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Dongxu Z. Trifluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones as potent nitrogen-containing fluorinated building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1741-1754. [PMID: 38025086 PMCID: PMC10667715 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing organofluorine derivatives, which are prepared using fluorinated building blocks, are among the most important active fragments in various pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. This review focuses on the reactivity, synthesis, and applications of fluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones. It summarizes recent methodologies that have been used for the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing organofluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Dongxu
- Department of Fire Protection Engineering, China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102202, P. R. of China
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2
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Fu KZ, Chen XX, Zhao YS, Gu YQ, Liu GK. Facile Entry to Pharmaceutically Important 3-Difluoromethyl-quinoxalin-2-ones Enabled by Visible-Light-Driven Difluoromethylation of Quinoxalin-2-ones. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 36559003 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CF2H moiety has a significant potential utility in drug design and discovery, and the incorporation of CF2H into biologically active molecules represents an important and efficient strategy for seeking lead compounds and drug candidates. On the other hand, quinoxalin-2-one is of great interest to pharmaceutical chemists as a common skeleton frequently occurring in plenty of natural products and bioactive compounds. Herein, we reported a practical and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 3-CF2H-quinoxalin-2-ones. Thus, in the presence of 3 mol% of photocatalyst and S-(difluoromethyl)sulfonium salt as difluoromethyl radical sources, a wide range of quinoxalin-2-ones readily underwent a visible-light redox-catalyzed difluoromethylation reaction, to deliver structurally diverse 3-difluoromethyl-quinoxalin-2-ones. We believe that this would facilitate increasing chances and possibilities for seeking potential lead compounds and drug candidates and further boost the development of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals.
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3
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Gui QW, Teng F, Yang H, Xun C, Huang WJ, Lu ZQ, Zhu MX, Ouyang WT, He WM. Visible-Light Photosynthesis of CHF 2 /CClF 2 /CBrF 2 -Substituted Ring-fused Quinazolinones in Dimethyl Carbonate. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101139. [PMID: 34837338 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With eco-friendly and sustainable CO2 -derived dimethyl carbonate as the sole solvent, the visible-light-induced cascade radical reactions have been established as a green and efficient tool for constructing various CHF2 /CClF2 /CBrF2 -substituted ring-fused quinazolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Fan Teng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Changping Xun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Qin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xue Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
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4
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Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon-Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27070-27077. [PMID: 34652873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The engagement of unactivated alkyl halides in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been historically challenging, due to their low reduction potential and the slow oxidative addition of copper(I) catalysts. In this work, we report a novel strategy that leverages the halogen abstraction ability of aryl radicals, thereby engaging a diverse range of alkyl iodides in copper-catalyzed Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Specifically, aryl radicals generated via copper catalysis efficiently initiate the cleavage of the carbon-iodide bonds of alkyl iodides. The alkyl radicals thus generated enter the copper catalytic cycles to couple with a difluoromethyl zinc reagent, thus furnishing the alkyl difluoromethane products. This unprecedented Negishi-type difluoromethylation approach has been applied to the late-stage modification of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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5
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Kisukuri CM, Fernandes VA, Delgado JAC, Häring AP, Paixão MW, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Installation of CFH 2 -, CF 2 H-, CF 3 -, and Perfluoroalkyl Groups into Small Organic Molecules. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2502-2525. [PMID: 34151507 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis can be considered a powerful and sustainable methodology for the synthesis of small organic molecules. Due to its intrinsic ability to generate highly reactive species under mild conditions by anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction, electrosynthesis is particularly interesting for otherwise challenging transformations. One such challenge is the installation of fluorinated alkyl groups, which has gained significant attention in medicinal chemistry and material science due to their unique physicochemical features. Unsurprisingly, several electrochemical fluoroalkylation methods have been established. In this review, we survey recent developments and established methods in the field of electrochemical mono-, di-, and trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation of small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Kisukuri
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, -13565-905
| | - Vitor A Fernandes
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, -13565-905
| | - José A C Delgado
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, -13565-905
| | - Andreas P Häring
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Márcio W Paixão
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, -13565-905
