Stryphnosides A–F, six new triterpene glycosides from the pericarps of Stryphnodendron fissuratum

Total Synthesis of Clostrienose

This paper considers the total synthesis of a cellular differentiation regulator of Clostridium acetobutylicum, clostrienose, which is a unique fatty-acid glycosyl ester consisting of clostrienoic acid, (3R,5E,8E,10E)-3-hydroxy-tetradeca-5,8,10-trienoic acid and α-d-galactofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnose. The key features of our synthesis include stereoselective construction of a skipped-triene system in clostrienoic acid and its esterification with a disaccharide residue. The partially protected clostrienoic acid employed for the coupling also served for the preparation of l-rhamnosyl clostrienoate, thus leading to confirmation of the proposed structure unambiguously.

Phytochemistry and poisoning in ruminants by Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae): A systematic review

Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae) is a plant widely distributed in several regions of Brazil, occurring in the phytogeographic domains of Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga. Cases of serious poisoning in cattle, goats, and sheep in the country caused by the ingestion of beans of this species have been reported by several studies. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review of cases of poisoning by E. contortisiliquum in ruminants and list the main chemical compounds isolated from this plant. For this, searches were performed in the Google Academic, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. A total of 26 articles published in the last 20 years (2001-2021) were included. Studies on cases of natural and experimental poisoning indicate that this species mainly causes photosensitization, abortions, digestive problems, and acute ruminal lactic acidosis in animals that ingest the pods of the plant. The main chemical compounds that occur in the species belong to the triterpene saponins, monoterpene, phenylpropene, and triterpene classes. It is likely that triterpene saponins isolated from E. contortisiliquum are associated with reported cases of photosensitization in cattle. New studies must be conducted to assess the mechanisms of action of chemical compounds isolated from this species in in vivo systems.

Feature-Based Molecular Network-Guided Dereplication of Natural Bioactive Products from Leaves of Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum (Willd.) Hochr

Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum is a species known to have a high content of tannins. Accordingly, its preparations are used in southern Pará, Brazil, for their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities, but so far, its chemical profile composition remains essentially unknown. We herein describe the compounds present in a hydro-acetonic extract from S. pulcherrimum leaves as revealed by dereplication via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The data were combined with spectral organization, spectral matching through the Global Natural Products Social platform, in silico annotation and taxonomical ponderation. Several types of phenolic compounds were identified such as gallic acids, flavan-3-ols and flavone-like compounds. From these, 5 have been recently reported by our group, whereas 44 are reported here for the first time in this tree species, and 41 (out of 49) for this genus. The results highlight the possible role of Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum as a renewable source for natural bioactive products with potential pharmaceutical applications.

Clinical and anatomopathological aspects of Stryphnodendron fissuratum poisoning in cattle and sheep

Spontaneous and experimental Stryphnodendron fissuratum poisoning in cattle have been documented in the scientific literature. However, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of such poisoning are not fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the clinical, biochemical, gross and microscopic findings of spontaneous Stryphnodendron fissuratum poisoning in cattle as well the experimental poisoning by this plant in sheep. Three outbreaks in cattle from different farms were analyzed. From these farms, S. fissuratum fruit specimens were collected and subsequently administered to six sheep. Some cattle showed clinical signs of poisoning such as blindness, apathy, dysphagia, excessive drooling, weight loss and photodermatitis. In the experimental poisoning condition, one sheep received only the peel of the fruit, one received the seed, and the others received the whole fruit. The whole fruit caused fatal poisoning in one sheep, which showed anorexia, excessive drooling, nystagmus, and paddling. Necropsies and clinical, histopathological, and pathological examination of poisoned cattle and sheep showed that the plant may cause acute renal failure along with extrarenal uremic lesions.

Triterpene saponins from the roots of Parkia bicolor A. Chev

Five undescribed triterpene-type saponins, parkibicolorosides A-E, a cassane-type diterpene, and a known trimethoxy benzene glucoside were isolated from the roots of Parkia bicolor A. Chev. Their structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments as well as HR-ESI-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity against the chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cell line was evaluated. The monosaccharides saponins exhibited a moderate antiproliferative activity with IC₅₀ ranging from 48.49 ± 0.16 to 81.66 ± 0.17 μM.

