KF and CsF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Barata-Vallejo S, Postigo A. Photocatalytic Difluoromethylation Reactions of Aromatic Compounds and Aliphatic Multiple C-C Bonds. Molecules 2019; 24:E4483. [PMID: 31817797 PMCID: PMC6943576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the realm of visible light photocatalytic transformations, late-stage difluoromethylation reactions (introduction of difluoromethyl groups in the last stages of synthetic protocols) have played relevant roles as the CF2X group substitutions exert positive impacts on the physical properties of organic compounds including solubility, metabolic stability, and lipophilicity, which are tenets of considerable importance in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials science. Visible-light-photocatalyzed difluoromethylation reactions are shown to be accomplished on (hetero)aromatic and carbon-carbon unsaturated aliphatic substrates under mild and environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Al Postigo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 954, Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina;
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Huang W, Chen J, Hong D, Chen W, Cheng X, Tian Y, Li G. Hydrophosphonodifluoromethylation of Alkenes via Thiyl-Radical/Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:578-587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xu Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Thaharn W, Soorukram D, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Pohmakotr M. Synthesis of C 2-Symmetric gem-Difluoromethylenated Angular Triquinanes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:388-402. [PMID: 29216712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of symmetrical gem-difluoromethylenated angular triquinanes is described. The synthetic strategy involved sequential fluoride-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of PhSCF2SiMe3 (1) to 2,2-diallylated or 2,2-dipropargylated indane-1,3-diones 2 followed by stereoselective radical cyclization of the resulting adducts 3 to provide the cyclized gem-difluoromethylenated diquinanes 4 as a mixture of stereoisomers. Repeated addition of 1 to 4 followed by cyclization resulted in the stereoselective synthesis of the desired C2-symmetric gem-difluoromethylenated angular triquinanes 6 in good yields with high stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharaporn Thaharn
- Chemistry Program, Faculty of Education, Chiangrai Rajabhat University , Mueang Chiang Rai, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Darunee Soorukram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Manat Pohmakotr
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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6
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Zhu X, Han MY, Li P, Wang L. Photoinduced difunctionalization of 2,3-dihydrofuran for the efficient synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photoinduced multicomponent difunctionalization of 2,3-dihydrofuran has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Man-Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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Yu W, Xu XH, Qing FL. Photoredox Catalysis Mediated Application of Methyl Fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate as the CF2CO2R Radical Source. Org Lett 2016; 18:5130-5133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key
Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
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Pan X, Xia H, Wu J. Recent advances in photoinduced trifluoromethylation and difluoroalkylation. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00153j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in photoinduced trifluoromethylation and difluoroalkylation under photocatalysis are summarized. Most of the photoredox reactions proceed efficiently under mild conditions with simple operation. Various fluorinated reagents are developed and applied in different transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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Ni C, Hu M, Hu J. Good partnership between sulfur and fluorine: sulfur-based fluorination and fluoroalkylation reagents for organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 115:765-825. [PMID: 25144886 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai City, Shanghai 200032, China
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Min QQ, Yin Z, Feng Z, Guo WH, Zhang X. Highly selective gem-difluoroallylation of organoborons with bromodifluoromethylated alkenes catalyzed by palladium. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:1230-3. [PMID: 24417183 DOI: 10.1021/ja4114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A first example of Pd-catalyzed gem-difluoroallylation of organoborons using 3-bromo-3,3-difluoropropene (BDFP) in high efficiency with high α/γ-substitution regioselectivity has been developed. The reaction can also be extended to substituted BDFPs and has advantages of low catalyst loading (0.8 to 0.01 mol %), broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group compatibility, thus providing a facile route for practical application in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ma G, Wan W, Li J, Hu Q, Jiang H, Zhu S, Wang J, Hao J. An efficient regioselective hydrodifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes with TMSCF2CO2Et at ambient temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:9749-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient regioselective hydrodifluoromethylation of diverse unactivated vicinal alkenes is described. The primary mechanistic investigations indicate that a CF2COOEt radical species is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wen Wan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jialiang Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shizheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
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Colombel S, Van Hijfte N, Poisson T, Leclerc E, Pannecoucke X. Addition of electrophilic radicals to 2-benzyloxyglycals: synthesis and functionalization of fluorinated α-C-glycosides and derivatives. Chemistry 2013; 19:12778-87. [PMID: 23955898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of fluorinated α-C-glycosides is described. The reactions between highly electrophilic radicals (fluorinated or unfluorinated) and a 2-benzyloxyglucal or galactal provide 2-keto-D-arabino- or 2-keto-D-lyxo-hexopyranosides through an addition/fragmentation process. Sodium borohydride mediated or Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of these compounds provides α-C-glycosides that feature appropriate anchoring groups for further synthetic elaboration. The presence of CF2 CO2 iPr or CF2 Br groups at the pseudo-anomeric position allows efficient reduction/olefination or Br/Li-exchange/nucleophilic-addition sequences. These transformations open the way for the synthesis of fluorinated C-glycosidic analogues of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colombel
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex (France)
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Facile synthesis of α,α-difluoroalkyl aryl thioethers and their oxidative desulfurization–fluorination to trifluorides. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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