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Zeng X, Yan W, Zacate SB, Cai A, Wang Y, Yang D, Yang K, Liu W. Copper-Catalyzed Deaminative Difluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16398-16403. [PMID: 32495485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group (CF2 H) is considered to be a lipophilic and metabolically stable bioisostere of an amino (NH2 ) group. Therefore, methods that can rapidly convert an NH2 group into a CF2 H group would be of great value to medicinal chemistry. We report herein an efficient Cu-catalyzed approach for the conversion of alkyl pyridinium salts, which can be readily synthesized from the corresponding alkyl amines, to their alkyl difluoromethane analogues. This method tolerates a broad range of functional groups and can be applied to the late-stage modification of complex amino-containing pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dongqi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kundi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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7
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Ruyet L, Besset T. Copper-based fluorinated reagents for the synthesis of CF 2R-containing molecules (R ≠ F). Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1051-1065. [PMID: 32550920 PMCID: PMC7277540 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the development of new methodologies for the introduction of various fluorinated motifs has gained a significant interest due to the importance of fluorine-containing molecules in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In a world eager to eco-friendlier tools, the need for innovative methods has been growing. To address these two challenges, copper-based reagents were developed to introduce CF2H, CF2RF, CF2CH3, CF2PO(OEt)2 and CF2SO2Ph motifs on a broad range of substrates. Copper-based fluorinated reagents have the advantage of being inexpensive and generally in situ generated or prepared in a few steps, which make them convenient to use. In this review, an overview of the recent advances made for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules using copper-based fluorinated reagents will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ruyet
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
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8
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Barata-Vallejo S, Postigo A. Photocatalytic Difluoromethylation Reactions of Aromatic Compounds and Aliphatic Multiple C-C Bonds. Molecules 2019; 24:E4483. [PMID: 31817797 PMCID: PMC6943576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the realm of visible light photocatalytic transformations, late-stage difluoromethylation reactions (introduction of difluoromethyl groups in the last stages of synthetic protocols) have played relevant roles as the CF2X group substitutions exert positive impacts on the physical properties of organic compounds including solubility, metabolic stability, and lipophilicity, which are tenets of considerable importance in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials science. Visible-light-photocatalyzed difluoromethylation reactions are shown to be accomplished on (hetero)aromatic and carbon-carbon unsaturated aliphatic substrates under mild and environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Al Postigo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 954, Buenos Aires CP1113, Argentina;
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9
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Abstract
Electrochemical 1,2-hydroxydifluoromethylation and C-H difluoromethylation of acrylamides were developed by using CF2 HSO2 NHNHBoc as the source of the CF2 H group. These electricity-powered oxidative alkene functionalization reactions do not need transition-metal catalysts or chemical oxidants. The reaction outcome, 1,2-difuntionalization or C-H functionalization, is determined by the substituents on the amide nitrogen atom of the acrylamides instead of by the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Huan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P.R. China
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10
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Tu G, Yuan C, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y. A Ligand-Enabled Palladium-Catalyzed Highly para-Selective Difluoromethylation of Aromatic Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15597-15601. [PMID: 30299562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A practical and highly para-selective C-H difluoromethylation of aromatic ketones has been developed by employing tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) as the catalyst and triphenylphosphine as the ligand. In addition to general aromatic ketones, this transformation was compatible with bioactive compounds and well-known drugs, such as oxybenzone, ketoprofen, zaltoprofen, and propafenone. Moreover, a mechanistic study revealed that a palladium intermediate coordinated by a carbonyl group promotes highly para-selective difluoromethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chunchen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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11
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Bacauanu V, Cardinal S, Yamauchi M, Kondo M, Fernández DF, Remy R, MacMillan DWC. Metallaphotoredox Difluoromethylation of Aryl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12543-12548. [PMID: 30067304 PMCID: PMC6460465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a convenient and broadly applicable strategy for the difluoromethylation of aryl bromides by metallaphotoredox catalysis. Bromodifluoromethane, a simple and commercially available alkyl halide, is harnessed as an effective source of difluoromethyl radical by silyl-radical-mediated halogen abstraction. The merger of this fluoroalkyl electrophile activation pathway with a dual nickel/photoredox catalytic platform enables the difluoromethylation of a diverse array of aryl and heteroaryl bromides under mild conditions. The utility of this procedure is showcased in the late-stage functionalization of several drug analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masaru Kondo
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, (USA)
| | - David F. Fernández
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, (USA)
| | - Richard Remy
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, (USA)
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, (USA)
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12