Stryphnosides G-P, 10 new triterpene glycosides from the pericarps of Stryphnodendron fissuratum

Ten new triterpene glycosides, stryphnosides G-P (1-10), were isolated from the pericarps of Stryphnodendron fissuratum (Legminosae). The structures of 1-10 were determined based on spectroscopic analyses, including various two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques, and the results of hydrolytic cleavage. The sugar moiety attached to C-3 of the aglycone of 4, 5, and 7-10 is composed of five or six monosaccharides, of which the terminal α-l-arabinosyl unit has a ¹C₄ conformation. Compounds 2 and 5 differ from the other isolates in having an α-l-rhamnosyl unit at the C-21 hydroxy group. The cytotoxic activity of 1-10, stryphnosides A-F (11-16), and their aglycones (1a, 11a, 14a, and 16a) against HL-60 cells was also examined.

Karataviosides G-K, five new bisdesmosidic steroidal glycosides from the bulbs of Allium karataviense

We have analyzed the steroidal glycosides in Allium karataviense bulbs, and isolated five new bisdesmosidic steroidal glycosides: karataviosides G-K (1-5). The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR and enzymatic and hydrolytic cleavage. Karatavioside G (1) is an entirely novel furostanol glycoside, which has an O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl unit at C-26 of the aglycone. Although a variety of cholestanol glycosides have been isolated, mainly from Liliaceae and Agavaceae, karataviosides J and K (4 and 5) are also notable because they are the most polar cholestanol bisdesmosides discovered, in which a lycotetraose is attached to C-3 of the aglycone, and a glucose or O-glucosyl-(1→3)-glucose is attached at C-16. The isolated glycosides were also evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against cultured tumor cell lines.

Avaliação da toxicidade das favas de Stryphnodendron fissuratum (Mimosoideae) em vacas gestantes

Com o objetivo de avaliar a toxicidade de diferentes concentrações das favas de Stryphnodendron fissuratum em vacas prenhes, as favas desta árvore foram moídas, misturadas à ração comercial e fornecidas a oito vacas nas doses totais de 6,5g/kg, 7,5g/kg, 9g/kg e 10g/kg. Os animais que receberam doses de 6,5g/kg pariram bezerros normais e aqueles que receberam 7,5g/kg pariram bezerros fracos que não sobreviveram. Doses de 9g/kg resultaram no nascimento de um bezerro imaturo e de outro bezerro com distiquíase, opacidade congênita das córneas e microftalmia. Ambas as vacas que ingeriram 10g/kg morreram, porém uma vaca abortou antes de morrer. Nas vacas que morreram, as lesões macroscópicas e histológicas do sistema digestivo e fígado foram semelhantes às descritas anteriormente na intoxicação por S. fissuratum. Nos bezerros e no feto abortado não foram observadas lesões macroscópicas ou histológicas significantes. A análise fitoquímica dos extratos metanólicos das favas de S. fissuratum revelou a presença de taninos hidrossolúveis, proantocianidinas, leucoantocianidinas e da saponina triterpénica β-amirina. Saponinas triterpénicas têm sido associadas com a toxicidade das favas de Stryphnodendron spp. e Enterolobium spp., que causam sinais clínicos semelhantes aos observados na intoxicação por S. fissuratum. Esta pesquisa confirmou a toxicidade das favas de S. fissuratum para bovinos, no entanto não foram confirmados os efeitos abortivos das mesmas, pois o aborto e as mortes neonatais observadas podem ser decorrentes dos efeitos tóxicos da planta nas mães. Novas pesquisas são necessárias para pesquisar se as favas da planta causam malformações semelhantes às observas em um dos bezerros nascidos vivos.