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Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) is a powerful method to quickly generate new analogues of a lead structure without resorting to de novo synthesis. We have leveraged Baran Diversinates to carry out late-stage functionalizations on lead structures from internal drug discovery projects and accurately predicted regioselectivities using computational methods. Our functionalization successfully afforded specific regioisomers which were in line with our predictions. To enhance reactivity, decrease reaction time, and increase reaction yields, we have developed new functionalization conditions involving iron(III) catalysis. Finally, we demonstrate how our LSF reactions using Baran Diversinates can lead to new analogues with improved in vitro DMPK parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Kuttruff
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Margit Haile
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christofer S Tautermann
- Department for Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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13
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Yuan C, Zhu L, Zeng R, Lan Y, Zhao Y. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed C-H Difluoromethylation of Ketoximes: Tuning the Regioselectivity from the meta to the para Position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1277-1281. [PMID: 29215181 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A highly para-selective CAr -H difluoromethylation of ketoxime ethers under ruthenium catalysis has been developed. A wide variety of ketoxime ethers are compatible with the reaction, which leads to the corresponding para-difluoromethylated products in moderate to good yield. A mechanistic study clearly showed that chelation-assisted cycloruthenation is the key factor in the para selectivity of the difluoromethylation of ketoxime ethers. Density functional theory was used to gain a theoretical understanding of the para selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40030, P.R. China
| | - Runsheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40030, P.R. China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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14
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Abstract
In recent years, much interest has been paid to difluoromethylthiolated molecules as the "SCF2 " moiety is a key motif in drug and agrochemical research. Consequently, the development of versatile strategies for the selective synthesis of SCF2 H- and SCF2 FG-containing molecules (FG=functional group) has attracted a lot of attention and inspired the scientific community to design new tools. This Minireview highlights the major progress made in this field. Particularly, methodologies developed for the difluoromethylation of sulfur-containing molecules and the direct construction of C-SCF2 bonds in various classes of compounds are showcased and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ying Xiong
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
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15
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Abstract
A novel approach to agrochemically important difluoromethyl-substituted pyrazoles has been developed based on the elusive reagent CF2 HCHN2 , which was synthesized (generated in situ) for the first time and employed in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with alkynes. The reaction is extremely practical as it is a one-pot process, does not require a catalyst or the isolation of the potentially toxic and explosive gaseous intermediate, and proceeds in a common solvent, namely chloroform, in air. The reaction is also scalable and allows for the preparation of the target pyrazoles on gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Matrosova 23, 01103 Kyiv (Ukraine) http://www.enamine.net. , .,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Chemistry Department, Volodymyrska 64, 01601 Kyiv (Ukraine). ,
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16
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Landelle G, Panossian A, Pazenok S, Vors JP, Leroux FR. Recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed Csp(2)-monofluoro-, difluoro-, perfluoromethylation and trifluoromethylthiolation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2476-536. [PMID: 24367416 PMCID: PMC3869273 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, transition metal-mediated reactions have joined the toolbox of chemists working in the field of fluorination for Life-Science oriented research. The successful execution of transition metal-catalyzed carbon-fluorine bond formation has become a landmark achievement in fluorine chemistry. This rapidly growing research field has been the subject of some excellent reviews. Our approach focuses exclusively on transition metal-catalyzed reactions that allow the introduction of -CFH2, -CF2H, -C n F2 n +1 and -SCF3 groups onto sp² carbon atoms. Transformations are discussed according to the reaction-type and the metal employed. The review will not extend to conventional non-transition metal methods to these fluorinated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Landelle
- CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7509, SynCat, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Armen Panossian
- CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7509, SynCat, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Sergiy Pazenok
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Vors
- Bayer SAS, 14 impasse Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon, Cedex 09, France
| | - Frédéric R Leroux
- CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7509, SynCat, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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17
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Liu G, Wang X, Lu X, Xu XH, Tokunaga E, Shibata N. Efficient Difluoromethylation of sp(3) Carbon Nucleophiles by Bromodifluoromethylation Reagents with Organic Bases. ChemistryOpen 2012; 1:227-31. [PMID: 24551513 PMCID: PMC3922594 DOI: 10.1002/open.201200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guokai Liu
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 (Japan) E-mail:
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555 (Japan) E-mail:
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