A review of poisonous plants that cause reproductive failure and malformations in the ruminants of Brazil

The objective of this review is to provide a report on toxic plants causing reproductive problems in ruminants in Brazil. Aspidosperma pyrifolium causes abortion or stillbirth in goats, as well as most likely in sheep and cattle, in the semiarid regions of Northeastern Brazil. Intoxications by Ateleia glazioveana, Tetrapterys acutifolia and T. multiglandulosa result in abortion and neonatal mortality in cattle and sheep, and the same signs have been experimentally observed in goats. These three plants can also cause cardiac fibrosis and a nervous disease with spongiosis of the central nervous system. Other plants known to cause abortion include Enterolobium contortisiliquum, E. gummiferum, Stryphnodendron coriaceum, S. obovatum and S. fissuratum. These plants can also cause digestive signs and photosensitization. Abortions have been reported in animals intoxicated by nitrates and nitrites as well. Infertility, abortions and the birth of weak offspring have been reported in animals intoxicated by plants containing swainsonine, including Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia. Trifolium subterraneum causes estrogenism in cattle. Mimosa tenuiflora and, most likely, M. ophthalmocentra cause malformations and embryonic mortality in goats, sheep and cattle in the semiarid regions of Northeastern Brazil.

Amurensiosides A-K, 11 new pregnane glycosides from the roots of Adonis amurensis

Five new pregnane tetraglycosides, amurensiosides A-E (1-5), two new pregnane hexaglycosides, amurensiosides F (6) and I (9), two new 18-norpregnane hexaglycosides, amurensiosides G (7) and H (8), and two new pregnane octaglycosides, amurensiosides J (10) and K (11), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the roots of Adonis amurensis. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including two-dimensional (2D) NMR data, and the results of hydrolytic cleavage. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against HSC-2 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Triterpenoids

This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, protostanes, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 574 references are cited.

Intoxicação por Stryphnodendron fissuratum (Mimosoideae) em bovinos

Descrevem-se aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação natural por Stryphnodendron fissuratum em bovinos na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Esta planta possui favas retorcidas, conhecidas popularmente por "rosquinha", que amadurecem entre julho e setembro, caem ao solo e são consumidas por bovinos, sendo relacionadas com mortalidades. Foram investigados surtos de intoxicação espontânea que ocorreram nos municípios de Aruanã, GO, Guiratinga e Rondonópolis, MT e Rio Verde de Mato Grosso, MS. Em geral, a intoxicação ocorreu em propriedades de pecuária extensiva, com rebanhos da raça Nelore e em pastagens de Brachiaria spp. Nos casos naturais, a evolução clínica variou em média de 24 horas até 10 dias e a morbidade e a letalidade variaram de 0,9 a 25% e de 15 a 100%, respectivamente. Os principais sinais clínicos na intoxicação natural foram depressão, anorexia, agressividade, icterícia, sialorréia, incoordenação motora, dismetria, retração abdominal, inquietação, fezes pastosas enegrecidas ou ressequidas com muco e estrias de sangue, diarréia, edema de barbela e fotossensibilização. À necropsia havia icterícia, edema do tecido subcutâneo, principalmente na região cervical, petéquias e equimoses de serosas abdominais e torácicas, ascite e hidrotórax leves, edema do mesentério, edema perirrenal, aumento do volume de fígado e rim, avermelhamento ruminal e úlceras multifocais no abomaso. O exame histológico revelou lesões degenerativas e necrose no fígado e rim e no abomaso áreas de necrose na mucosa. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por S. fissuratum foi estabelecido com base nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e, em parte, na reprodução experimental pela administração das favas desta planta para bovinos. Em dois bovinos que receberam, respectivamente, duas doses diárias de 4 e 20 g de favas por kg de peso vivo foram observados sinais digestivos e morte dos animais, mas não ocorreu fotossensibilização.

Verbesinosides A-F, 15,27-cyclooleanane saponins from the American native plant Verbesina virginica

Verbesinosides A-F (1-6), six new 15,27-cyclooleanane-type triterpenoid saponins carrying different aromatic acyl moieties on the aglycon, were isolated from the leaves and flowers of Verbesina virginica. Their structures were established by interpretation of spectroscopic data and chemical methods. The representative major saponin, verbesinoside A (1), has the structure 21-trimethoxybenzoyl 15alpha,27-cycloolean-12-en-3beta,21beta-diol-28-oic acid 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside. This is the first report of triterpenoid saponins possessing the unique 15,27-cyclooleanane skeleton. The anisotropic effects of the aromatic acyl moieties on the triterpenoid skeleton are discussed.